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A new concept for an old pain: “Carpalgia”; Pain in the wrist
Un nuevo concepto para un antiguo dolor: «carpalgia», dolor en la muñeca
L. Maizo Alemán
Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Militar Cnel, Elbano Paredes Vivas, Maracay, Venezuela
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Arias-de la Torre, A. Capdevila, O. Martínez, L. Domingo, M. Marinelli, N. Robles, J. Nardi, L. Puig-Verdié, F. Pallisó, M. Espallargues" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Arias-de la Torre" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Capdevila" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Martínez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Domingo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Marinelli" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Robles" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Nardi" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Puig-Verdié" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Pallisó" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Espallargues" ] 10 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "en nombre del Registro de Artroplastias de Cataluña (RACat)" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1888441517300061" "doi" => "10.1016/j.recot.2017.01.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1888441517300061?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1988885617300226?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/19888856/0000006100000002/v1_201704050025/S1988885617300226/v1_201704050025/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "A new concept for an old pain: “Carpalgia”; Pain in the wrist" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "69" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "L. Maizo Alemán" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Maizo Alemán" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "leopoldo_maizo@hotmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Militar Cnel, Elbano Paredes Vivas, Maracay, Venezuela" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Un nuevo concepto para un antiguo dolor: «carpalgia», dolor en la muñeca" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every branch of human knowledge and science needs to create their own terminology appropriate to their communication and expression needs. The purpose of medical terminology is to express complex medical concepts and ideas in precise terms. Its purpose is also to unify criteria. Each term should have a unique meaning that is accepted by the scientific community, thus facilitating the exchange of information at an international level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This terminology is therefore of great use in daily medical practice in describing semiological findings that represent a large proportion of these manifestations. In the area of traumatology and orthopaedic surgery, we can cite words such as omalgia, gonalgia, coxalgia, amongst others as examples of words used to describe painful musculoskeletal manifestations.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A great many of these currently used words are underpinned by their applicability to the high incidence of these manifestations, since they can be used practically in the medical environment and to perform searches of associated diseases. This is particularly relevant now, in the modern era, with the use of keywords on the web.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Wrist pain” is a clinical manifestation with a high daily incidence evidenced by the number of patients seeking medical attention after occupational, everyday and/or sports accidents. However, there is no term in any Spanish or English dictionary or medical scientific publication that describes this condition: hence the aim of our paper.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Materials and method</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish language is augmented using morphological-type mechanisms – also termed morphosyntactic neologisms – to form new words; these include composition, derivation and parasynthesis. Without doubt, composition is one of the language's most important word formation processes in updating and enriching its lexicon.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Composition is the formation of words by means of a stable combination of other words already existing in the language (or the combination of a word or base that already exists and a Greek or Latin root/affix, or even 2 Greek or Latin root/affixes, one Greek root/affix and another Latin root/affix or vice versa).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medical terms are generally formed by radicals (roots); this is the principal part of the term. The use of Greco-Latin roots is common in the process of forming new words, especially in the scientific and technical fields.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on this premise, a term can be formed to define musculoskeletal pain in the area of the human wrist by applying the method for composing scientific neologisms.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Combining “karpós” (Greek) or “carpus” (Latin), which translates as the region of the wrist, with the Greek “algia” (pain of) results in the word “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">carpalgia</span>” in English and Spanish, which is then defined as pain of any aetiology in the region of the wrist. It should be highlighted that this is also very vaguely described or mentioned in other languages, in some Italian texts for example. However there is no reference to “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">carpalgia</span>” in scientific papers in either Spanish or English.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The result achieved enables the symptoms of wrist pain to be expressed in one precise term, in more fluent, technical and scientific way. This has been demonstrated and has persisted along with the use of other words of a similar origin such as omalgia, gonalgia, cardialgia, coxalgia, and many others.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The word omalgia is documented in English and was first described at the beginning of the 19th century in a publication in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, “Omalgia: Pain in the shoulder”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> While the use of the word gonalgia was first described in 1808.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently there are various medical articles and publications that use these terms as keywords and even in research study titles, since it makes the condition easier to express and directs the search for users. In 2013, Figueroa-Balderas performed a study to establish reduction of omalgia in laparoscopic surgery comparing ketorolac vs ketorolac and acetazolamide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Similarly, in 2014 Gu et al. carried out arthroscopic evaluations for omalgia patients undergoing clavicular hook plate fixation of distal clavicle fractures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Contreras Blasco described a case of bilateral mechanical gonalgia in a middle-aged woman in 2003.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Ajili and Gharsallah present a case of gonalgia revealing a Burkitt lymphoma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>; Huard performed a study on posture and chronic gonalgia in the elderly.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Furthermore, Lamers describes transient osteoporosis of the hip as a rare cause of coxalgia in a publication in 2015.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wrist pain is part of a broad spectrum of very common disorders that range from sprains to carpal tunnel syndrome, and arthritis or arthrosis of the wrist. With the advent of computers and various devices, an increase in its frequency is predictable.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of the term carpalgia will thus facilitate the search for disorders related to wrist pain, since it is a keyword in various clinical articles, updates, treatment guidelines and protocols, via the major, relevant web indices and portals for current medical use.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Board of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> (Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy) establishes as a fundamental requirement for the inclusion of words and meanings that their current use should be sufficiently documented in texts, preferably by prestigious authors, and that they should have been in use for at least 6 or 7 years; since otherwise they might only be of transient use.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this paper, therefore, is simply to inform the scientific community of orthopaedics, traumatology and general medicine of the new, scientifically coined term for very common and well-described musculoskeletal pain symptoms, the use of which can be justified in daily consultations and medical publications.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, the inclusion of the word in the field of orthopaedic surgery and traumatology will be simply facilitated as new studies appear on the subject. This paper serves as a driver for a new concept for an ancient, often described pain.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Level of evidence</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of evidence V.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824422" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Findings" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820928" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824423" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Hallazgos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820927" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and method" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Level of evidence" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Protection of people and animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-10-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-12-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820928" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Musculoskeletal pain" 1 => "Wrist" 2 => "Neologism" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820927" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Dolor musculoesquelético" 1 => "Muñeca" 2 => "Neologismo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The idea of this article is to propose to the general use of a new term to semiologically describe musculoskeletal wrist pain.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Findings</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of terms with Greco-Latin roots is common in the medical field. The result is expressed in the newly coined word (neologism) “carpalgia”, defined as musculoskeletal pain in the region of the wrist.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The use of other terms related to musculoskeletal pain of the shoulder (omalgia), knee (gonalgia), metatarsus (metatarsalgia), spine (cervicalgia, lumbalgia), or hip (coxalgia) terms have demonstrated their importance through their applicability in different medical journals in recent years. Supported by the large number of cases that are seen by doctors, the application of the term “carpalgia” is an aid to scientific communication, as well as the publication and search for new article related to the topic. The use of this neologism will obtain favourable and reliable results on being supported by this work future. Of course, it is expected that like any process of universalisation, a review or update will involve the participation of medical societies and the members themselves for its gradual inclusion.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Findings" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se pretende proponer a la comunidad científica de cirugía ortopédica, traumatología y médica en general el uso de un nuevo término para describir semiológicamente el dolor musculoesquelético de muñeca.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Hallazgos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Es frecuente en el campo médico el uso términos de raíces grecolatinas. El resultado obtenido se expresa en el neologismo «carpalgia», definiéndose así como el dolor musculoesquelético de la región de la muñeca.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El uso de otros términos relacionados con dolor musculoesquelético al nivel del hombro (omalgia), rodilla (gonalgia), metatarso (metatarsalgia), columna vertebral (cervicalgia, dorsalgia, lumbalgia) o la cadera (coxalgia) han demostrado su importancia mediante su aplicabilidad en distintas publicaciones médicas de los últimos años. Sustentados por la gran cantidad de casos que acuden a la consulta médica, la aplicación del termino carpalgia facilitará la comunicación científica. Así como la publicación y la búsqueda de nuevos trabajos relacionados con el tema. El uso de este neologismo obtendrá resultados a futuro favorables y confiables al estar sustentados por el presente trabajo. Por supuesto, es de prever que, como todo proceso de universalización, revisión o actualización involucre la participación de las sociedades médicas y del gremio mismo para su progresiva inclusión.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Hallazgos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Maizo Alemán L. Un nuevo concepto para un antiguo dolor: «carpalgia», dolor en la muñeca. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2017;61:67–69.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Manual_de_terminologia_medica_N%C2%B02.pdf">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Manual_de_terminologia_medica_N%C2%B02.pdf</span> [accessed 14.01.16]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Manual de terminología médica [manual en Internet]: Lima" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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