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La búsqueda de la longevidad de los implantes protésicos articulares es uno de los imperativos que más preocupan hoy día a los investigadores y a los cirujanos ortopédicos que trabajan en este campo. Efectivamente, cada día se afrontan pacientes de menor edad deseosos de seguir una actividad vital normal, incluso de participar regularmente en deportes con impactos o en tareas pesadas y de carga. En el caso de las artroplastias de cadera se ha conseguido un buen funcionamiento de las mismas, casi asegurado en los primeros 10 años tras su implantación; sin embargo, a partir de ese plazo la supervivencia decrece. El fracaso del implante suele sobrevenir por desgaste de sus componentes articulares o por pérdida de fijación al hueso huésped, estando ambas causas íntimamente relacionadas. En este artículo se revisan los materiales utilizados en superficies articulares y después se analizan los que entran a formar parte de la composición estructural del sustrato y de las superficies de fijación de la prótesis.
Palabras clave:
nuevos materiales
artroplastia total de cadera
prótesis
The search for durable articular prosthetic implant materials is a concern to researchers and orthopedic surgeons working in this field. Patients are progressively younger and wish to continue their normal activities, including regular high-impact sports activities, as well as heavy tasks involving loading. In the case of hip replacements, their functionality is practically guaranteed in the first 10 years of service, but then their survival drops off. Implant failure usually occurs as a result of wear of the articular components or loss of fixation to the host bone, which are two intimately related causes. In the present review we examine the materials used on articular surfaces and then analyze those that form part of the structural composition of the substrate and the prosthesis-fixation surfaces.
Key words:
new materials
total hip arthroplasty
prosthesis
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