metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Avances en la fisiopatología de la demencia vascular
Journal Information
Vol. 39. Issue 1.
Pages 41-49 (January 2004)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 39. Issue 1.
Pages 41-49 (January 2004)
Full text access
Avances en la fisiopatología de la demencia vascular
Advances in the physiopathology of vascular dementia
Visits
32046
K.A. Jellinger
Corresponding author
kurt.jellinger@univie.ac.at

Correspondencia: Institute of Clinical Neurobiology. Kenyongasse 18. A-1070 Vienna. Austria.
Institute of Clinical Neurobiology. Viena. Austria
This item has received
Article information

La prevalencia, morfología y patogenia de la demencia vascular (DV) —que engloba desde muy recientemente los términos deterioro cognitivo de origen vascular (DCV) y demencia mixta (suma de enfermedad de Alzheimer [EA] y encefalopatía vascular)—, continúan siendo tema de controversia, sin que hasta el momento se disponga de criterios neuropatológicos validados para el diagnóstico de estas entidades. En las series recogidas por las distintas Unidades de Memoria de países occidentales, la combinación DV/DCV se sugiere únicamente en un 8-10% de los ancianos referidos por deterioro cognitivo. Su prevalencia en las series de autopsias varía desde el 0,03 al 58%, aunque la mayoría la sitúa entre el 5 y el 15%. La DV, que razonablemente constituye una rareza como entidad nosológica aislada, parece estar muy relacionada con la presencia de microinfartos o lagunas corticales y/o subcorticales, ya sean focales, multifocales o difusos, que afectan a zonas estratégicas (tálamo, sistema frontobasal y límbico), sustancia blanca y, con menor frecuencia, a áreas extensas del córtex. Son el resultado de enfermedades de grandes o pequeños vasos, sean éstas sistémicas, cardíacas o circunscritas al cerebro. El sustrato patológico de la forma «pura» de DV, con predominio de múltiples pequeñas lesiones (subcorticales) debidas a microangiopatía, difiere con claridad de los hallazgos en la demencia mixta (EA + DV), más habitualmente relacionada con infartos más extensos, lo cual sugiere mecanismos patogénicos diferentes para ambos tipos de demencia. En sujetos muy ancianos se puede encontrar esclerosis selectiva del hipocampo en innumerables afecciones de tipo vascular. Las lesiones cerebrales microvasculares —excepto la angiopatía amiloide severa —, no parecen clave para el desarrollo de deterioro cognoscitivo en la EA auténtica; sin embargo, actuarían de forma sinérgica para desenmascarar o desencadenar los síntomas de demencia, tanto en las formas anatomopatológicas de EA leve como en la enfermedad de pequeños vasos. Los hallazgos patológicos de la EA son significativamente menos intensos en presencia de lesiones cerebrovasculares. Para validar los criterios diagnósticos de DV/DCV y aclarar el papel de las lesiones vasculares en la aparición de deterioro cognitivo son necesarios más estudios.

Palabras clave:
Deterioro cognitivo vascular
Demencia vascular
Demencia mixta
Infartos cerebrales
Enfermedad de pequeño vaso
Lesiones vasculares subcorticales
Abstract

The prevalence, morphology, and pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VaD), recently termed vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and of mixed dementia (Alzheimer disease + vascular encephalopathy) are a matter of dicussion and no validated neuropathologic criteria for these disorders are currently available. In Western memory clinic-based series, VaD/CVI is suggested in 8-10% of cognitively impaired elderly subjects; its prevalence in autopsy series ranges from 0.03 to 58% with reasonable values of 5-15%. Fairly unusual as an isolated nosological entity, VaD appears to correlate with focal, multifocal or diffuse cortical and/or subcortical microinfarcts and lacunes often affecting strategically important brain areas (thalamus, frontobasal and/or limbic systems), hemispheric white matter and, less often, large brain areas. They result from systemic, cardiac or local large or small vessel disease. The lesion pattern in «pure» VaD with predominant multiple small (subcortical) lesions related to microangiopathies differs from that in mixed dementia (AD + VaD), more often associated with large infarcts, suggesting different pathogenesis of both types. In very old subjects selective hippocampal sclerosis may be associated with multiple other vascular pathologies. Minor cerebrovascular lesions, except for severe amyloid angiopathy, appear not essential for cognitive decline in full-blown AD, while both mild AD-type pathology and small vessel disease may interact synergistically in “unmasking” or promoting dementia. AD pathology is significantly less severe in the presence of cerebrovascular lesions. Further studies are neededed to validate diagnostic criteria for VaD/VCI and to clarify the impact of vascular lesions on cognitive impairment.

Key words:
Vascular cognitive impairment
Vascular dementia
Mixed type dementia
Cerebral infarcts
Small vessel disease
Subcortical vascular lesions
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
W.H. McMenemey.
The dementias and progressive diseases of the basal ganglia.
Neuropathology, 3rd, pp. 475-521
[2.]
V.C. Hachinski, N.A. Lassen, J. Marshall.
Multi-infarct dementia. A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly.
Lancet, 2 (1974), pp. 207-210
[3.]
C. Wentzel, K. Rockwood, C. MacKnight, V. Hachinski, D.B. Hogan, H. Feldman, et al.
Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia.
Neurology, 57 (2001), pp. 714-716
[4.]
M.M. Esiri, G.K. Wilcock, J.H. Morris.
Neuropathological assessment of the lesions of significance in vascular dementia.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 63 (1997), pp. 749-753
[5.]
W.R. Markesbery.
Vascular dementia.
Neuropathology of dementing disorders, pp. 293-311
[6.]
T. Erkinjuntti.
Cerebrovascular dementia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
CNS Drugs, 12 (1999), pp. 35-48
[7.]
H.V. Vinters, W.G. Ellis, C. Zarow, B.W. Zaias, W.J. Jagust, W.J. Mack, et al.
Neuropathologic substrates of ischemic vascular dementia.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 59 (2000), pp. 931-945
[8.]
K.A. Jellinger.
The pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia: an update.
J Neurol Sci, (2002), pp. 203-204
[9.]
J.V. Bowler, V. Hachinski.
Vascular cognitive impairment. Preventable dementia.
[10.]
W.R. Markesbery.
Overview of vascular dementia.
Alzheimer disease: advances in etiology, pathogenetics and therapy, pp. 205-220
[11.]
J. Mikol.
Vascular dementia.
Pathology of the aging human nervous system, pp. 101-122
[12.]
B.T. Hyman.
New neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer disease.
Arch Neurol, 55 (1998), pp. 1174-1176
[13.]
K.A. Jellinger.
Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular pathology: an update.
J Neural Transm, 109 (2002), pp. 813-836
[14.]
H.C. Chui, J.I. Victoroff, D. Margolin, W. Jagust, R. Shankle, R. Katzman.
Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers.
Neurology, 42 (1992), pp. 473-480
[15.]
G.C. Roman, T.K. Tatemichi, T. Erkinjuntti, J.L. Cummings, J.C. Masdeu, J.H. Garcia, et al.
Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop.
Neurology, 43 (1993), pp. 250-260
[16.]
A. Lobo, L.J. Launer, L. Fratiglioni, K. Andersen, A. Di Carlo, M.M. Breteler, et al.
Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group.
Neurology, 54 (2000), pp. S4-S9
[17.]
R. Hebert, J. Lindsay, R. Verreault, K. Rockwood, G. Hill, M.F. Dubois.
Vascular dementia: incidence and risk factors in the Canadian study of health and aging.
Stroke, 31 (2000), pp. 1487-1493
[18.]
T. Rahkonen, U. Eloniemi-Sulkava, S. Rissanen, A. Vatanen, P. Viramo, R. Sulkava.
Dementia with Lewy bodies according to the consensus criteria in a general population aged 75 years or older.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 74 (2003), pp. 720-724
[19.]
P.B. Gorelick.
Prevention.
Vascular cognitive impairment. Preventable dementia, pp. 308-320
[20.]
J.A. Schneider, R.S. Wilson, E.J. Cochran, J.L. Bienias, S.E. Arnold, D.A. Evans, et al.
Relation of cerebral infarctions to dementia and cognitive function in older persons.
Neurology, 60 (2003), pp. 1082-1088
[21.]
C. Hulette, D. Nochlin, D. McKeel, J.C. Morris, S.S. Mirra, S.M. Sumi, et al.
Clinical-neuropathologic findings in multi-infarct dementia: a report of six autopsied cases.
Neurology, 48 (1997), pp. 668-672
[22.]
D.A. Snowdon, L.H. Greiner, J.A. Mortimer, K.P. Riley, P.A. Greiner, W.R. Markesbery.
Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study.
JAMA, 277 (1997), pp. 813-817
[23.]
H. Akatsu, M. Takahashi, N. Matsukawa, Y. Ishikawa, N. Kondo, T. Sato, et al.
Subtype analysis of neuropathologically diagnosed patients in a japanese geriatric hospital.
J Neurol Sci, 196 (2002), pp. 63-69
[24.]
H. Seno, H. Ishino, T. Inagaki, M. Iijima, K. Kaku, T. Inata.
A neuropathological study of dementia in nursing homes over a 17-year period, in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.
Gerontology, 45 (1999), pp. 44-48
[25.]
G. Neuropathology.
Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 169-175
[26.]
D.W. Dickson, P. Davies, C. Bevona, K.H. Van Hoeven, S.M. Factor, E. Grober, et al.
Hippocampal sclerosis: a common pathological feature of dementia in very old (. 80 years of age) humans.
Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 88 (1994), pp. 212-221
[27.]
F. Fazekas, R. Schmidt, R. Kleinert, P. Kapeller, G. Roob, E. Flooh.
The spectrum of age-associated brain abnormalities: their measurement and histopathological correlates.
J Neural Transm Suppl, 53 (1998), pp. 31-39
[28.]
F. Block.
Global ischemia and behavioural deficits.
Prog Neurobiol, 58 (1999), pp. 279-295
[29.]
T. Yoshikawa, K. Murase, N. Oku, M. Imaizumi, M. Takasawa, P. Rishu, et al.
Heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.
Am J Neuroradiol, 24 (2003), pp. 1341-1347
[30.]
L. Pantoni.
Subtypes of vascular dementia and their pathogenesis: a critical overview.
Vascular cognitive impairment: preventable dementia, pp. 217-229
[31.]
B.E. Tomlinson, G. Blessed, M. Roth.
Observations on the brains of demented old people.
J Neurol Sci, 11 (1970), pp. 205-242
[32.]
T. Erkinjuntti, O. Benavente, M. Eliasziw, D.G. Munoz, R. Sulkava, M. Haltia, et al.
Diffuse vacuolization (spongiosis) and arteriolosclerosis in the frontal white matter occurs in vascular dementia.
Arch Neurol, 53 (1996), pp. 325-332
[33.]
G. Fein, V. Di Sclafani, J. Tanabe, V. Cardenas, M.W. Weiner, W.J. Jagust, et al.
Hippocampal and cortical atrophy predict dementia in subcortical ischemic vascular disease.
Neurology, 55 (2000), pp. 1626-1635
[34.]
J.J. Kril, S. Patel, A.J. Harding, G.M. Halliday.
Patients with vascular dementia due to microvascular pathology have significant hippocampal neuronal loss.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 72 (2002), pp. 747-751
[35.]
T. Del Ser, F. Bermejo, A. Portera, J.M. Arredondo, C. Bouras, J. Constantinidis.
Vascular dementia. A clinicopathological study.
J Neurol Sci, 96 (1990), pp. 1-17
[36.]
D.R. Thal, E. Dhebremedhin, M. Orantes, O.D. Wiestler.
Small vessel lesions related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and arteriosclerosis/lipohylinosis (AS/LH) are associated with Alzheimer disease [abstract].
Brain Pathol, 13 (2003), pp. S7-S8
[37.]
J.H. Kramer, B.R. Reed, D. Mungas, M.W. Weiner, H.C. Chui.
Executive dysfunction in subcortical ischaemic vascular disease.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 72 (2002), pp. 217-220
[38.]
E. Burton, C. Ballard, S. Stephens, R.A. Kenny, R. Kalaria, R. Barber, et al.
Hyperintensities and fronto-subcortical atrophy on MRI are substrates of mild cognitive deficits after stroke.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 16 (2003), pp. 113-118
[39.]
F. Hentschel, M. Kreis, M. Damian, B. Krumm.
Microangiopathic lesions of white matter. Quantitation of cerebral MRI findings and correlation with psychological tests.
Nervenarzt, 74 (2003), pp. 355-361
[40.]
A.P. Cannata, M. Alberoni, M. Franceschi, C. Mariani.
Frontal impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia in comparison to Alzheimer's disease.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 13 (2002), pp. 101-111
[41.]
S.S. Zhan, K. Beyreuther, H.P. Schmitt.
Synaptophysin immunoreactivity of the cortical neuropil in vascular dementia of Binswanger type compared with the dementia of Alzheimer type and nondemented controls.
Dementia, 5 (1994), pp. 79-87
[42.]
S. Kimura, H. Saito, M. Minami, H. Togashi, N. Nakamura, M. Nemoto, et al.
Pathogenesis of vascular dementia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Toxicology, 153 (2000), pp. 167-178
[43.]
R.H. Swartz, S.E. Black.
How common is vascular compromise of cholinergic white matter pathways in a memory clinic sample?.
J Neurol Sci, (2002), pp. 203-204
[44.]
T. Erkinjuntti, A. Kurz, S. Gauthier, R. Bullock, S. Lilienfeld, C.V. Damaraju.
Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 1283-1290
[45.]
D. Wilkinson, R. Doody, R. Helme, K. Taubman, J. Mintzer, A. Kertesz, et al.
Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Neurology, 61 (2003), pp. 479-486
[46.]
S.S. Mirra, A. Heyman, D. McKeel, S.M. Sumi, B.J. Crain, L.M. Brownlee, et al.
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease.
Neurology, 41 (1991), pp. 479-486
[47.]
K.A. Jellinger.
Small concomitant cerebrovascular lesions are not important for cognitive decline in severe Alzheimer disease [letter].
Arch Neurol, 58 (2001), pp. 520-521
[48.]
D.S. Knopman, S.T. DeKosky, J.L. Cummings, H. Chui, J. Corey-Bloom, N. Relkin, et al.
Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Neurology, 56 (2001), pp. 1143-1153
[49.]
J.H. Lee, J.M. Olichney, L.A. Hansen, C.R. Hofstetter, L.J. Thal.
Small concomitant vascular lesions do not influence rates of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease.
Arch Neurol, 57 (2000), pp. 1474-1479
[50.]
K. Jellinger, E. Mitter-Ferstl.
The impact of cerebrovascular lesions in Alzheimer disease. A comparative autopsy study.
J Neurol, 250 (2003), pp. 1050-1055
[51.]
J.C. De la Torre.
Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence.
Stroke, 33 (2002), pp. 1152-1162
[52.]
J.C. De la Torre.
Alzheimer's disease: how does it start?.
J Alzheimers Dis, 4 (2002), pp. 497-512
[53.]
K.A. Jellinger.
Is Alzheimer's disease a vascular disorder?.
J Alzheimers Dis, 5 (2003), pp. 247-250
[54.]
J.M. Olichney, L.A. Hansen, C.R. Hofstetter, M. Grundman, R. Katzman, L.J. Thal.
Cerebral infarction in Alzheimer's disease is associated with severe amyloid angiopathy and hypertension.
Arch Neurol, 52 (1995), pp. 702-708
[55.]
C. Iadecola.
Cerebrovascular effects of amyloid-beta peptides: mechanisms and implications for Alzheimer's dementia.
Cell Mol Neurobiol, 23 (2003), pp. 681-689
[56.]
D. Zekry, C. Duyckaerts, R. Moulias, J. Belmin, C. Geoffre, F. Herrmann, et al.
Degenerative and vascular lesions of the brain have synergistic effects in dementia of the elderly.
Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 103 (2002), pp. 481-487
[57.]
Z. Nagy, M.M. Esiri, K.A. Jobst, J.H. Morris, E-F. King, B. McDonald, et al.
The effects of additional pathology on the cognitive deficit in Alzheimer Disease.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 56 (1997), pp. 165-170
[58.]
D. Zekry, C. Duyckaerts, J. Belmin, C. Geoffre, F. Herrmann, R. Moulias, et al.
The vascular lesions in vascular and mixed dementia: the weight of functional neuroanatomy.
Neurobiol Aging, 24 (2003), pp. 213-219
[59.]
A. Heyman, G. Fillenbaum, K. Welsh-Bohmer, et al.
Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease, CERAD, Part XVIII.
Neurology, 51 (1998), pp. 159-162
[60.]
H. Crystal, D. Dickson.
Cerebral infarcts in patients with autopsy proven Alzheimer's disease [abstract].
Neurobiol Aging, 23 (2002), pp. 207
[61.]
A. Corbett, H. Bennett, S. Kos.
Cognitive dysfunction following subcortical infarction.
Arch Neurol, 51 (1994), pp. 999-1007
[62.]
G.B. Frisoni, C. Geroldi.
Cerebrovascular disease affects noncognitive symptoms in Alzheimer disease.
Arch Neurol, 58 (2001), pp. 1939-1940

Presentado en el V Congreso Europeo de Gerontología celebrado en Barcelona en julio de 2003.

Manuscrito traducido por Jesús Mora Fernández.

Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos