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Both slices show the biodistribution of the formulation in the ocular and nasal mucosa and in the gastrointestinal tract.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Sánchez-Martínez, R. Da Costa Martins, G. Quincoces, C. Gamazo, C. Caicedo, J.M. Irache, I. Peñuelas" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Martínez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Da Costa Martins" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Quincoces" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Gamazo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Caicedo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Irache" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." 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Is it effective?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "81" "paginaFinal" => "85" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Revisión de volantes peticionarios de tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computarizada. ¿Es efectiva?" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A.M. García Vicente, G.A. Jiménez Londoño, J.P. Pilkington Woll, V.M. Poblete García, J.M. Cordero García, A. Palomar Muñoz, P. Talavera Rubio, M. Becerra Nakayo, M. Bellón Guardia, B. González García, Á. Soriano Castrejón" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "García Vicente" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.A." "apellidos" => "Jiménez Londoño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.P." "apellidos" => "Pilkington Woll" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V.M." "apellidos" => "Poblete García" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Cordero García" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Palomar Muñoz" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Talavera Rubio" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Becerra Nakayo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Bellón Guardia" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "González García" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Á." "apellidos" => "Soriano Castrejón" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2253808913000244?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22538089/0000003200000002/v1_201305061041/S2253808913000244/v1_201305061041/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Differentiation of incidental intestinal activities at PET/CT examinations with a new sign: Peristaltic segment sign" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "86" "paginaFinal" => "91" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Duzgun Yildirim, Muge Oner Tamam, Mutlu Sahin, Baki Ekci, Bengi Gurses" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Duzgun" "apellidos" => "Yildirim" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Muge Oner" "apellidos" => "Tamam" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mugetamam@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mutlu" "apellidos" => "Sahin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Baki" "apellidos" => "Ekci" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bengi" "apellidos" => "Gurses" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Kasimpasa Military Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Iskenderun Military Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Hatay, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Yeditepe University Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Yeditepe University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Signo del segmento peristáltico: un nuevo signo del examen PET/TAC para el diagnóstico diferencial de las actividades intestinales incidentales" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1428 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 382399 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Partial expansion by gas in the proximal and distal aspects of the collapsed sigmoidal segment (arrows); (b) uptake is seen in this segment on PET/CT fusion section (positive peristaltism sign), physiological uptake; (c) sigmoid colon is seen collapsed without being expanded by gas (arrows); (d) focal uptake at rectosigmoid junction, occurred without the presence of remarkable peristaltism sign (rectal adenocarcinoma).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physiological uptakes of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG in the brain, myocardium, muscular tissues, pharyngeal mucosal surfaces and palatine tonsils can be recognized due to their various characteristics defined in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> However, activity uptakes in intestinal traces are more heterogeneous and require more information for discrimination. FDG is excreted in part through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with uptake in the distal esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine representing normal patterns of tracer distribution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> GIT-originated physiological uptakes, which are frequently encountered on FDG-PET/CT examinations, are likely to cause mistakes during evaluations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–8</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is difficult to interpret positron emission tomography images in the absence of correlative anatomical images. FDG uptake may occur in some anatomic localization even without malignancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,5</span></a> FDG uptake traces can be localized by the anatomical information obtained from correlative CT sections. Such discriminations can be made more definitely by multimodality advanced evaluations or biopsies, particularly in the oncologic cases.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diffuse increased FDG uptake in the GIT can be defined as physiologic and unrelated to the malignant process with relatively high certainty. These physiologic or benign sites of FDG uptake may be falsely attributed to a cancerous etiology. A focal, well-circumscribed intra-abdominal area of increased FDG uptake may, however, be interpreted as equivocal or suggestive of malignancy with an unclear location. Also, increased tracer activity in malignant lesions may be erroneously interpreted as unrelated to cancer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous large-scale studies showed no significant difference between FDG uptake rates in terms of SUVmax of underlying malignant, premalignant and benign lesions in the focal uptakes which occurred in unexpected localizations in GIT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Intense focal uptakes in the intestinal traces are seen by 1.3–3% among the cases that undergo FDG-PET/CT <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">[6–8]</a>. These uptakes may be physiological or may occur due to the inflammatory, benign, premalignant or malignant lesions as well. Physiological uptakes are those which occur due to peristaltism and originate from the wall composed of smooth muscle, whereas non-peristaltic uptakes may originate particularly from the reactive uptake in the mural lymphatic tissue that spreads over the cecum and ileum traces.