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Inicio Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología Osteogénesis terapéutica en cirugía del raquis. Bases científicas de la artr...
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Vol. 49. Issue S1.
Pages 29-45 (October 2005)
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Vol. 49. Issue S1.
Pages 29-45 (October 2005)
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Osteogénesis terapéutica en cirugía del raquis. Bases científicas de la artrodesis vertebral. I: fundamentos biomecánicos
Therapeutic osteogenesis in spinal surgery. Scientific basis of vertebral fusion. I: Biomechanical principles
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E.. Guerado Parraa,
Corresponding author
eguerado@hcs.es

Correspondencia: E. Guerado Parra. Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital Costa del Sol. Universidad de Málaga. 29600 Marbella (Málaga). eguerado@hcs.es
a Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital Costa del Sol. Departamento de Cirugía. Universidad de Málaga. Marbella. Málaga
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Introducción

En este artículo se trata del éxito o fracaso de la artrodesis, más que del éxito o fracaso de la intervención quirúrgica. El logro del éxito en una artrodesis (fusion de los niveles artrodesados) no implica el éxito de la intervención. El paciente puede tener fusionados perfectamente los segmentos deseados, pero no resuelto su problema.

Biomecánica del raquis con respecto a la osteosíntesis

En relación con los principios de las osteosíntesis, los cuerpos vertebrales y disco soportan la compresión; junto con los ligamentos vertebral común anterior y posterior tienen un efecto de tirante sobre los arcos neurales, las articulaciones facetarias tienen un efecto de neutralización, y los ligamentos amarillo e interespinoso de tirante con absorción de la tracción posterior.

Sistema de instrumentación del raquis

Las técnicas de instrumentación están actualmente muy difundidas en cualquier Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica o Neurocirugía, con un consiguiente aumento de costes en el tratamiento y una gran variedad de tipos de instrumentación, si bien las más frecuentes son los sistemas transpediculares en la artrodesis posterolateral y los sistemas intersomáticos mediante placas o barras con injertos en el lugar de artrodesis y, en menor medida, las cajas intersomáticas, que se pueden introducir por vía anterior o posterior.

Conclusiones

Las bases biomecánicas contenidas en este trabajo están sometidas a discusión «El resultado del metaanálisis soporta la impresión clínica de que en el tratamiento de la espondilolistesis lumbar degenerativa la fusión espinal aumenta la satisfacción del paciente y que la instrumentación facilita dicha fusión». Se ha venido asumiendo que la inmovilización que producen los sistemas de atornillamiento pedicular debe ser lo más rígida posible; actualmente se cree que es deseable un cierto grado de movilidad para fomentar la osteogénesis.

Palabras clave:
raquis
cirugía
osteogénesis
biomecánica
Introduction

This article examines the success or failure of fusion rather than the success or failure of the surgical intervention. Successful fusion (of all the levels joined) is not synonymous with a successful intervention. While the target segments be perfectly fused, the patient's problem may not be resolved.

Spinal biomechanics in the area of osteosynthesis

According to the principles of osteosynthesis, the vertebral bodies and disk bear the compression forces; together with the anterior and posterior common vertebral ligaments; these elements pull on the neural arches, while the facet joints have a neutralizing effect, and the yellow and interspinal ligaments counteract and absorb posterior traction.

Spinal instrumentation system

Instrumentation techniques are widely used in Orthopedic Surgery and Neurosurgery. Not only do they increase the cost of treatment, there is an extremely wide selection of instrumentation systems. However, the most common are transpedicular systems for posterolateral fusion and intersomatic systems consisting of plates or bar grafts applied in the fusion site and, to a lesser extent, intersomatic cages introduced using an anterior or posterior approach.

Conclusions

These biomechanical principles are discussed. The results of meta-analysis support the clinical impression that spinal fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis increases patient satisfaction and is facilitated by the use of instrumentation. Although it has been assumed that pedicular screws should be used to achieve maximum immobilization, it is now believed that a certain degree of mobility favors osteogenesis.

Keywords:
spine
surgery
osteogenesis
biomechanics
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