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Resumen
La disminución de la sensibilidad al efecto de la insulina de diversos tejidos es conocida como resistencia insulínica. El envejecimiento es una etapa de la vida que se acompaña de profundos cambios metabólicos, entre ellos la reducción en la tolerancia a los hidratos de carbono. Sin negar la progresiva pérdida de la capacidad pancreática para producir insulina, numerosos estudios han podido demostrar que la intolerancia a los glúcidos se debe, fundamentalmente, a la resistencia insulínica. Así, el fenómeno que se ha implicado como elemento causal en el epidémico síndrome metabólico, que abarca tanto la obesidad como la diabetes mellitus, aparece como un hecho natural en la senescencia. En este trabajo se revisa la relación que hay entre resistencia a la insulina y envejecimiento. Asimismo, se exponen las posibles causas que determinan esa relación y, finalmente, se analiza su supuesta razón evolutiva, para justificar cómo una circunstancia aparentemente tan nociva puede formar parte del proceso fisiológico de envejecer.
Palabras clave:
Resistencia insulínica
Envejecimiento
Tejido adiposo
Adipocitocinas
Estrés oxidativo
Evolución
Abstract
Insulin resistance is defined as the decreased ability of tissues to respond to physiological insulin levels. Ageing is a stage of life accompanied by profound metabolic changes, among which is reduced carbohydrate tolerance. Although age-related insulin secretory dysfunction may play a role in this phenomenon, numerous studies have demonstrated that age-dependent carbohydrate intolerance can be mainly attributed to insulin resistance.
Thus, the phenomenon that has been implicated as a causal element in the epidemic of metabolic syndrome, which includes both obesity and diabetes mellitus, appears as a natural occurrence in ageing. The present article reviews the relationship between insulin resistance and ageing. Moreover, the possible causes of this association are discussed. Finally, the evolutionary purposes of this association are analyzed to explain how a circumstance seemingly so harmful is included in the physiological process of senescence.
Key words:
Insulin resistance
Ageing
Adipose tissue
Adipocytokines
Oxidative stress
Evolution
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