Article information
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most frequent inherited neuropathy with a prevalence ratio in Spain of 28.2 cases / 100,000 inhabitants. It is a sensory-motor polyneuropathic syndrome, either demyelinating or axonal, which might be transmitted with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked pattern. Despite presenting with a stereotyped semiology, this a genetically complex syndrome comprising 36 localized loci with 30 cloned mutated genes. Here we briefly review the pathogenic mechanisms of these gene mutations. We address the pathophysiology of pes cavus, which is a cardinal manifestation of the disease. In the early clinical stages, forefoot pes cavus is most probably due to selective denervation of foot musculature, and particularly of the lumbricals, which causes an imbalance between intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles leading to toe clawing, retraction of plantar fascia, approximation of the pillars of the longitudinal arch, and shortening of the Achilles tendon. We review the disease diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords:
Axon
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Dejerine-Sottas disease
Gene mutation
Genetic neuropathy
Pes cavus
Magnetic resonance
Myelin
Nerve conduction velocity
Vitamin C
Resumen
La enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth es la neuropatía hereditaria más frecuente con una prevalencia en España de 28,2 casos/100.000 habitantes. Se trata de un síndrome polineuropático sensitivo-motor, desmielinizante o axonal, que puede transmitirse con herencia autosómica dominante, autosómica recesiva, o ligada al cromosoma X. Pese a su semiología estereotipada, es un síndrome genéticamente complejo, dado que se han localizado 36 loci con una treintena de genes mutantes clonados. Analizamos los mecanismos patogénicos de estas mutaciones génicas. Abordamos la fisiopatología del pie cavo, que es manifestación cardinal de la enfermedad. En estadios clínicos iniciales, el pie cavo probablemente sea desencadenado por una desnervación selectiva de la musculatura intrínseca del pie, que causa un desequilibrio entre sus músculos intrínsecos y extrínsecos con dedos en garra, retracción de la fascia plantar, elevación del arco plantar, y acortamiento del tendón de Aquiles. Revisamos el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad.
Palabras clave:
Axón
Enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Enfermedad de Dejerine-Sottas
Mielina
Mutación génica
Neuropatía genética
Pie cavo
Resonancia magnética
Velocidad de conducción nerviosa
Vitamina C
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This study was financed by CIBERNED and the ISCIII (PI07/132E) Health Research Fund.
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