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Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología La enfermedad de Alzheimer antes de la demencia. Beneficios del diagnóstico pre...
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Vol. 46. Issue S1.
Pages 47-54 (October 2011)
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Vol. 46. Issue S1.
Pages 47-54 (October 2011)
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La enfermedad de Alzheimer antes de la demencia. Beneficios del diagnóstico precoz
Predementia Alzheimer's disease. Benefits of early diagnosis
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Aurora Viloria
Unidad de Memoria, Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Resumen

Dado el envejecimiento de la población y el incremento del número de pacientes afectados de enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), son cada vez más necesarias medidas que no sólo ayuden a retrasar su desarrollo, sino a poder prevenirlo. Los avances en el diagnostico de la EA podrían apoyar una revisión de los estándares clínicos actuales para el deterioro cognitivo leve y proveer nuevos hitos para un tratamiento precoz de la enfermedad. Con el objetivo de poner en marcha las medidas terapéuticas tan pronto como sea posible y no esperar a que exista un determinado nivel de expresión, el proceso diagnóstico actual debe reorientarse hacia el substrato patológico y no hacia los síntomas, con un papel fundamental en los pacientes con mayor reserva cognitiva que, cuando se diagnostica la enfermedad, presentan una carga lesional en general elevada y la efectividad del tratamiento es menor.

Si se quiere conseguir identificar terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad para retrasar los síntomas clínicos de la EA en individuos cognitivamente intactos de elevado riesgo, será necesario validar marcadores en relación con la fisiopatología de la enfermedad. Es improbable que un solo biomarcador pueda proveer la certeza diagnóstica necesaria y, por lo tanto, debe realizarse un acercamiento multimodal que incorpore métodos bioquímicos, neuropatológicos y de neuroimagen anatómica y metabólica.

Para optimizar los resultados de los fármacos en investigación será necesario utilizar una combinación de biomarcadores para seleccionar a los participantes apropiados en las fases más precoces de la enfermedad y seguir su progresión. Con el diagnóstico precoz se pretende resolver cuestiones fundamentales en la atención de los pacientes con EA, como la posibilidad de diferenciación entre varios subtipos, y así fomentar el desarrollo de tratamientos idóneos para cada uno de ellos. El objetivo final sería desarrollar terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad que pueden ser introducidas de forma precoz, en un momento en que las personas todavía permanecen asintomáticas o mínimamente sintomáticas, para mantener su calidad de vida.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Diagnóstico precoz
Biomarcadores
Terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad
Abstract

Given population aging and the rise in the number of persons with Alzheimer's disease, measures that aim not only to delay but also to prevent the development of this disease are increasingly required. Advances in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease support the need for a review of current clinical standards for mildcognitive impairment and provide new goals in the early treatment of this disease. The current diagnostic process should be refocussed toward the pathological substrate of this disease rather than symptoms in order to initiate therapeutic measures as soon as possible without waiting for clinical manifestations to appear. Such an approach is essential in patients with greater cognitive reserve, in whom the lesions are usually more severe at diagnosis and treatment is less effective.

To identify disease-modifying therapies to delay the onset of the clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively intact persons at high risk, biomarkers for this disease must be validated. A single biomarker is unlikely to provide the required diagnostic accuracy and therefore a multimodal approach, incorporating biochemical, neuropathological and anatomical and metabolic neuroimaging methods, should be employed. To optimize the results of drugs under investigation, a combination of biomarkers should be used to select appropriate participants in the earliest phases of the disease, and disease progression should be followedup.

Early diagnosis might clarify essential questions in the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease, such as the possibility of distinguishing among various subtypes, thus encouraging the development of optimal treatments for each.

The ultimate goal is to develop disease-modifying treatments that could be initiated early, while patients are asymptomatic or only minimally symptomatic, to maintain their quality of life.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's disease
Early diagnosis
Biomarkers
Disease-modifying therapies
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Copyright © 2011. SEGG
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