metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Bacteriemia neumocócica en el anciano: características clínicas y factores pr...
Journal Information
Vol. 37. Issue 6.
Pages 304-310 (January 2002)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 37. Issue 6.
Pages 304-310 (January 2002)
Full text access
Bacteriemia neumocócica en el anciano: características clínicas y factores pronósticos
Pneumococcal bacteriemia in the elderly. Clinical features and prognostic factors
Visits
4736
M.A. García Ordóñez
,
Corresponding author
magarcia@hantequera.SAS.junta-andalucia.es

Correspondencia: Avda. Juan Sebastián Elcano, 46. 29017 Málaga.
, R. Moya Benedicto**, J.J. López González***, D. Gómez Lora*, F.J. Sánchez Lora*, J.D. Colmenero Castillo**
a Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital de Antequera. Málaga
b Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas
c Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Carlos Haya. Málaga
This item has received
Article information
Objetivos

Analizar la epidemiología y el espectro clínico, así como identificar factores pronósticos de la bacteriemia neumocócica en el paciente anciano.

Pacientes Y Método

De forma prospectiva, se seleccionó a pacientes ancianos diagnosticados de bacteriemia neumocócica en dos hospitales de la provincia de Málaga durante el período 1995-2001 y se compararon con un grupo control de pacientes de menos de 65 años diagnosticados consecutivamente de bacteriemia neumocócica. Para identificar factores pronósticos se realizó un análisis multivariante por regresión logística.

Resultados

Se seleccionaron 72 casos de bacteriemia neumocócica en ancianos, con una edad media (desviación estándar) de 73,4 (6,9) años, el 61,1% varones. La incidencia anual media de bacteriemia neumocócica en los ancianos fue de 15,1 casos/ 100.000 habitantes. Ningún paciente había recibido previamente vacunación neumocócica. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (40,3%) y diabetes mellitus (25%). El origen pulmonar fue la fuente de infección más frecuente en los ancianos (el 81,9% frente al 65,3%; p < 0,05; odds ratio [OR]: 2,5; intervalo de confianza [IC]: 1,1-5,6). En el 13,9% de los casos no se pudo determinar la fuente de infección. La tasa de resistencia a penicilina fue del 23,6%. La mortalidad fue superior entre los ancianos (el 34,7 frente al 18,1%; p < 0,05; OR: 2,4; IC: 1,1-5,7%). Los factores pronósticos asociados con mortalidad de forma independiente en la bacteriemia neumocócica del anciano fueron hipoalbuminemia, presencia de infiltrados pulmonares multilobares y confusión, lo que generó un modelo con una especificidad del 97,9% y un valor predictivo positivo del 88,9%.

Conclusiones

La bacteriemia neumocócica en el anciano es una entidad frecuente, cuyo origen más común es el pulmonar, y se asocia con una alta mortalidad. Se describe un modelo pronóstico con alto poder predictivo.

Palabras clave:
acteriemia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Anciano
Objective

To analyze the epidemiology and the clinical spectrum as well as to identify prognostic factors for pneumococcal bacteriemia (PB) in the elderly.

Patient and Method

Elderly patients diagnosed of PB in two hospitals in Malaga (Spain) were selected prospectively between 1995 and 2001. They were compared with a control group of younger in-patients diagnosed consecutively of PB. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression was carried out to identify prognostic factors.

Results

Seventy-two cases of PB in elderly patients were included. Mean age was 73.4; standar desviation, 6.9 years, 61.1% occurring in males. The overall annual incidence of PB in the elderly was 15.1 cases/100,000 population. None of the patients had received pneumococcal vaccine previously. The most common underlying diseases were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (40.3%) and diabetes mellitus (25%). The lungs were the most frequent source of infection in the elderly (81.9% to 65.3%; p < 0.05; OR: 2.5; CI:1.1-5.6). No source of bacteriemia could be identified in 10 (13.9%) cases. Resistance rate to penicillin was 23.6%. Mortality in elderly patients was higher than in younger patients (34.7% to 18.1%; p < 0.05; OR: 2.4; CI:1.1-5.7). In the multivariate analysis, the independent prognostic factors for mortality were hypoalbuminaemia, multi-lobe involvement and presence of confusion. A predictive model was generated with 97.9% specificity and 88.9% positive predictive value.

