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Case report
Resurfacing arthroplasty as an alternative to the posttraumatic sequelae of fractures of the external column of the humerus in the young adult
Artroplastia de resuperficialización como alternativa a las secuelas postraumáticas de la columna externa del húmero en el adulto joven
M. Aroca-Peinado
Corresponding author
marocap75@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, D. Cecilia-López1, V. Jiménez-Díaz
Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coronal plane articular fractures of the distal humerus are rare in adults&#46; They comprise around 6&#37; of the total fractures affecting this anatomical area&#44; most commonly involving the capitellum&#59; the remainder of the trochlea can be involved in different ways&#46; Similarly&#44; they are characterised by the absence of involvement of the lateral or medial column of the humerus above the olecranon fossa&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT scanning is often added to plain X-ray for diagnosis of these injuries&#46; It enables better definition of the fracture with a view to planning treatment&#44; and can identify more complex patterns than those that might initially appear on plain X-ray&#44; with implications for later functional outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conservative treatment is reserved for fractures that are not displaced or if the patient has a major concomitant medical disease and very low functional demand&#46; Surgical treatment is routinely open reduction and osteosynthesis using cannulated headless screws&#44; it can also be necessary to implant a support plate if there is metaphyseal comminution&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although good functional outcomes have been described in simple fractures that only affect the external articular region&#44; when the injury extends to the remainder of the trochlea the outcomes can be can be appreciably poorer&#46; Moreover&#44; the onset of complications&#44; such as lack of consolidation or avascular necrosis in the context of elbow instability&#44; can result in a very debilitating condition for an active person&#44; leaving the surgeon with the problem of finding a satisfactory surgical solution&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the clinical case that we present below&#44; we describe the evolution of a complex articular fracture of the distal humerus operated on several occasions&#44; which eventually required implantation of a capitellar resurfacing prosthesis and the reconstruction of the external ligament complex by autologous ligamentoplasty with the palmaris longus and the tricipital fascia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical case</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 41-year-old&#44; right-handed manual worker who suffered a fall on his dominant arm when he left his house in December 2013&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On admission to the Emergency Department&#44; he presented pain and functional impotence in the right elbow&#44; distal neurovascular examination was normal&#46; Antero-posterior and lateral X-rays showed an articular fracture of the distal humerus with at least capitellar involvement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#44; B&#41;&#46; The affected limb was immobilised with a brachial-antebrachial splint and a CT scan revealed a capitellar fracture in various fragments with extension to the trochlea &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#44; D&#41;&#44; the fracture was classified as a AO&#47;OTA type B3&#46;3 or Bryan and Morrey type IV&#44; as modified by Mckee&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was operated 6 days after the trauma using a posterior approach with osteotomy of the olecranon&#46; The fracture was synthesised with 3 Acutrak screws&#44; 2 for the capitellar fracture and another for the fracture that was affecting the internal area of the trochlea&#46; The osteotomy of the olecranon was closed using a plate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#44; F&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the first 2 months&#44; the patient made good progress&#44; and the pain and elbow joint range of motion gradually improved&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the third month after the osteosynthesis&#44; the patient reported an increase in pain&#44; and had articular movement of 110&#176; flexion&#44; &#8722;10&#176; extension&#44; complete pronation and loss of 15&#176; on supination&#44; and noticed a &#8220;clicking&#8221; when performing certain movements&#46; The appearance of the scar was normal&#44; with no signs of infection&#46; Antero-posterior and lateral X-rays showed avascular necrosis of the capitellum with protrusion towards the joint of part of the osteosynthesis material&#44; therefore further surgery was proposed to the patient &#40;and took place 8 months after the first operation&#41; to remove these screws&#44; since it was thought that they were the main cause of the pain&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the patient continued to experience symptoms of pain&#44; loss of strength and instability in the elbow on applying varus-valgus force&#46; He also had pain in his right wrist and slight radial shortening of around 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm compared to the contralateral wrist&#44; which indicated some involvement of the interosseous membrane&#46; An X-ray of the elbow showed significant degenerative changes in the capitellar region of the distal humerus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#44; B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; 14 months after the osteosynthesis&#44; and after assessing the different surgical options bearing in mind the type of injury&#44; and the age and activity of the patient&#44; an implantation of a metal hemiarthroplasy and capitellar resurfacing was decided &#40;LRE&#44; Biomet&#44; United Kingdom&#41;&#46; The surgical approach was over the previous scar before the posterior approach&#44; but creating an antero-external extension of same&#44; on elevating the insertion of the extensor musculature of the fingers and the anterior capsule to achieve correct visualisation of the external joint area&#46; We only had two prosthetic sizes of the capitellar component&#44; which had to be implanted in line with the epicondylar column forming an angle of about 60&#176; with the longitudinal axis of the humerus&#46; This position was determined with needles using a system of cannulated guides&#46; The prosthesis was cemented to improve anchoring due to the bone loss in the capitellum&#46; The joint surface of the radial head was acceptable in appearance although it had an eccentric marginal injury &#40;possibly caused by the protrusion of the screws&#41; for this reason it was not prosthetised&#46; Due to the absence of competence of the lateral ligament complex of the elbow&#44; which had in reality been replaced by fibrous tissue&#44; we used an autologous plasty for its reconstruction obtained with the tendon of the palmaris longus supplemented with tricipital fascia&#44; fixing it through bone tunnels to a metal anchorage &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#8211;E&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The elbow was immobilised postoperatively with a brachial-antebrachial splint for 2 weeks&#44; then rehabilitation treatment commenced&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Already in the first weeks after the hemiarthroplasty&#44; the patient reported very significant improvement in his symptoms&#44; the pain had disappeared and in the projection that presented when he forced the articular movement of the elbow&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The X-ray one year after implantation of the prosthesis and reconstruction of the ligament&#44; showed correct joint alignment with no radiological signs of loosening &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>F&#41;&#44; with some degenerative changes in the cubito-humeral joint but with no functional impact&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On clinical examination at 18 months after the operation&#44; the patient had almost complete range of motion of the elbow&#44; with a loss of 10&#176; in flexion and 5&#176; in extension compared to the contralateral elbow&#46; Pronosupination was normal&#44; and the patient only reported occasional discomfort that did not require any form of analgesia&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient experienced major improvement in elbow function&#44; from a score of 60 points on the Mayo Elbow Performance Score &#40;MEPS&#41; at the consultation prior to the resurfacing arthroplasty&#44; to 85 points after the procedure&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient is currently working and is able to perform non-contact sports using the operated limb&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic post-traumatic arthritis of the elbow in young adults currently has no satisfactory solution&#59; a search of the bibliography revealed few references to this disorder&#46; If conservative treatment fails&#44; we can indicate various surgical procedures to achieve clinical improvement&#46; Of the different options&#44; we attempt to avoid total elbow arthroplasty in this population&#44; since complications associated with the survival of the implant are very common due to the group&#39;s high physical demands&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Articular fractures of the external column of the humerus are usually caused by a fall on the hand or elbow&#44; and the force is transmitted from the radial head to the external region of the trochlea&#44; almost always creating bone disruption in the coronal plane&#46; Diagnosis is achieved by clinical examination and anteroposterior and lateral X-rays&#44; the latter occasionally shows projection of the &#8220;double arch sign&#8221;&#46; If this sign is not seen&#44; this might be due to the internal rotation of the capitellum and the trochlear component in Mckee type IV fractures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A CT scan of the elbow is recommended so as not to underestimate these injuries&#44; to better define their morphology and demonstrate the presence of medial extension towards the trochlea&#44; metaphyseal comminution&#44; radial head injury or ligament involvement&#46; This will enable us to choose the most appropriate surgical approach to fully expose the fracture&#44; increasing the possibilities of obtaining a better functional outcome having achieved improved anatomical restitution&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In our case we used the posterior approach with osteotomy of the olecranon in an attempt to achieve the widest articular view possible&#44; since there was also medial joint involvement&#59; although it is true that with external Kocher or Kaplan approaches the two most external thirds of the distal humerus joint surface can be well visualised&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Headless cannulated screws are used for osteosynthesis of fractures in this anatomical region&#44; to provide rigid fixation of the articular fragments&#46; On occasion&#44; if these fragments are too small to be synthesised they are removed&#46; It can also be necessary to use support plates and a graft if there is significant bone loss in the metaphyseal area&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#8220;Acute&#8221; capitellar joint replacement has been described but is not routinely used&#46; Preservation of the capitellum using osteosynthesis techniques is recommended&#44; especially in young patients&#44; since its removal can cause posterolateral instability of the elbow if the collateral ligaments are involved&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The complications of articular fractures of the distal humerus include a loss of the elbow&#39;s full range of motion&#44; avascular necrosis&#44; pain&#44; degenerative articular changes and instability&#46; The latter is sometimes discovered even after consolidation of the fracture&#46; Avascular necrosis secondary to a capitellar fracture is not a common complication&#44; ranging between 0&#37; and 30&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Therefore&#44; is it recommended that synthesis should be attempted even if the bone fragments are not anchored to the soft tissues&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of post-traumatic arthritis is quite low in the series consulted&#46; In our case&#44; we had a capitellar fracture in several fragments majorly involving and impacting the joint cartilage&#44; as can be seen on the CT slices&#44; and might have been a determining factor for the early development of arthritis of the external joint compartment that occurred&#46; In our patient there was also associated instability on applying valgus force to the elbow and pain in the wrist&#44; which was not appreciated on the initial examination after the osteosynthesis&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two surgical options that we thought were most appropriate in this case can be summarised as follows&#58;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; to perform an interposition arthroplasty in the radial-capitellar joint compartment with the anconeus&#44; debriding the affected articular areas in the same procedure&#46; This method has been used successfully on occasion for the treatment of arthritis in the elbow&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> but several previous operations might involve muscular damage and fibrosis&#44; and therefore it might be difficult to interpose this muscle effectively&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique we used was to perform a capitellar resurfacing hemiarthroplasty exclusively&#44; since the humero-cubital<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> joint was sufficiently preserved&#46; Full joint replacement of the elbow was discounted for this reason&#44; and due to the patient&#39;s age&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This surgical procedure is rarely used and can be undertaken together with the prosthetic replacement of the radial head&#44; if it is also involved&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> In this case&#44; we did not consider replacing the radial head as we found it to be acceptable on surgical examination and because this was a young patient&#46; In line with the opinion of other authors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> arthroplasty of the radial head can be performed later if degenerative changes appear with clinical repercussions&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other point that was difficult to resolve was stabilisation of the lateral compartment of the elbow&#44; because the external lateral ligament had been replaced by incompetent fibrous tissue&#44; and we used an autologous ligamentoplasty with the palmaris longus reinforced with tricipital fascia&#46; Ligamentoplasty is the most usual procedure to solve this type of instability&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; we must highlight that the use of capitellar resurfacing arthroplasty to treat the sequelae of articular fractures of the external column of the humerus can&#44; in selected cases&#44; significantly improve these patients&#8217; quality of life&#44; in eliminating or significantly reducing symptoms of pain&#44; maintaining a good range of movement in the elbow&#44; and finally&#8211;and we consider this an important factor&#8211;it does not rule out the possibility of other rescue techniques such as allograft of the distal humerus or total elbow arthroplasty if necessary in the future&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Level of evidence</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Level of evidence&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">V</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that neither human nor animal testing have been carried out under this research&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have complied with their work centre protocols for the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patients&#8217; data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Fractura de capitellum"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic posttraumatic arthritis of the elbow in young patients is a disorder for which there is currently no satisfactory solution&#46; In this case report&#44; we show the evolution of a comminuted fracture of the capitellum with trochlear extension &#40;McKee type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span>&#41; treated initially with open reduction and internal fixation that eventually required a resurfacing hemiarthroplasty of the capitellum and reconstruction of the lateral ligament complex&#46; After this surgical procedure&#44; the patient had evident improvement of pain and of elbow range of motion&#44; keeping the possibility of performing other rescue techniques open if they were to be necessary in the future&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento de la artrosis postraum&#225;tica sintom&#225;tica del codo en el paciente adulto joven supone una patolog&#237;a que no tiene una soluci&#243;n satisfactoria en la actualidad&#46; Presentamos en este caso cl&#237;nico la evoluci&#243;n de una fractura conminuta del capitellum con extensi&#243;n a la tr&#243;clea &#40;tipo <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span> de la clasificaci&#243;n de McKee&#41;&#44; que siendo tratada inicialmente con reducci&#243;n abierta y fijaci&#243;n interna&#44; requiri&#243; finalmente la implantaci&#243;n de una hemiartroplastia de resuperficializaci&#243;n del capitellum asociada a una reconstrucci&#243;n del complejo del ligamento colateral externo&#46; Este procedimiento quir&#250;rgico ha supuesto para el paciente una mejor&#237;a evidente del dolor y del balance articular del codo&#44; manteniendo intacta la posibilidad de realizar otras t&#233;cnicas quir&#250;rgicas de rescate si fuera necesario m&#225;s adelante&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Associate Professor at the Complutense University of Madrid&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Aroca-Peinado M&#44; Cecilia-L&#243;pez D&#44; Jim&#233;nez-D&#237;az V&#46; Artroplastia de resuperficializaci&#243;n como alternativa a las secuelas postraum&#225;ticas de la columna externa del h&#250;mero en el adulto joven&#46; Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol&#46; 2018&#59;62&#58;80&#8211;85&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From left to right and from top to bottom&#58; &#40;A and B&#41; lateral and AP X-ray images of the fracture&#46; &#40;C and D&#41; CT images of the fracture&#46; &#40;E and F&#41; Lateral and AP X-ray images of the osteosynthesis 6 days later&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From left to right and from top to bottom&#58; &#40;A and B&#41; X-ray images that show arthritis of the capitellum &#40;11 months after osteosynthesis&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; Intraoperative image showing the appearance of the capitellum with major degenerative changes&#44; 16 months after osteosynthesis&#46; &#40;D&#41; Image with the test component of the hemiarthroplasty prosthesis&#46; &#40;E&#41; Implanted prosthesis and stabilisation with ligamentoplasty&#46; &#40;F&#41; AP and lateral X-ray image one year after the resurfacing hemiarthroplasty&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
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              "identificador" => "bib0065"
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
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ISSN: 19888856
Original language: English
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