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4,6</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This analysis included PET studies showing a single site of focally increased abdominal FDG uptake that was more intense than liver uptake and was localized by fused PET/CT to the GIT. The patients had no previous malignant involvement and no clinical or imaging suspicion of abnormalities in the same areas. Different from previous studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> in the present study, we additionally aimed to investigate the efficacy of a special sign, the so-called “intestinal peristaltism sign”, in discriminating physiological uptake from malignancy in the focal intestinal uptakes on PET/CT imaging.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was initiated by a series of cases in which focal intra-abdominal FDG uptake that had been localized by PET/CT to the GIT, which had no previously known morphologic lesions, was proven on follow-up to be of malignant or premalignant etiology. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the peristaltic segment sign in differentiation of the malignant and physiologic localized FDG uptakes through the GIT as a new parameter.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GIT traces of 823 patients (577 males and 246 females), who had undergone FDG-PET/CT examination because of malignancy in a special health center, were reviewed. The mean age of the cases was 49 years (ranged from 11 to 89 years). Distribution of the tumor types among cases was as follows: 396 pulmonary tumor, 135 lymphoma, 84 colorectal carcinoma, 37 laryngeal tumor, 27 nasopharyngeal tumor, 23 cervical tumor, 13 ovarian tumor, 9 esophageal tumor, 8 melanoma, 6 soft tissue sarcoma, 5 urine bladder tumor, 4 endometrial tumor, 4 non-pulmonary carcinoid tumor, 4 breast tumor, 2 small intestine tumor with reported pathologic FDG uptake and another 66 cases reported to have normal level of FDG uptake thorough the body. On the images of these cases, the foci that FDG uptake had been identified and the reported intestinal foci were retrospectively evaluated. Being aware of the diagnoses of the cases, reviews were performed retrospectively on multi-display workstations with multi-planar reformatting focusing on the GITs that display abnormal uptake on minimum intensity projection. After reviewing the images and reports of all patients, the cases with localized activation in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon traces were recorded. Focal activities shorter than a segment in the stomach and duodenum, non-longitudinal, nonlinear focal uptakes in the jejunum and ileum, and focal uptakes limited to maximum one centimeter of the cecum, ascendant colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descendent colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum segments in the colon were considered as localized activity and included in the study.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Long segmental uptakes, focal or linear uptakes, and the activities that did not show superposition with the intestinal wall on CT fusion images were excluded from the study. The field with increased FDG activity was taken into consideration if it was of a more intense nature than the liver and if the SUVmax value was higher than 2.5 units.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This low SUVmax value, although being nonspecific, is selected with the purpose of highly sensitive detection of malignant foci.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The “peristaltism sign” was considered positive (for benignity) in the presence of a bowel loop which has been expanded with air and located just proximal or distal to the focused (FDG-affinitive) segment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Standard protocol that was applied to all cases investigated for malignancy</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Colon opacification was provided with 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml oral contrast solution prepared using 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml nonionic contrast that was given 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h before the procedure.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stomach and the small intestine were opacified with 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml oral contrast solution given an hour before the procedure.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravenous injection of 13–15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mCi FDG 40–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min before the procedure;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient rested under normal conditions 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h before the examination.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT scan: cranio-caudal, with a section thickness of 3.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm, 1.75 pitch, 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm collimation, 120 peak kV, and 100–120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET study direction was adjusted as caudo-cranial 2D.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">System</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET and 16-detector CT (Discovery ST PET/16 slice CT fusion system HPOWER 60; General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A section thickness of 3.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, 2D-PET.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multi-display workstations: multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP), PET/CT fused images could be simultaneously evaluated.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence or absence of the sign was investigated within the uptake trace in the GITs of 59 cases. Intestinal foci, showing an uptake more intense than the liver localized and measured. And foci with a SUVmax<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 were included in the study. Endoscopic evaluation (n:47) and endoscopic biopsy (42 of 47 cases) data of the cases were available with gastric-duodenal-colonic uptakes, exploratory laparotomy data of a case diagnosed with small intestine lymphoma, transabdominal biopsy data of a similar case, and enteroclysis data of a case with Crohn's disease-associated small bowel uptake.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nine patients who did not accept GIS endoscopy, were evaluated with virtual colonoscopy (n:5) or rectal contrast-enhanced CT (n:4),and thin sections of MPR images revealed no colonic luminal pathology.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased FDG uptake together with the peristaltic segment sign and benignity was considered as true positive. The cases with increased FDG uptake and malignancy without the peristaltism sign were considered as true negative. The presence of malignancy and the peristaltism sign together throughout the affected FDG-affinitive segment was considered as a false negative. Additionally, the reverse (no malignancy with any sign) was considered as a false positive. Related data were used to identify the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy value for the sign.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, non-diffuse increased FDG uptake was detected on the localizations consistent with loop traces in 59 (7.2%) of 823 cases. The stomach (n:19, 2.3%), small intestine (n:12, 1.5%), and colon (n:28, 3.4%) represented the focal uptake-related segments in varying rates. In fact, malignancy was detected in only 16 cases, whereas the activity in the remaining 43 cases was recorded as benign (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these 59 cases, separation attempts were made of benign and malignant tissue by measuring the SUVmax values at focal involvement localizations. As a result of this procedure, 43 patients were found to be without malignancy subsequently detected by advanced evaluations. Twenty-three of the 43 had been evaluated with a preliminary diagnosis of malignancy and in 20, follow-up was proposed because of the benign involvement state according to low SUVmax values. In subsequent evaluations, among 16 cases with malignancy, the same conventional measurements were taken. In these cases, 11 were referred with malignancy, and 5 patients were reported as benign (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">This method was estimated with 33% sensitivity, 65% specificity, 69% positive predictive value (PPV), 46% negative predictive value (NPV) and 47% accuracy in discriminating intestinal FDG activity between malignant and benign cases.</span></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The obtained data by testing according to the presence or absence of the “peristaltic segment sign” was used; the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of the sign in discriminating malignant from benign intestinal uptake by itself were found 68%, 80%, 82%, 65%, and 73% respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET/CT imaging provides useful data in detecting malignant diseases and in the discrimination of malignant vs. benign lesions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,9</span></a> It is known that lesions with increased FDG uptakes with high SUVmax values that mimic malignancies are likely to occur in various localizations in the body.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,7,8</span></a> The GIT is one of the localizations in which local incidental uptakes are frequently detected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,8–11</span></a> Although the majority of focal gastric and small intestinal uptakes are associated with benign physiological activities, further evaluation is required in colonic focal uptakes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,8,11</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, we tried to discriminate malignant focal FDG uptakes from the benign ones, which were retrospectively investigated throughout the entire intestinal system and were well localized via “peristaltism sign” benefiting from the multislice characteristic of the fused CT system. In this context, focal activities throughout the intestinal system were considered as localized activity and included in the study. The “peristaltism sign” was considered positive in the presence of a bowel loop which had been expanded with air and located proximal or distal to the pathologic (FDG-affinitive) intestinal segment.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Colonoscopies of the cases with incidental, focal colonic FDG activity revealed organic pathologies (mucosal abnormalities, adenoma, or carcinoma) in various rates ranging from 71% to 95%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> Increments in localized peristaltism due to partial obstruction caused by the lesion may be responsible for the focal uptake in the colon and concurrent peristaltism sign. Kamel et al. evaluated the probability of an organic pathology in overall incidental focal uptakes of the GIT, which could change the future diagnostic and therapeutic steps. He found organic pathology in 28% of the cases with intestinal focal uptake detected on PET/CT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The rate was also consistent with the rate (27%) defined in our study. In literature, there are studies about the efficacy of SUVmax measurements in the differentiation of etiological factors of focal uptake,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,12</span></a> whereas there are also studies emphasizing that discrimination of malignant vs. benign lesions could not be made properly by measuring uptake value alone and that further evaluation is required.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Moreover, Isreal et al. in their review displayed that there was no statistically significant difference between physiological uptake and incidental uptake occurring due to premalignant-malignant lesions in terms of SUVmax values of incidental uptake in the intestinal trace. This has shown that SUVmax has no efficacy in discriminating malignity in a focal incidental uptake.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The number of the cases with benign lesions that have substantially high SUVmax is not low at all. In the present study, substantially low SUVmax values were included. Matched sections of peristaltism sign were found, superposed, and accordingly, the definite discrimination of intestinal vs. non-intestinal uptakes has been made.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is known that intestinal uptakes exist in a wide spectrum including diffuse, segmental and focal uptake. Unifocal uptakes are seen mostly in Barret's esophagus and tubulovillous adenomas, whereas multifocal, segmental or diffuse intestinal uptake is seen in inflammatory bowel diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14–18</span></a> Several studies emphasized that long segmental uptakes are caused by benign entities (physiological or inflammatory or post RT colitis).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> Therefore, recent studies have been targeted to discriminate malignity via new parameters taking the cases with focal uptakes into consideration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Gluecker et al. reported that dependent intestinal mucosal-mural FDG uptake occurs frequently due to contact with stool and irritation. The same study emphasized that nondependent incidental focal intestinal uptakes are more meaningful and require further evaluation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Because discrimination of dependent vs. nondependent methods might be unable to define the origin of an FDG shining focus in the presence of uptake in the collapsed small intestine or in colonic loop trace, we did not use it as a criterion.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Artefactual uptakes in the GIT may be reduced by lowering the amount of swallowing and providing colon cleansing with iso-osmotic solution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In order to eliminate luminal or mural pathology of the colon, methods that discriminate the wall from the lumen are required. For this procedure, the lumen and the wall can be clearly exposed with a rectal contrast enema that would expand the entire colon. Otherwise, peristaltic segments or the segments with insufficient filling might not be visualized optimally. Since rectal contrast use is unlikely during PET/CT imaging, it can be used just in the suspected cases, if required, as the next evaluation step. Additional late phase imaging protocols may be needed especially for gastric lesions. Gastric focal uptakes could not be differentiated from the activities in the same lodge such as pancreatic tile uptake and lymph node uptake of the splenic medial pole.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study revealed an underlying malignancy by a high rate such as 27% at these incidental intestinal uptake foci, and discriminated the malignancies more sensitively than the conventional method (33% vs. 68%). In general, literature revealed that endoscopic correlation is required to eliminate malignancy in the cases of esophageal uptakes. As a result, histopathological sampling is in question to eliminate premalignant lesions even for benign activities, in which uptake occurs at Barret's point.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,22</span></a> We already have excluded the esophagus for the indicator of sign, since an active peristaltism would not be in question except for nutrition.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, we investigated the presence of a peristaltic segment sign for the stomach and duodenum considering the existence of low-grade adenocarcinomas, which are likely to have low SUVmax rates. We had high rates of false negativity (approximately 60%) in the cardia. This was attributed to the point's being the Barret's point, and peristaltism-associated changes’ being unable to be visualized on CT sections, despite the presence of premalignant and malignant lesions. Since neither the cardia nor the distal segment of the esophagus could be evaluated in terms of presence or absence of peristaltism because of the same problem, such a high false negativity has been considered as directive, rather than a handicap, for endoscopy to eliminate the premalignant lesions.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the small-intestine-related uptakes, the peristaltism sign was used efficiently in 12 cases where the focal uptakes in the jejunoileal segments have been evaluated, except for a case with false positive and another case with false negative, for the discrimination of malignant vs. benign conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,23,24</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FDG activity within the colon is typically heterogeneous. There is higher uptake within the cecum and right colon due to the higher concentration of lymphoid tissue in this region.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Diffuse uptake is usually associated with infectious or inflammatory colitis. Focally increased FDG uptake within the bowel has been described for both malignant and benign processes. PET-CT findings in these cases may be diagnostic, since the CT manifestations of these entities are well described in the literature as appendicitis, diverticulitis or nonspecific uptakes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a> On the other hand, although FDG-PET has been shown to be highly sensitive in detecting colorectal cancer it has low specificity because of physiological uptakes as well as inflammatory causes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the present cases, the discrimination of malignant vs. benign lesions could be made in a total of 28 focal colonic uptake cases, except for three false positive and six false negative cases, regardless of the frequency of malignant or benign underlying pathologies. Discrimination of malignant vs. benign lesions could be achieved in 19 of 28 cases (seven malignant and 21 benign) via the sign without using any other auxiliary method or modality.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">False negativity means both sign and malignancy positive, secondary to the increased peristaltism probably caused by partial obstruction. On the other hand, false negativity means absence of the malignity and the sign together. In our study, the false positivity rate of the sign was more common in the GIT except the colon, whereas the false negativity rate was higher in the colon, likely due to less peristaltism. The water-soluble iodine-based hyperosmolar contrast agent, which had taken a night before to provide intestinal luminal opacification might have increased the rate of false negativity by inducing the increment in peristaltism.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some limitations of this study are: (1) the retrospective feature; (2) limited number of the cases; (3) the absence of dynamic imaging (early<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>late phase); and (4) uptake images caused by the attenuation difference (pseudo-uptake) emerged from the iodine content of the oral contrast agents. These artifacts could be easily solved correlating with CT section.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> One major controversy of our study was the decrease in peristaltic movements at the localization of the malignancy. The transmural expansion of malignancy and invasion of neurogenic plexus leads to a decrease in peristaltism in these affected segments. We can use the peristaltism sign conversely in these cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29,30</span></a> We could not found dynamic study results of the all cases in this retrospectice study. But, we believe that addition of the dynamic examination to the protocol will increase the sensitivity of our sign in detecting the pathologic FDG foci. In the other hand, although selecting very low SUVmax value with the purpose of sensitive detection of malignant foci may increase the number of false positive cases, we did not accept it as a serious limitation. In our study, for 2 cases, the presence of intraluminal air density in small bowel helped us to evaluate the peristaltism sign. But it may be a problem to find air thorough the small intestines in all examinations. Expansion of lumen by liquid contents may also be used as marker of the peristaltism sign instead of luminal air.</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, on PET/CT examination, focal FDG uptakes may be in question throughout the entire GIT. In the present study, discrimination of malignancy can be achieved by 33% sensitivity and by 65% specificity when the focal uptake accompanied by pathological wall thickening on CT sections was considered as a criterion; in contrast, the sensitivity and specificity have been increased up to 68% and 80% respectively when the peristaltism sign was used. In case of detecting focal-segmental FDG uptakes in the GIT, even incidental, SUVmax exceeding 2.5 but which has not been accompanied by the peristaltism sign, should certainly be further evaluated by endoscopic tests.</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a conclusion, the peristaltic segment sign is in favor of benignity, and is more sensitive than the methods used for benign–malignant differentiation such as SUVmax and luminal wall thickening.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres119594" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Purpose" 2 => "Materials and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec106873" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres119593" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Material y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusión" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec106874" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Standard protocol that was applied to all cases investigated for malignancy" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "System" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-02-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-05-07" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec106873" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography" 1 => "Incidental intestinal activities" 2 => "Peristalsis" 3 => "Gastrointestinal tract neoplasms" 4 => "Sign" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec106874" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography" 1 => "Actividades intestinales incidentales" 2 => "Peristalsis" 3 => "Neoplasmas del tracto gastrointestinal" 4 => "Señal" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Purpose</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to present the effect of the peristaltic segment sign for the differential diagnosis between malignant, physiological and gastrointestinal focal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptakes as an alternative method to maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sections of 823 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) performed in our center were reviewed retrospectively. Images of these cases that have been reported for positive intestinal focal FDG uptake areas were included. Through the sectional images, any accompanying short segment expanded with air just after or before the uptake area was marked as “positive peristaltism sign”. The cases were confirmed with endoscopy plus biopsy (n:42), endoscopy (n:5), laparotomy (n:1), transabdominal biopsy (n:1), enteroclysis (n:1), CT-colonoscopy (n:5), rectal contrast enhanced CT (n:4). Distinguishing features of the sign were analyzed statistically compared to the conventional method for differentiation of malignity.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Localized FDG uptake was reported in 59 of 823 cases. A SUVmax greater than 2.5 with intestinal wall thickening allowed the diagnosis of malignity with sensitivity 33%, specificity 65%, positive predictive value 69% and negative predictive value 46%. The peristaltic segment sign, considered as a benign finding, increased the statistical values to 68%, 80%, 82% and 65%, respectively.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In case of gastrointestinal increased focal FDG uptake, the new parameter of peristaltic segment sign may differentiate the physiologic uptakes from the malignant ones more accurately than the conventional SUVmax.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar el efecto del signo del segmento peristáltico en el diagnóstico diferencial, maligno o fisiológico, de las captaciones focales de FDG detectadas en el tracto gastrointestinal (GIT) como un nuevo parámetro alternativo al SUVmax.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se revisaron retrospectivamente las secciones del GIT de 823 estudios PET/TAC con FDG en los que se informaron la presencia de una captación focal intestinal de FDG. Se identificó como “signo peristáltico positivo” cualquier segmento intestinal que contenía aire antes o después del área de captación de FDG. Los casos se confirmaron por endoscopia con biopsia (42), endoscopia (5), laparotomía (1), biopsia transabdominal (1), enteroclisis (1), colonoscopia virtual (5) y TAC abdominal con contraste rectal (4). Los rasgos característicos del signo se analizaron estadísticamente comparados al método convencional para diferenciar malignidad.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La captación localizada de FDG se informó en 59 de los 823 casos. Un SUV mayor de 2.5 con engrosamiento de la pared intestinal permitió el diagnóstico diferencial de malignidad con sensibilidad 33%, especificidad 65%, valor predictivo positivo 69% y valor predictivo negativo 46%. El signo del segmento peristáltico, considerado como un hallazgo benigno, aumentó significativamente los valores a 68%, 80%, 82% y 65%, respectivamente.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cuando se detecta un aumento focal de captación de FDG en el GIT, el signo del segmento peristáltico, como un nuevo parámetro, puede diferenciar la captación fisiológica de la captación maligna de forma más exacta que el SUV.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1428 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 382399 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Partial expansion by gas in the proximal and distal aspects of the collapsed sigmoidal segment (arrows); (b) uptake is seen in this segment on PET/CT fusion section (positive peristaltism sign), physiological uptake; (c) sigmoid colon is seen collapsed without being expanded by gas (arrows); (d) focal uptake at rectosigmoid junction, occurred without the presence of remarkable peristaltism sign (rectal adenocarcinoma).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gastro-Duodenal (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Small intestine (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Colon (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cardio-esophageal junction (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Jejunum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cecal apex (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antrum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ileum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hepatic flexure (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duodenal bulbus (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ileocecal valve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sigmoid colon (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2nd duodenal segment (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rectum-anorectal sphincter (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignant</span>: 7 (Adenocarcinoma) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignant</span>: 2 (Lymphoma) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malignant-premalignant</span>: 7 (5 Adenocarcinoma, 1 tubulovillous adenoma, 1 anorectal junction squamous cell carcinoma) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Benign</span>: gastritis, duodenitis, hypertrophic rugae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Benign</span>: Crohn's disease in one of the cases via enteroclysis, no underlying pathology in the other cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Benign</span>: Diverticulitis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), tubular adenoma (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), normal (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab207801.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the findings in the gastrointestinal system according to the criteria defined in the methodology.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Suspicious malignity and advice<span class="elsevierStyleCrossOut">s</span> for further evaluation in case of measuring<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.5 SUVmax values \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">In endoscopically verified normal cases (physiological uptake) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Malignity verified with biopsy (pathological uptake) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Prediagnoses</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malignant: 23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malignant: 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Benign: 20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Benign: 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab207802.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data obtained from the evaluation by measuring the SUVmax levels (conventional method).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">False positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">False negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">True positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">True negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle">Special peristaltism sign</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antrum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cardio-esophageal junction (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ileocecal valve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antrum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Jejunum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Colon (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sigmoid colon (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Jejunum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab207803.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sensitivity values of the special sign (peristaltism sign), which has been used in the discrimination of malignant vs. benign uptakes.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Targeting glucose transporters for tumor imaging: “sweet” idea, “sour” result" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.L. Wahl" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nucl Med" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "1038" "paginaFinal" => "1041" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8683297" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pitfalls in oncologic diagnosis with FDG PET imaging: physiologic and benign variants" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.D. Shreve" 1 => "Y. Anzai" 2 => "R.L. Wahl" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja0761" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "RadioGraphics" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "61" "paginaFinal" => "77" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925392" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Normal physiological and benign pathological variants of 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron-emission tomography scanning: potential for error in interpretation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G.J. Cook" 1 => "I. Fogelman" 2 => "M.N. 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Goldsmith" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/rg.245035725" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "RadioGraphics" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "1411" "paginaFinal" => "1431" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371617" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "CT of the head and neck: FDG uptake in normal anatomy, in benign lesions and in changes resulting from treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G.W. Goerres" 1 => "G.K. von Schulthess" 2 => "T.H. Hany" 3 => "P.E.T. Positron emission tomography" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2214/ajr.179.5.1791337" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "AJR Am J Roentgenol" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "179" "paginaInicial" => "1337" "paginaFinal" => "1343" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12388526" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "PET/CT detection of unexpected gastrointestinal foci of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG uptake: incidence, localization patterns, and clinical significance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O. Israel" 1 => "N. Yefremov" 2 => "R. Bar-Shalom" 3 => "O. Kagana" 4 => "A. Frenkel" 5 => "Z. 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Journal Information
Original article
Differentiation of incidental intestinal activities at PET/CT examinations with a new sign: Peristaltic segment sign
Signo del segmento peristáltico: un nuevo signo del examen PET/TAC para el diagnóstico diferencial de las actividades intestinales incidentales
a Kasimpasa Military Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey
b Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
c Iskenderun Military Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Hatay, Turkey
d Yeditepe University Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
e Yeditepe University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey