Original Article
Relationship between flexible flat foot and developmental hip dysplasia
Relación entre el pie plano laxo y la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera
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Ponce de León Samper, G. Herrera Ortiz, C. Castellanos Mendoza" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Ponce de León Samper" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cataponce@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Herrera Ortiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Castellanos Mendoza" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Ortopedia, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Epidemiología, Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Relación entre el pie plano laxo y la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 489 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 101226 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A, B) Images obtained from one of the patients evaluated for flexible flat foot with the criteria described.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of flexible flat foot among the general population is 46.3% between the ages of 2 and 6 years and 14.2% between the ages of 8 and 13 years,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> whereas that of hip dysplasia is 3–4/1000 children,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–7</span></a> with 80% of cases occurring among females and the rest in males.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Flexible flat foot is a common reason for consultation, associated to ligamentous hyperlaxity. In our institution, it has traditionally been related to a personal history of hip dysplasia or to the search for this pathology in patients who attend the clinic for the first time due to flexible flat foot and who did not undergo screening during the first years of life. The literature does not reflect any relationship between these two pathologies. The objective of this work is to determine the existence of a possible relationship between flexible flat foot and developmental hip dysplasia, and to identify data to support the clinical practices and approaches derived from such a relationship.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study. Group A included 65 patients from the Roosevelt Childhood Orthopaedics Institute who underwent surgery in the previous 10 years due to developmental hip dysplasia or dislocation. Group B included 75 patients from a healthy school population with no history of hip pathologies. Patients with associated neuromuscular disorders were excluded from both groups, as were patients outside the age range between 6 and 15 years, according to the prevalence of the disease.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in both groups were evaluated using suggestive criteria for flexible flat foot in the international literature, such as flattening of the internal longitudinal arch, valgus of the talus and adequate subtalar movility<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), after signing the informed consent form approved by the ethics committee of the institution.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected and the statistical analysis through quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out using the STATAv11 system. The hypothesis was tested according to the type of variable and a prevalence analysis.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total population evaluated included 140 patients, 62% of whom were female and 38% were male, with an age range between 6 and 15 years.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The overall prevalence of flexible flat foot found in the study population was 35%. The prevalence of flexible flat foot among group A was of 61% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40) and among group B it was 12% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9), with a prevalence ratio of 5.12 (CI 2.69–9.74). These results indicate that it was 5 times more likely for individuals with a history of hip dysplasia to present flexible flat foot compared to individuals without a history of hip dysplasia.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the well-known association of female gender with a higher incidence of developmental hip dysplasia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> an analysis by subgroups was conducted, differentiating by gender. This analysis found among female subjects (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>87) a prevalence of flexible flat foot of 46% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40), which was of 63% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36) among group A (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>57), and of 13% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) among group B (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30), with this difference being statistically significant with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0001. For male subjects (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53), the prevalence of flexible flat foot was 17% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9), which in group A (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) was of 50% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) and among group B (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45) was of 11% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5), with this difference also reaching statistical significance, with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.007.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traditionally, at our institution it has been considered that there could be a relationship between dysplasia and flexible flat foot, since they both have ligamentous laxity as a common cause. The literature does not contain any information about a relationship between these two pathologies, and neither could we find any in textbooks nor journal publications. However, it is common to adopt approaches like ruling out residual hip dysplasia among patients with flexible flat foot who had not undergone screening, without a basis for it in the literature.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on this initial approach to the quantification of the relationship, when evaluating the prevalence of flexible flat foot among patients with a history of hip dysplasia or dislocation requiring surgical management, we found an incidence 5 times higher among patients who had suffered prior hip pathologies. This analysis points to a relationship between both pathologies, albeit without establishing any causality.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bearing in mind that hip dysplasia is more frequent among females,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> we conducted an analysis by subgroups, considering gender as a variable that could confuse the results. The statistically significant presence of flexible flat foot in the group with a history of dysplasia and without it, after discriminating by gender, confirmed the initial finding that there is a difference, not only clinical, as perceived in our institution, but also statistical among individuals who have presented a hip development pathology, such as dysplasia and dislocation, in terms of the prevalence of flexible flat foot compared to those who have not suffered such pathologies, both among male and female individuals.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work suggests that there could be a relationship between flexible flat foot and developmental hip dysplasia or dislocation, since the prevalence of flexible flat foot was higher among the group with hip dysplasia. Ideally, a prospective work with a long follow-up period could support the link between the two pathologies, as well as adopting medical approaches to avoid consequences derived from these two pathologies.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that this investigation did not require experiments on humans or animals.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare having obtained written informed consent from patients and/or subjects referred to in the work. This document is held by the corresponding author.</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Level of evidence</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of evidence III. Retrospective and comparative study.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres539565" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Purpose" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec559135" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres539564" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec559134" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Protection of people and animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Level of evidence" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-09-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-02-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec559135" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Flat foot" 1 => "Hip dislocation" 2 => "Joint laxity" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec559134" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Pie plano" 1 => "Luxación de la cadera" 2 => "Laxitud articular" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Purpose</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the possible relationship between flexible flat foot and developmental hip dysplasia in children between 6 and 15 years of age.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional study including 65 patients that had undergone surgery due to residual hip dysplasia or hip dislocation and compared against 75 healthy patients. Flexible flat foot prevalence was measured in each group, with the results showing that 61% of the group with residual hip dysplasia or hip dislocation had this condition, vs. 12% in the healthy group. The statistical analysis shows that the chances of suffering from flexible flat foot, are five times greater in the hip dysplasia or hip dislocation group, than in the healthy group.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Discussion</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is no evidence in the literature showing a relationship between these two conditions, even though they have a common etiology. This study shows a potential measurable relation between this two conditions.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with hip dysplasia or dislocation may have a higher chance of presenting flexible flat foot during late childhood, adolescence and adulthood, a fact that suggests a relationship between these two pathologies. Also, patients who seek assistance for the first time because of a flexible flat foot condition without having been evaluated during the first year of life for hip dysplasia, would be better off if evaluated for residual hip dysplasia.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Purpose" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la relación entre el pie plano laxo y la displasia de cadera en desarrollo en niños entre los seis y los 15 años.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y método</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de corte transversal en el que se evaluaron 65 pacientes entre los seis y los 15 años que habían sido intervenidos quirúrgicamente por displasia o luxación de la cadera en desarrollo y 75 pacientes sanos. Se midieron prevalencias de pie plano laxo en cada grupo encontrando que en el grupo con antecedente de displasia o luxación de la cadera fue del 61% y en el grupo sano fue del 12%. El análisis estadístico muestra que los pacientes con antecedente de displasia o luxación de cadera tienen 5 veces más probabilidad de presentar pie plano laxo.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Discusión</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No existen datos en la literatura que cuantifiquen la relación entre estas dos patologías a pesar de tener la hiperlaxitud ligamentosa como una causa común. En este estudio se hace un primer acercamiento a la cuantificación de una relación existente entre ellas.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con antecedente de displasia de la cadera podrían tener mayor probabilidad de presentar pie plano laxo en la infancia tardía, la adolescencia y la vida adulta, lo cual sugiere una relación entre estas dos patologías. Los pacientes que consultan por primera vez por pie plano laxo a los que no se les realizó tamizado para displasia de cadera en el primer año de vida podrían requerir la evaluación de displasia residual de las caderas.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ponce de León Samper MC, Herrera Ortiz G, Castellanos Mendoza C. Relación entre el pie plano laxo y la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2015;59:295–298.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 489 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 101226 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A, B) Images obtained from one of the patients evaluated for flexible flat foot with the criteria described.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence in flat-foot in preschool-aged children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. 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