Conclusions

There is a high incidence of PB in elderly patients. The lung is the most common source of bacteriemia. These patients have a higher mortality rate than younger patients. A prognostic model is described with high predictive power.

Key words:
acteriemia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Elderly
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Biblografía
[1.]
D.M. Musher.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Principles and practice of infectious diseases, pp. 2128-2147
[2.]
J.G. Bartlett, L.M. Mundy.
Community-acquired pneumonia:.
N Engl J Med, 333 (1995), pp. 1618-1624
[3.]
R.V. Sims, E.J. Boyko, G. Maislin, B.A. Lipsky, J.S. Schwartz.
The role of age in susceptibility to pneumococcal infections.
Age Ageing, 21 (1992), pp. 357-361
[4.]
D.M. Musher.
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, immunity and treatment.
Clin Infect Dis, 14 (1992), pp. 801-807
[5.]
I.R. Friedland, G.H. McCracken.
Management of infections caused by antibiotic resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
N Engl J Med, 331 (1994), pp. 377-382
[6.]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standars.
Document M100-S9. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Ninth informational supplement.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne, (1999),
[7.]
J.H. Jorgensen, M.J. Ferraro, M.L. McElmeel, J. Spargo, J.M. Swenson, J.C. Tenover.
Detection of penicillin and extented-spectrum cephalosporin resistance by use of the E Test.
J Clin Microbiol, 32 (1994), pp. 159-163
[8.]
J.S. Garnerr, W.R. Jarvis, T.G. Emori, T.C. Horan, J.M. Hughes.
Centers for Diseases Control (CDC) definitions for nosocomial infection.
Am J Infect Control, 16 (1988), pp. 128-140
[9.]
W.R. McCabe, G.G. Jackson.
Gram-negative bacteremia. II:clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic observations.
Arch Inter Med, 110 (1962), pp. 856-864
[10.]
E.L. Schneider.
Infectious diseases in the elderly.
Ann Intern Med, 98 (1983), pp. 395-400
[11.]
Windsor ACM.
Bacteraemia in a geriatric unit.
Gerontology, 29 (1983), pp. 125-130
[12.]
R.A. Garibaldi, B.A. Nurse.
Infections in the elderly.
Am J Med, 81 (1986), pp. 53-58
[13.]
B.R. Meyers, E. Sherman, M.H. Mendelson, G. Velasquez, E. Srulevitch-Chin, M. Hubbard, et al.
Bloodstream infections in the elderly.
Am J Med, 86 (1989), pp. 379-384
[14.]
J.C. Corredoira, E. Casariego, P. Alonso, A. Coira, J. Varela, M.J. López, et al.
Bacteriemia en ancianos. Aspectos clínicos y factores pronósticos.
Med Clin (Barc), 109 (1997), pp. 165-170
[15.]
F.S. Rubio, R. Aznar, I. Martín, M. Egido, M. Ferrero, P. Mairal, et al.
Bacteriemia en el anciano: factores asociados y pronósticos.
Rev Clin Esp, 198 (1998), pp. 7-10
[16.]
R.F. Breiman, J.S. Spika, V.J. Navarro, P.M. Darden, C.P. Darby.
Pneumococcal bacterenia in Charleston County, South Carolina: a decade later.
Arch Intern Med, 150 (1990), pp. 1401-1405
[17.]
J. Giesecke, H. Fredlund.
Increase in pneumococcal bacteraemia in Sweden.
[18.]
R.E. Frankel, M. Virata, C. Hardalo, F.L. Altice, G. Friedland.
Invasive pneumococcal disease: clinical features, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistence patterns in cases involving patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 577-584
[19.]
J.R. Hibbs, J.M. Douglas, F.N. Judson, W.L. McGill, C.A. Rietmeijer, E.N. Janoff.
Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, mortality rate, and serogroup distribution among patients with pneumococcal bacteremia at Denver general hospital, 1984-1994.
Clin Infect Dis, 25 (1997), pp. 195-199
[20.]
C. Feldman, M. Glatthaar, R. Morar, A.G. Mahomed, S. Kaka, M. Cassel, et al.
Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults.
Chest, 116 (1999), pp. 107-114
[21.]
G.R. Istre, M. Tarpay, M. Anderson, A. Pryor, D. Welch.
Invasive disease due Streptococcus pneumoniae in an area with a high rate of relative penicilin resistence.
J Infect Dis, 156 (1987), pp. 732-735
[22.]
N.M. Bennett, J. Buffington, F.M. LaForce.
Pneumococcal bacteriemia in Monroe County, New York.
Am J Public Health, 82 (1992), pp. 1513-1516
[23.]
J. Hofmann, M.S. Cetron, M.M. Farley, W.S. Baughman, R.R. Facklam, J.A. Elliott, et al.
The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta.
N Engl J Med, 333 (1995), pp. 471-476
[24.]
J.F. Plouffe, R.F. Breiman, R.R. Facklam.
Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Implications for therapy and prevention.
JAMA, 275 (1996), pp. 194-198
[25.]
M. Vaqueiro, M. Sampere, B. Font, G. Serrate, D. Fontanals, F. Segura.
Bacteriemia neumocócica en pacientes mayores de 65 años. Estudio de 161 casos.
Med Clin (Barc), 117 (2001), pp. 241-245
[26.]
B. Afessa, W.L. Greaves, W.R. Frederick.
Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: a 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital.
Clin Infect Dis, 21 (1995), pp. 345-351
[27.]
C. Fariñas-Álvarez, M.C. Fariñas, J.D. García-Palomo, M. González Ruiz, C. Fernández-Mazarrasa, J.A. Parra, et al.
Prognostic factors for pneumococcal bacteremia in a university hospital.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 19 (2000), pp. 733-741
[28.]
U. Sankilampi, E. Herva, R. Haikala, O. Liimatainen, O.V. Renkonen, M. Leinonen.
Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults in Finland.
Epidemiol Infect, 118 (1997), pp. 7-15
[29.]
C. Watanakunakorn, T.A. Bailey.
Adult bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in a community teaching hospita, 1992-1996 A detailed analysis of 108 cases.
Arch Intern Med, 157 (1997), pp. 1965-1971
[30.]
M.A. García-Ordóñez, F. Álvarez, J.J. Cebrián, J.J. López, M. Franquelo, J. Martínez, et al.
Neumonía bacteriémica de origen comunitario en el anciano.
An Med Interna, 16 (1999), pp. 345-348
[31.]
H. McKenzie, N. Reid, R.S. Dijkhuizen.
Clinical and microbiological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia.
L Med Microbiol, 49 (2000), pp. 361-366
[32.]
D.M. Musher, I. Alexandri, E.A. Graviss, N. Yanbely, A. Eid, L.A. Inderias, et al.
Bacteremic and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.
Medicine, 79 (2000), pp. 210-221
[33.]
M.R. Coccia, R.R. Facklam, L.D. Saravolatz, O. Manzor.
Recurrent pneumococcal bacteremia: 34 episodes in 15 patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 982-985
[34.]
F. Paradisi, G. Corti.
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae a nosocomially acquired pathogen?.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 19 (1998), pp. 578-580
[35.]
J.B. Rubins, S. Cheung, P. Carson, E.N. Janoff.
Identification of clinical risk factors for nosocomial pneumococcal bacteremia.
Clin Infect Dis, 29 (1999), pp. 178-183
[36.]
Y. Mirzanejad, S. Roman, J. Talbot, L. Nicolle.
Pneumococcal bacteremia in two tertiary care hospitals in Winnipeg, Canada.
Chest, 109 (1996), pp. 173-178
[37.]
A. Fenoll, C. Martin Bourgon, R. Munoz, D. Vicioso, J. Casal.
Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistence of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections in Spain, 1979-1989.
Rev Infect Dis, 13 (1991), pp. 56-60
[38.]
J. Linares, R. Pallares, T. Alonso, J.L. Perez, J. Ayats, F. Gudiol, et al.
Trends in antimicrobial resistence of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979-1990).
Clin Infect Dis, 15 (1992), pp. 99-105
[39.]
M.E. Garcia-Leoni, E. Cercenado, P. Rodeno, J. Bernaldo de Quiros, D. Martinez-Hernandez, E. Bouza.
Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicilin: a prospective microbiological and clinical study.
Clin Infect Dis, 14 (1992), pp. 427-435
[40.]
R. Pallares, J. Linares, M. Vadillo, C. Cabellos, F. Manresa, P.F. Viladrich, et al.
Resistence to peniclin and cephalosporins and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain.
N Engl J Med, 333 (1995), pp. 474-480
[41.]
F. Soriano.
Lectura farmacodinamica de la sensibilidad antibiotica a Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Med Clin (Barc), 113 (1999), pp. 103-108
[42.]
J.C. Butler, M.S. Cetron.
Pneumococcal drug resistence: the new “special enemy of old age”.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 730-735
[43.]
J.M. Nava, F. Bella, J. Garau, J. Lite, M.A. Morera, C. Marti, et al.
Predictive factors for invasive disease due penicilin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a population-based study.
Clin Infect Dis, 19 (1994), pp. 884-890
[44.]
J.M. Torres, O. Cardenas, A. Vasquez, D. Schlossberg.
Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia in a community hospital.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 387-390
[45.]
F. Deulofeu, B. Cervello, S. Capell, C. Marti, V. Mercade.
Predictors of mortality in patients with bacteremia:The importance of functional status.
J Am Geriatr Soc, 46 (1998), pp. 14-18
[46.]
CDC.
Prevention of pneumococcal disease:recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.
MMWR, 46 (1997), pp. 1-24
[47.]
Subdireccion General de Prestaciones y Evaluacion de Tecnologias Sanitarias.
Informe sobre vacuna neumococica.
Med Clin (Barc), 102 (1994), pp. 383-386
[48.]
R.V. Sims, W.C. Steinmann, J.H. McConville, L.R. King, W.C. Zwick, J.S. Schwartz.
The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly.
Ann Intern Med, 108 (1988), pp. 653-657
[49.]
E.D. Shapiro, A.T. Berg, R. Austrian, D. Schroeder, V. Parcells, A. Murgolis, et al.
The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 1453-1460
[50.]
J.C. Butler, R.F. Breiman, J.F. Campbell, H.B. Lipman, C.V. Broome, R.R. Facklam.
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: an evaluation of current recommendations.
JAMA, 270 (1993), pp. 1826-1831
[51.]
I. Koivula, M. Sten, M. Leinonen, P.H. Makela.
Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomised, single-blind population-based trial.
Am J Med, 103 (1997), pp. 281-290
[52.]
J.E. Sisk, A.J. Moskowitz, W. Whang, J.D. Lin, D.S. Fedson, A.M. McBean, et al.
Cost-effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal bacteremia among elderly people.
JAMA, 278 (1997), pp. 1333-1339
[53.]
K.L. Nichol, L. Baken, J. Wuorenma, A. Nelson.
The health and economic benefits associated with pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons with chronic lung disease.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 2437-2442
[54.]
CDC.
Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among adults. 65 years-United States, 1997.
JAMA, 280 (1998), pp. 1818-1819
Copyright © 2002. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos