Case report
Radiocarpal dislocation after a trivial injury
Luxación radiocarpiana tras traumatismo banal
I.J. Jiménez-Jiménez
, J.R. Caballero-Martel, J. Ojeda-Castellano
Corresponding author
Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Noventa y siete casos con seguimiento medio de 12 años" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1476 "Ancho" => 1502 "Tamanyo" => 363705 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Composition of a GCTB of the third metacarpal which recurred after curettage 6 months earlier. The image shows the treatment through block resection and reconstruction with interposed graft. (a) Simple radiograph showing an expansive lithic lesion in the third metacarpal, which inflates and thins out the cortical. The magnetic resonance scan clearly shows soft tissue involvement. (b) Identification under scopy of the area affected by the tumor and marking with Kirschner wires. The lower right corner shows the bone graft prior to its section, along with the resection piece. (c) Prior reconstruction of the metacarpal intermediate graft with an osteosynthesis plate and screws for subsequent placement in the resection bed. (d) Subsequent radiographic control.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Abat, M. Almenara, A. Peiró, L. Trullols, S. Bagué, I. Grácia" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Abat" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Almenara" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Peiró" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Trullols" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Bagué" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." 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Jiménez-Jiménez, J.R. Caballero-Martel, J. Ojeda-Castellano" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "I.J." "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Jiménez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "isidro_jimenez@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Caballero-Martel" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Ojeda-Castellano" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil de Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Luxación radiocarpiana tras traumatismo banal" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 580 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 173554 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple AP and lateral radiograph (a and b), and in wrist flexion-extension (c and d) 1 year after the lesion.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiocarpal dislocation is defined as the complete and permanent loss of joint contact between the bones of the forearm and the first row of bones of the carpus. In the large majority of cases it is due to high-energy trauma.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moneim and Dumontier classified these dislocations into 2 types: type I, pure radiocarpal dislocation, and type II, associated to other lesions or fracture-dislocation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This pathology is extremely infrequent, with an incidence of 0.2%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> of all dislocations. Type I is even more rare, as there have been less than 20 cases reported in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Between both types, there are only 4 series with more than 10 patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6–8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment is not well-established in the literature. Some authors prefer surgical treatment and have reported good results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6,7</span></a> whilst others have published good results with orthopedic treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of 19-year-old male patient. He was a right-handed hairdresser, without hyperlaxitude or previous history of interest, who attended the emergency service following a low intensity trauma on the volar side of the left wrist in a neutral position, caused by an impact from a football. Clinically, he presented “dinner fork” deformity with pain and functional impotence in the left wrist.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the initial radiographic study (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a and b), he was diagnosed with Dumontier type I dorsal radiocarpal dislocation. We conducted closed reduction through traction at the emergency service after infiltration of a local intraarticular anesthetic, placed a closed plaster cast and radiographically verified the correct reduction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>c and d). Given the clinical and radiographic stability, after the reduction we decided to maintain the immobilization for 7 weeks.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Result</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After removing the cast, the patient presented flexion of 40° and extension of 35°, which improved without the need for rehabilitation up to flexion 85° and extension 70° 12 weeks after the trauma.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One year after the initial lesion, the patient reported no pain, feeling of instability or signs of nerve compression. He also presented active mobility of 92° flexion and 86° extension with preserved pronosupination (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>c and d). The control radiograph did not show any relevant alterations when compared to the contralateral wrist (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a and b). We measured the strength (grip test measured with a dynamometer [Jamar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>, Patterson Medical, Warrenville, IL, USA]) and found it to be 90.36% compared to the dominant hand. The DASH disability score result was 1.6 (range: 0–100) and the Mayo Wrist Score was 90 (range: 0–100).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first case of radiocarpal dislocation, dorsal or volar and with or without fracture, was described in 1926<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and, since then, less than 70 cases have been published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3,9–12</span></a> The majority of these cases are type II radiocarpal dislocations. We only found 9 published cases of pure dorsal radiocarpal dislocation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> and only 1 of these was similar to the one presented in this work, with a non-displaced fracture of the ulnar styloid process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This dislocation is normally associated to fractures of the distal radius or fractures of the carpal bones and, except in 1 case,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> is due to high-energy trauma.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis is simple to establish through conventional radiography in 2 projections and emergency joint reduction is indicated to reduce the risk of vascular and neural lesions.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment has not been clearly established, since the existing series combine different types of dislocation, different therapeutic options and, in addition, there are no long-term follow-up data.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Most authors propose a surgical treatment with a volar approach,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> double approach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,8</span></a> or, in some cases, an arthroscopic approach with osteosynthesis of the fractures and repair of the capsule-ligament complex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> On the other hand, we also found 3 published cases which were treated orthopedically through immobilization with a cast for 4–6 weeks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a> and also reported positive functional results.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the low incidence of these type of lesions, the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,8,13</span></a> seems to infer that surgical treatment would be indicated in Dumontier type II dislocations, since in these kind of dislocations it is safe to assume that the radiocarpal ligaments continue to be subject to the radial styloid, so bone reduction and fixation through percutaneous or open surgery with a volar or double approach fixing the fracture should manage to achieve joint stabilization.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, in type I dislocations, in which there is minor or no bone lesion, the indication for surgical treatment is not so clear. According to the initial work by Dumontier,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> in these kind of dislocations the radiocarpal ligaments would be damaged and the prognosis would be unfavorable. Nevertheless, this unfavorable functional prognosis is not reflected in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–7,11</span></a> rather the opposite, the results published in relation to orthopedic treatment of type I dislocations, as in our case, are positive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is possible that this discrepancy is determined by joint stability following the reduction. Thus, an unstable dislocation after the reduction would indicate the presence of a considerable ligamentous lesion and would probably condition surgical treatment. On the other hand, if the lesion is stable after the reduction this would suggest a less severe ligamentous lesion which could, therefore, be treated orthopedically.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the above reasons, in type I radiocarpal dislocations, after emergency reduction, it is important to assess joint stability through serial radiographic controls and, once the immobilization has been removed, clinically verify stability through forced flexion-extension maneuvers and inclinations. When instability is not observed, orthopedic treatment may be a good therapeutic alternative.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Level of evidence</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of evidence V.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres407923" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec384139" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres407922" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec384140" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Level of evidence" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-12-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec384139" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Dislocation" 1 => "Wrist" 2 => "Radiocarpal" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec384140" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Luxación" 1 => "Muñeca" 2 => "Radiocarpiana" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Radiocarpal dislocation is an extremely uncommon injury in Traumatology, and is usually produced by high energy trauma. There are two types of dislocation, type I: pure radiocarpal dislocation and type II: fracture-dislocation. The gold standard treatment according to the literature is surgical treatment fixing the fractures and repairing the injured ligaments. We report a clinical case of radiocarpal dislocation type I in a healthy 19-year-old male after a minor trauma. The dislocation was reduced by traction, and the wrist immobilized in a plaster cast. The functional outcome 12 months after the injury was excellent.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La luxación radiocarpiana es una entidad extremadamente infrecuente y se produce habitualmente por traumatismos de alta energía. Se distinguen 2 tipos, tipo I: luxación radiocarpiana pura, y tipo II: con fractura asociada. El tratamiento de elección según la literatura es quirúrgico con osteosíntesis de las fracturas y reparación ligamentosa siendo el pronóstico pobre. Presentamos el caso un varón de 19 años que presentó luxación radio carpiana pura tras un traumatismo banal. Tras la reducción urgente fue tratado de forma ortopédica con un yeso antebraquiopalmar obteniéndose buen resultado funcional a los 12 meses de la lesión.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Jiménez-Jiménez IJ, Caballero-Martel JR, Ojeda-Castellano J. Luxación radiocarpiana tras traumatismo banal. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2015;59:66–68.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 570 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 167602 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple AP and lateral radiograph obtained upon arrival at the emergency service (a and b), and after the reduction (c and d).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 580 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 173554 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple AP and lateral radiograph (a and b), and in wrist flexion-extension (c and d) 1 year after the lesion.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Radiocarpal dislocation-classification and rationale for management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.S. 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