Monte Carlo simulation of the basic features of the GE Millennium MG single photon emission computed tomography gamma camera | Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition)

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(a) Differentiation between tumor pCR and tumor non-pCR. (b) Differentiation between locoregional pCR and locoregional non-pCR. (c) Differentiation between pCR of lymph nodes and non-pCR of lymph nodes." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Marta A. García García-Esquinas, Juan Arrazola García, José A. García-Sáenz, V. Furió-Bacete, Manuel E. Fuentes Ferrer, Aída Ortega Candil, María N. Cabrera Martín, José L. Carreras Delgado" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta A." "apellidos" => "García García-Esquinas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Arrazola García" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José A." "apellidos" => "García-Sáenz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Furió-Bacete" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel E." "apellidos" => "Fuentes Ferrer" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aída" "apellidos" => "Ortega Candil" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María N." 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The area under the ROC curve for SUV-1 was 0.73 (p>0.05), 0.73 for SUV-2 (p>0.05) and 0.35 for RI (p>0.05)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A.M. García Vicente, Á. Soriano Castrejón, M.Á. Cruz Mora, C. Ortega Ruiperez, R. Espinosa Aunión, A. León Martín, A. González Ageitos, O. Van Gómez López" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "García Vicente" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Á." "apellidos" => "Soriano Castrejón" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.Á." "apellidos" => "Cruz Mora" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ortega Ruiperez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Espinosa Aunión" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "León Martín" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "González Ageitos" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Van Gómez López" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2253808913001481?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/22538089/0000003300000001/v1_201402040008/S2253808913001481/v1_201402040008/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Monte Carlo simulation of the basic features of the GE Millennium MG single photon emission computed tomography gamma camera" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "6" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "L. Vieira, T.F. Vaz, D.C. Costa, P. Almeida" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Vieira" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "vieira.lina@sapo.pt" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T.F." "apellidos" => "Vaz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D.C." "apellidos" => "Costa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Almeida" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Área Científica de Medicina Nuclear, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "HPP Medicina Molecular, SA, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Simulación de Monte Carlo de los rasgos básicos de la cámara gamma SPECT GE Millennium MG" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2062 "Ancho" => 3163 "Tamanyo" => 343916 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Point spread function along the x-axis (named as Position), corresponding to simulated and experimental profiles, acquired with two energy windows: 126–154keV, with the PS placed at (A) 1cm and (B) 30cm; and 130–158keV, with the PS placed at (C) 1cm and (D) 30cm, away from the collimator." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionNuclear medicine uses radiolabeled molecules to target metabolic functions in vivo, known as radiopharmaceuticals. After administering the radiopharmaceutical to a patient, a radiation detector equipment such as a gamma camera can be placed externally to the body in order to detect gamma photon emissions resulting from radioactive decay. The chemical specificity of these molecules for some biological processes gives nuclear medicine its high specificity and sensitivity and in vivo functional characteristics.Monte Carlo methods are recognized as being particularly useful for the simulation of new detectors for nuclear medicine applications. They have been applied to the study of detector efficiency in the design and optimization of imaging systems and in the development and evaluation of image correction strategies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>Currently, the set of Monte Carlo codes available can be divided into two main groups: the first one encompasses the so-called generic codes. These are essentially developed for the needs of high energy physics experiments and include EGS,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> MCNP,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Integrated Tiger Series,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> PENELOPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> and GEANT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> The second group includes specific application codes, conceived for the specific needs of medical applications including nuclear medicine,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> such as SIMSPECT,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> SIMSET,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> MCMATV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> and GATE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> These Monte Carlo codes are characterized by their relative ease of utilization when compared to the more complex and complete generic Monte Carlo codes of the first group. During the last years, the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) platform has been gaining increasing acceptance for the simulation of nuclear medicine devices and imaging processes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> The GATE platform has specific coding mechanisms (known as scripting), which consist of specific software routines used to define hardware models (e.g. the nuclear medicine acquisition system). This ease of use allows creating models of detectors and options of data output formats which are compatible with proprietary solutions from manufacturers. GATE allows modeling the process of radioactive decay within objects resulting from the decay of a radioisotope and the physical interactions that result of these decays within an object. Different distributions of radioactive sources and time modeling during experimental acquisitions can also be done. These features of GATE introduced unprecedented flexibility for Monte Carlo simulation for nuclear medicine applications.GATE has been used to validate different gamma camera systems, namely the Axis and Solstice systems from Philips,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> the Millennium VG Hawkeye and the DST-Xli from General Electric.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">12,13</a> These studies have demonstrated that GATE can be used to accurately simulate different gamma camera systems, in different acquisition modes, using different acquisition conditions. The authors of these studies have considered that GATE allows obtaining precise results which closely follow experimental data. This paper describes and validates the use of GATE to model the basic imaging features of a Millennium MG gamma camera from General Electric. According to our knowledge, this gamma camera has never before been modeled using Monte Carlo computer codes.Material and methodsModeling of the basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma cameraThe GATE platform was installed and run in a 32-bit based PC server system with 4 GB of RAM and two processors with 3.4GHz. The Linux Fedora Core 6 system, the gcc 4.1.1 compiler, and the Geant4 code were necessary to run GATE,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> CLHEP libraries,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> and the ROOT analysis software.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> After implementation of this simulation platform we have created a template of the Millennium MG gamma camera system using information supplied by General Electric. The simulated results produced by this model, in simple imaging situations, were then validated against experimental data.The Millennium MG gamma camera experimental data were obtained with the support of the department of molecular medicine of Hospitais Particulares de Portugal (MM – HPP), SA in Porto – Portugal.Basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma cameraThe Millennium MG gamma camera (GE Healthcare) is a dual detector nuclear medicine system that allows the detectors to be positioned with angles of 101.5°, 180.0° or 90.0° between them. Each one of the detectors is composed by a collimator, a scintillation crystal, a light guide, an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and the associated electronics. All these components, except the collimator, are attached to a shielded compartment. A collimator is an array of holes built into a lead or tungsten matrix. These holes can have different shapes, diameters and depths, depending on the type of collimator chosen, but they are always used to select the photons which will contribute for creating an image of the patient. The use of a so-called Low Energy High Resolution (LEHR) collimator, which possesses parallel holes, is extremely frequent in gamma cameras. The features of the collimators used in the modeled gamma camera system reproduce the information provided by General Electric and present in the gamma camera operation guides. The lead collimator has rectangular (536mm×380mm×41mm) geometry with 60,000 hexagonal holes of 1.8mm of diameter and septa of 0.18mm of thickness. The Millennium MG gamma camera is usually connected to an image processing workstation known as Xeleris™, which uses data processing software developed by General Electric.The Millennium MG gamma camera is equipped with a thallium-activated sodium iodine (NaI(Tl)) crystal with thickness of 8.5mm, density of 3.7g/cm3, and dimensions of 536mm×380mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> The detection of scintillation events, occurring through the arrival of photons emitted by an object in face of the detectors, that have crossed the collimator and interacted with the crystal, is assured by a hexagonal matrix of 48 PMTs with a diameter of 7.7cm each. The intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the gamma camera detectors, such as the system's energy resolution (9.7%), its intrinsic spatial resolution (3.9mm), its extrinsic spatial resolution when equipped with the LEHR collimator (8.3mm at 10cm in air without dispersion, given by the manufacturer only for a static acquisition) and its sensitivity (61cps/MBq at 10cm in air without dispersion) were reported by General Electric, at the time of installation of this gamma camera on the MM – HPP.Modeling the gamma camera's basic geometryIn GATE, the geometrical structures of basic models must be defined within a generic virtual environment support volume known as world, where every simulated object must exist. The center of this world is also used to define the Cartesian axis (Y,Z,X) to which all object positions will be referred to (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The simulation starts by reproducing the geometrical characteristics of the detection system (i.e. each of the detectors, that include collimator, crystal and back compartment). Each detector was simulated as a parallelepiped (dimensions in three space directions: X=199.5mm, Y=536mm and Z=380mm) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A).A model of the LEHR collimator described above was then attached to one of each parallelepiped on one surface. The precise modeling of the LEHR collimator was done using the manufacturer's technical specifications, relative to the diameter of the holes and the thickness of the septa.Modeling the LEHR collimator geometrical characteristicsThe LEHR collimator that we have developed consists of approximately 60,000 hexagonal holes. In order to reach a regular arrangement (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B) of 60,000 hexagonal structures in a 536mm×380mm matrix and 41mm of thickness, we were forced to perform some previous calculations in order to be able to obtain a realistic model of the gamma camera system. In GATE, one must provide the distance from the hole center to one of the faces of the hexagon, to be able to define it as an object. Considering that distance as r and taking into account a regular hexagon with length side s, its inscribed and circumscribed circles will have a radius r and R respectively, as represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>For a regular hexagon such as the one in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A, we know the following:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where A is the hexagon area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C shows the distribution of the collimator holes within the plane of the collimator.To determine the distance between the centers of the collimator holes (Z1 and Z2 in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C) we have used the following calculations. Since a regular hexagon has R=s, and a circumscribed circle passes through the vertexes of the hexagon, then the triangle defined in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B is equilateral and all the three angles are equal to 60°. Whereas the collimator septa have all the same thickness, this means that all the holes are centered along the directions Y, Z and the direction on bisectrix of the angle α defined (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B).Since the amplitude of α is 60°, Z1=1.98×cos(30)≈1.7147 mm and Z2=2Z1=2×1.98×cos(30)≈3.4295 mm.For the total numbers of holes which were to be included in the simulation of this collimator, we considered that each hole is an hexagon with internal diameter equal to the effective diameter of the hole (1.8mm) plus the thickness of the septa (0.18mm), and the distance between the centers of the hexagons was r=0.99mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C). If we consider a regular hexagon with side s’, its circumscribed circle with radius R’ and its effective area A’, and taken into account the previous equations for the hexagon geometric properties, the following calculations were achieved:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Along the Y axis, we therefore obtain a total number of approximately 270 holes.However, along the Z axis, two different situations coexist. In the odd rows (first and third rows in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C) the separation between odd and even hexagon centers was Z2 and Z1, respectively. Along this axis, we would have an approximate total number of holes of 221, according to the calculation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The exact number of holes in the collimator can be determined by:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>which is very close to the estimated total number of holes (∼60,000) in the collimator.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>Once these calculations are performed, we have used the repeat command of GATE in order to replicate these structures. To do this we have used: a cubic array repeater to shape the odd rows, and a linear repeater to shape the even rows (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The features used to simulate the NaI(Tl) crystal of the gamma camera were a geometric box, with the dimensions 8.5mm×536mm×380mm in the axis X, Y and Z. The material used to simulate the crystal was precisely NaI(Tl). This material was simulated as a mixture with 3.7g/cm3 density and the composition of the elements with different weight fractions: 0.152 (sodium), 0.838 (iodine) and 0.010 (thallium).The properties of the light guide and the PMTs were not supplied by the manufacturer. Therefore, we rely on the work of DeVries et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> and we considered a single glass layer (named back compartment) with 2.5g/cm3 density,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> in our case the dimensions of this layer (X,Y,Z) were 150mm×536mm×380mm, based on the real dimensions of the PMTs matrix of this gamma camera.Modeling the radioactive sourceThe radioisotope used in the simulations was Technetium-99m (99mTc), which is the most common radioisotope used in nuclear medicine and used in similar simulation studies. The radioactive source of 99mTc used in the simulations was defined as a “Point Source” (PS) monoenergetic gamma emitter of 140keV, with an isotropic angular distribution emission of gamma photons.Basics of the physical processes simulationThe interaction of the emitted photons with the gamma camera volumes (i.e. collimator, crystal, back compartment) was simulated using the GATE low energy package.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> This package comprises the Photoelectric, the Compton and the Rayleigh effects suffered by photons while crossing media of different densities.Taking into account the information supplied by General Electric, we have considered that the gamma camera energy resolution at 140keV would be 9.7% and its intrinsic spatial resolution 3.9mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> We have considered that photons could be detected in two different energy windows: 126–154keV (i.e. 20% energy window set symmetrically over the 99mTc photopeak) which is frequently used in routine nuclear medicine procedures, and 130–158keV (i.e. 20% asymmetric high energy window over the 99mTc photopeak with 3% offset), which is used in cases where clinicians want to increase image contrast at the cost of some sensitivity loss.Comparison of simulated and experimental dataThe validation of the Monte Carlo model of the gamma camera data acquisition process was done using experimental data acquired at the nuclear medicine department of MM – HPP. In order to do this we have followed the approach taken by several other groups<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">11,19</a> which compared Monte Carlo simulations with experimental data acquired in similar conditions. Both planar and tomographic (i.e. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography – SPECT) studies were performed.Simulated and experimental data were transferred to a nuclear medicine software workstation – Xeleris™ (GE Healthcare), and the tomographic data were reconstructed using the software package GeneralSPECT. This package implements filtered backprojection algorithm and used Hanning post-reconstruction filter. After this, all the simulated and experimental studies were analyzed using the same procedure. Comparison procedures were divided into two different sets: sensitivity tests, aiming to compare simulated and experimental data acquisition statistics; and image spatial resolution tests, aiming to compare it in the simulated and experimental data; both in planar and tomographic images. Both tests were performed using the two energy windows already defined and for different distances between the radioactive source and the detector. The acquisitions at different distances were used to evaluate if the Monte Carlo model could also account for sensitivity and spatial resolution resulting from these differences. For sensitivity studies we used a 99mTc PS with 1.74MBq, based on a previous study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> The static studies were acquired/simulated with a 128×128 pixel matrix, during 120s and at different distances source to collimator (1, 5, 10, 20 and 30cm). Point source sensitivity values were calculated in counts per second per MBq (cps/MBq), by dividing the total number of photon counts per second by the activity of the PS. This was done both for simulated and experimental data. The tomographic studies of a 99mTc PS with 39.15MBq were acquired/simulated at 20cm from source to collimator, with a 128×128 pixel matrix, during 5seconds per projections, so each tomographic acquisition had 160s, in total of 32 projections per detector.All simulations were repeated five times, in order to obtain >the standard deviation (SD) concerning the average value and the percentage relative error. Besides that, all the acquired/simulated data used both energy windows aforementioned.The accuracy of the Monte Carlo system developed to simulate the gamma camera was evaluated by comparing simulated and experimental, static and tomographic studies. In terms of the number of events theoretically expected taking into account the radioactive source activity and those simulated, statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test.(22). The simulated and experimental sensitivities were compared using the number of cps/MBq, obtained for these studies in all conditions >and furthermore was determined, for each study at different distances and for different energy windows, the percentage relative error. The evaluation of the system spatial resolution, in static and tomographic images, consisted in obtaining horizontal and vertical activity profiles (HP and VP) over the point source images. These profiles were then used to fit Gaussian functions. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) resulting from each of these fits was deemed to be representative of the system's spatial resolution. The percentage relative error was used to compare the spatial resolution in static images and the Kruskal–Wallis test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> was used to test whether there were statistical significant differences between the system spatial resolution values obtained for the simulated and experimental data of tomographic acquisitions.ResultsNumber of events theoretically expected vs number of events registered in statics and tomographic images<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the number of events theoretically expected and those registered by the simulation model, for the static and tomographic imaging of the 99mTc PS tested, using two energy windows and different distances from the source to the collimator.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The inferential statistical analysis performed using the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test demonstrates that the number of events registered by the simulation model is not statistically significant different from the number of events expected. This is the case for both energy windows (126–154keV and 130–158keV), in static images (p=0.065 and p=0.057, respectively) and tomographic images (p=0.067 and p=0.224, respectively). The agreement between these values was used as a first indication that the implemented simulation produced adequate results.Sensitivity measurements for static and tomographic imagesThe sensitivity calculations of simulated and experimental measurements for static images are compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, at five different distances between the 99mTc PS (1.74 MBq) and the detector, and for the two different energy windows tested.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The sensitivity comparisons between static acquisitions, for different distances from the source to the collimator with energy windows of 126–154keV and 130–158keV, showed percentage relative error below 5.5% and 6.3%, respectively.The system sensitivity values obtained for simulated and experimental measurements, in the case of tomographic images, are compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, for a 99mTc PS (39.15MBq) placed 20cm away from the collimator, and for the two energy windows.For the tomographic acquisitions the percentage relative error was 7.5% and 9.8% for the energy window of 126–154keV and 130–158keV.Spatial resolution measurements for static and tomographic imagesThe simulated and experimental image activity profiles obtained for static images, which were used for the calculation of image spatial resolution, can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a> (the example for 1cm and 30cm). The corresponding values of spatial resolution are shown and compared to the value given by the gamma camera manufacturer in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a> shows the tomographic slices of the experimental acquisitions after image reconstruction. In the different slices shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>, profiles were drawn through the center of the image. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> presents the spatial resolution (i.e. FWHM) measurements obtained from orthogonal activity profiles (HP and VP), in the simulated and experimental data for the three tomographic slices and the two energy windows considered.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>, the results of using the Kruskal–Wallis test, in these data, showed no statistically significant differences, except for the simulated HP with EW 126-154keV (p value≤0.05).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis paper aimed to describe the Monte Carlo simulation of the basic data acquisition characteristics of a gamma camera system that has not been simulated before, and we have managed to produce realistic simulations using GATE Monte Carlo platform.The number of events theoretically expected (i.e. total disintegration calculated from the activity), both in static and tomographic images, showed a relative error inferior to 0.007% in relation to the number of events that actually were registered by the simulation. These results showed that the simulation model implemented can predict accurately the number of theoretically events expected.For the results obtained we can also deduce that the modeled system accurately reproduces the sensitivity of experimental measurements within a percentage relative error inferior to 6.3%. Furthermore, these results are in agreement with what is described in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>When comparing the sensitivity of static and tomographic images, determined in simulated versus experimental studies, we have identified that the sensitivity measurements from simulation data yield higher values. These differences may be related to the fact that the implemented gamma camera model did not take into account small areas (dead spaces) between PMTs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> Effectively, our model agglutinated PMTs and electronics in a back compartment with a uniform density. This means that the model assumes an area for photon detection which is bigger than that on the real gamma camera. The experimental loss of counts can also be due to the decay correction while gamma camera is acquiring. This is most important in tomography acquisition because total time is larger and the gamma camera need also time to change each angular view. In addition to this, there is also a small, but measurable, error introduced by the real PS radioactivity measurement (usually around 10% and due to the uncertainty of the activity measurement device used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a>) which is not present in simulated data.According to the results provided, the point source sensitivity in simulated and experimental studies with the 126–154keV energy window is slightly higher than those obtained with the 130–158keV energy window. One explanation for this may be the fact that a higher energy window eliminates some of the scattered photons included in the image, therefore reducing the total number of photons detected with respect to the other energy window tested. In fact, this is a strategy used by clinicians to reduce the amount of scattered photons contributing to an image (and by this, increasing the contrast through a higher signal to noise ratio). We were unable to compare the sensitivity values obtained by simulation with those provided by the manufacturer. This was because the manufacturer obtained this value using a planar source (instead of a point source) and a different (narrower, 15%) energy window (129.5–150.5keV). This narrower window, contrary to the ones selected for this study, is not commonly found in the clinical setting. The comparison between spatial resolution simulated and experimentally measured, showed for both energy windows, percentage relative error below 6% for static images, except for the VP at 5cm distance between the source to collimator, for which the value was 8%. When comparing the values of spatial resolution for a PS 10cm away from the collimator, we have found differences below 1%, between the simulated and experimental studies acquired. However, when comparing the simulated and experimental data in these conditions, with the values given by General Electric, we have found differences of 13.3% and 14.5%, respectively. A possible explanation for these differences could be related to the specific settings and acquisition conditions used by the manufacturer to obtain the values of the gamma camera spatial resolution. In the case of tomographic data, the percentage relative error was below 5.5%. These results are in agreement with other studies of simulation validation of Nuclear Medicine equipment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>ConclusionsComputer modeling is a powerful tool to assess the performance of nuclear medicine imaging devices. As we have reported in this paper, even relatively simple models can accurately predict the basic performance of very complex systems like a gamma camera. The results obtained by simulation are in very good agreement with data obtained in real experiments. This allowed us to validate this GATE based Monte Carlo model of the basic performance of this General Electric gamma camera, with respect to important operational parameters such as the sensitivity and spatial resolution. This was done for a LEHR collimator, the most commonly used in the clinical setting, both in static and tomographic images and acquiring with two different energy windows.It becomes obvious from our results that this model deserves to be improved, especially through the inclusion of PMTs geometry, location and physical properties. Additionally, system electronics and data processing should be included in the model, in order to get effects as acquisition dead time adequately modeled. Since GATE allows managing time during an experiment, studies comparing simulated and experimental data using time dependent information (e.g. ECG GATED SPECT studies) could also be performed in order to help optimizing clinical imaging protocols.Financial supportThis work was partially supported by a grant from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, reference SFRH/PROTEC/49912/2009.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres307880" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Material and methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec290961" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres307881" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Material y métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec290960" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Modeling of the basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Modeling the gamma camera's basic geometry" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Modeling the LEHR collimator geometrical characteristics" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Modeling the radioactive source" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Basics of the physical processes simulation" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Comparison of simulated and experimental data" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Number of events theoretically expected vs number of events registered in statics and tomographic images" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Sensitivity measurements for static and tomographic images" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Spatial resolution measurements for static and tomographic images" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack73643" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-01-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-03-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec290961" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Monte Carlo simulation" 1 => "GATE" 2 => "Gamma camera" 3 => "SPECT" 4 => "Static images" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec290960" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Simulación de Monte Carlo" 1 => "GATE" 2 => "Cámara gamma" 3 => "SPECT" 4 => "Imágenes estáticas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo describe and validate the simulation of the basic features of GE Millennium MG gamma camera using the GATE Monte Carlo platform. Material and methodsCrystal size and thickness, parallel-hole collimation and a realistic energy acquisition window were simulated in the GATE platform. GATE results were compared to experimental data in the following imaging conditions: a point source of 99mTc at different positions during static imaging and tomographic acquisitions using two different energy windows. The accuracy between the events expected and detected by simulation was obtained with the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Comparisons were made regarding the measurement of sensitivity and spatial resolution, static and tomographic. Simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test to assess simulation accuracy for this parameter. ResultsThere was good agreement between simulated and experimental data. The number of decays expected when compared with the number of decays registered, showed small deviation (≤0.007%). The sensitivity comparisons between static acquisitions for different distances from source to collimator (1, 5, 10, 20, 30cm) with energy windows of 126–154keV and 130–158keV showed differences of 4.4%, 5.5%, 4.2%, 5.5%, 4.5% and 5.4%, 6.3%, 6.3%, 5.8%, 5.3%, respectively. For the tomographic acquisitions, the mean differences were 7.5% and 9.8% for the energy window 126–154keV and 130–158keV. Comparison of simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data showed no statistically significant differences with 95% confidence interval. ConclusionsAdequate simulation of the system basic features using GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform was achieved and validated." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoDescribir y validar la simulación de características básicas de la cámara gamma GE Millennium MG utilizando la plataforma GATE Monte Carlo. Material y métodosEl tamaño y espesor del cristal, la colimación de agujeros paralelos y una ventana de adquisición de energía realista se simularon en la plataforma GATE. Los resultados GATE se compararon con los datos experimentales en las siguientes condiciones de formación de imágenes: fuente puntual 99mTc en diferentes posiciones durante la adquisición de imágenes estáticas y tomográficas utilizando 2 diferentes ventanas de energía. La precisión entre los eventos esperados y detectados por simulación se realizó utilizando la prueba de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon. Las comparaciones se hicieron con respecto a las medidas de los parámetros sensibilidad y resolución espacial, estáticas y tomográficas. Las resoluciones espaciales simulada y experimental de los datos tomográficos se compararon con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. ResultadosHubo buena concordancia entre los datos simulados y experimentales. El número de decaimientos esperado en comparación con los registrados, ha revelado una pequeña desviación (≤0,007%). Las comparaciones de sensibilidad entre las adquisiciones estáticas, para diferentes distancias desde la fuente al colimador (1, 5, 10, 20, 30cm) con ventanas de energía de 126-154 keV y 130-158 keV, mostraron diferencias de 4,4; 5,5; 4,2; 5,5; 4,5 y 5,4; 6,3; 6,3; 5,8, y 5,3%, respectivamente. Las comparaciones entre sensibilidad tomográfica fueron 7,5 y 9,8% para la ventana de energía 126-154 keV y 130-158eV. La comparación de resoluciones espaciales simuladas y experimentales para los datos tomográficos no ha mostrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. ConclusionesSe ha conseguido efectuar y validar una simulación Monte Carlo con la plataforma GATE de características básicas de funcionamiento de una cámara gamma GE Millennium MG." ] ] "multimedia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 620 "Ancho" => 1388 "Tamanyo" => 71512 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Two simulated detectors in the interior of the world volume. (A) The dark gray represents the collimator, the black represents the crystal and the light gray represents the back compartment. (B) Collimator surface zoomed." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1377 "Ancho" => 2147 "Tamanyo" => 153646 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Geometric representation of hexagonal collimator hole, with radius r and R of the inscribed and circumscribed circles, and s the length side of the hexagon. (B) Angle definition in a hexagon for the calculation of collimator hole characteristics. (C) Disposition of the hexagons (i.e. holes) in the LEHR collimator used in the Millennium MG gamma camera system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 680 "Ancho" => 1668 "Tamanyo" => 115445 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Collimator matrix with the hexagonal holes in: (A) odd rows and (B) odd and even rows intercalated." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2062 "Ancho" => 3163 "Tamanyo" => 343916 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Point spread function along the x-axis (named as Position), corresponding to simulated and experimental profiles, acquired with two energy windows: 126–154keV, with the PS placed at (A) 1cm and (B) 30cm; and 130–158keV, with the PS placed at (C) 1cm and (D) 30cm, away from the collimator." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 787 "Ancho" => 2152 "Tamanyo" => 81466 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Transaxial, (B) sagittal and (C) coronal slices of experimental PS tomographic acquisition." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source to collimator distance (cm)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Static images</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08680E+08±14,446<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> 126–154keV and 130–158keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays registered \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08690E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08680E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08683E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08685E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08675E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW 126–154keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays registered \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08691E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08687E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08697E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08695E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.08667E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW 130–158keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tomographic images</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.95730E+08±13,990<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW 126–154keV and 130–158keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays registered \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.95728E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW 126–154keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of decays registered \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.95727E+08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW 130–158keV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab455113.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Point source." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Energy window." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "For PS in statics images, the number of decays expected was calculated by 1,739,000(Bq)×120s. The error (±14,446) was associated with the mean of the √(n.° decays expected)." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "For PS in tomographic images, the number of decays expected was calculated by 39,150,000(Bq)×5s. The error (±13,990) was associated with the mean of the √(n.° decays expected)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Counting rate expected and registered, at different energy windows and distances from the PS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> to the collimator." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Images \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distances \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">a</a> 126–154keV</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EW 130–158keV</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Simulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Experimental \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Percentage relative error<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Simulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Experimental \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Percentage relative error \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(Cps<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030">b</a>/MBq±SD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035">c</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(Cps/MBq±SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(Cps/MBq±SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(Cps/MBq±SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Planar</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">87±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96±0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tomographic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">91±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">96±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">87±1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab455115.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Energy window." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Counts per second." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0035" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Standard deviation." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0040" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Percentage relative error [|experimental-simulated|/experimental)×100] between the experimental and simulation data." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparisons regarding the experimental and simulated point source sensitivity values, obtained for planar and tomographic images, at different distances and energy windows." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0045">a</a> (keV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="7" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FWHM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0050">b</a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0055">c</a> simulation (mm)±SD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0060">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP experimental (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage relative error<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0065">e</a> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0070">f</a> simulation (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VP experimental (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage relative error (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Manufacturer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">126–154</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.1±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3±0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5±0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.8±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.4±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.6±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.6±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.2±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.7±0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.9±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.3±0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.3±0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.0±0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.6±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.3±0.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">130–158</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.4±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.2±0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.4±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.0±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.6±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.0±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5±0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.1±0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.7±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.2±0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.4±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.1±0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.7±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.3±0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.3±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.1±0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.2±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.1±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab455112.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0045" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Energy window." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0050" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Full width at half maximum." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0055" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Horizontal profile." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0060" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Standard deviation." ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0065" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "Percentage relative error [|experimental-simulated|/experimental)×100] between the experimental and simulation data." ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0070" "etiqueta" => "f" "nota" => "Vertical profile." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial resolution measurements obtained with simulated and experimental planar acquisitions." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075">a</a> (keV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tomographic slices \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FWHM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080">b</a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0085">c</a> Simulation (mm)±SD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP Experimental (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095">e</a> Simulation (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VP Experimental (mm)±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">126–154</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transaxial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.0±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.9±0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.0±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sagittal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.9±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.9±0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coronal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.0±0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.9±0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="6" align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">130–158</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transaxial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.0±0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.1±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.0±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sagittal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18.9±0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.1±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.1±0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coronal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.0±0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.9±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.1±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.0±0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab455114.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0075" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Energy window." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0080" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Full width at half maximum." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0085" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Horizontal profile." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0090" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Standard deviation." ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0095" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "Vertical profile." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial resolution measurements obtained with simulated and experimental tomographic acquisitions." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Profiles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" 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Statistics

Original article

Monte Carlo simulation of the basic features of the GE Millennium MG single photon emission computed tomography gamma camera

Simulación de Monte Carlo de los rasgos básicos de la cámara gamma SPECT GE Millennium MG

L. Vieiraa,b,

Corresponding author

vieira.lina@sapo.pt

Corresponding author.

, T.F. Vazb, D.C. Costac, P. Almeidaa

a Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

b Área Científica de Medicina Nuclear, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

c HPP Medicina Molecular, SA, Porto, Portugal

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They have been applied to the study of detector efficiency in the design and optimization of imaging systems and in the development and evaluation of image correction strategies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; the set of Monte Carlo codes available can be divided into two main groups&#58; the first one encompasses the so-called generic codes&#46; These are essentially developed for the needs of high energy physics experiments and include EGS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> MCNP&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Integrated Tiger Series&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> PENELOPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and GEANT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The second group includes specific application codes&#44; conceived for the specific needs of medical applications including nuclear medicine&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> such as SIMSPECT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> SIMSET&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> MCMATV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and GATE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> These Monte Carlo codes are characterized by their relative ease of utilization when compared to the more complex and complete generic Monte Carlo codes of the first group&#46; During the last years&#44; the Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission &#40;GATE&#41; platform has been gaining increasing acceptance for the simulation of nuclear medicine devices and imaging processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The GATE platform has specific coding mechanisms &#40;known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">scripting</span>&#41;&#44; which consist of specific software routines used to define hardware models &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g&#46;</span> the nuclear medicine acquisition system&#41;&#46; This ease of use allows creating models of detectors and options of data output formats which are compatible with proprietary solutions from manufacturers&#46; GATE allows modeling the process of radioactive decay within objects resulting from the decay of a radioisotope and the physical interactions that result of these decays within an object&#46; Different distributions of radioactive sources and time modeling during experimental acquisitions can also be done&#46; These features of GATE introduced unprecedented flexibility for Monte Carlo simulation for nuclear medicine applications&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GATE has been used to validate different gamma camera systems&#44; namely the Axis and Solstice systems from Philips&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> the Millennium VG Hawkeye and the DST-Xli from General Electric&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> These studies have demonstrated that GATE can be used to accurately simulate different gamma camera systems&#44; in different acquisition modes&#44; using different acquisition conditions&#46; The authors of these studies have considered that GATE allows obtaining precise results which closely follow experimental data&#46; This paper describes and validates the use of GATE to model the basic imaging features of a Millennium MG gamma camera from General Electric&#46; According to our knowledge&#44; this gamma camera has never before been modeled using Monte Carlo computer codes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Modeling of the basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The GATE platform was installed and run in a 32-bit based PC server system with 4 GB of RAM and two processors with 3&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GHz&#46; The Linux Fedora Core 6 system&#44; the gcc 4&#46;1&#46;1 compiler&#44; and the Geant4 code were necessary to run GATE&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> CLHEP libraries&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and the ROOT analysis software&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> After implementation of this simulation platform we have created a template of the Millennium MG gamma camera system using information supplied by General Electric&#46; The simulated results produced by this model&#44; in simple imaging situations&#44; were then validated against experimental data&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Millennium MG gamma camera experimental data were obtained with the support of the department of molecular medicine of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hospitais Particulares de Portugal</span> &#40;MM &#8211; HPP&#41;&#44; SA in Porto &#8211; Portugal&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Millennium MG gamma camera &#40;GE Healthcare&#41; is a dual detector nuclear medicine system that allows the detectors to be positioned with angles of 101&#46;5&#176;&#44; 180&#46;0&#176; or 90&#46;0&#176; between them&#46; Each one of the detectors is composed by a collimator&#44; a scintillation crystal&#44; a light guide&#44; an array of photomultiplier tubes &#40;PMTs&#41; and the associated electronics&#46; All these components&#44; except the collimator&#44; are attached to a shielded compartment&#46; A collimator is an array of holes built into a lead or tungsten matrix&#46; These holes can have different shapes&#44; diameters and depths&#44; depending on the type of collimator chosen&#44; but they are always used to select the photons which will contribute for creating an image of the patient&#46; The use of a so-called Low Energy High Resolution &#40;LEHR&#41; collimator&#44; which possesses parallel holes&#44; is extremely frequent in gamma cameras&#46; The features of the collimators used in the modeled gamma camera system reproduce the information provided by General Electric and present in the gamma camera operation guides&#46; The lead collimator has rectangular &#40;536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; geometry with 60&#44;000 hexagonal holes of 1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of diameter and septa of 0&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of thickness&#46; The Millennium MG gamma camera is usually connected to an image processing workstation known as Xeleris&#8482;&#44; which uses data processing software developed by General Electric&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Millennium MG gamma camera is equipped with a thallium-activated sodium iodine &#40;NaI&#40;Tl&#41;&#41; crystal with thickness of 8&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; density of 3&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; and dimensions of 536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The detection of scintillation events&#44; occurring through the arrival of photons emitted by an object in face of the detectors&#44; that have crossed the collimator and interacted with the crystal&#44; is assured by a hexagonal matrix of 48 PMTs with a diameter of 7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm each&#46; The intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the gamma camera detectors&#44; such as the system&#39;s energy resolution &#40;9&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; its intrinsic spatial resolution &#40;3&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; its extrinsic spatial resolution when equipped with the LEHR collimator &#40;8&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in air without dispersion&#44; given by the manufacturer only for a static acquisition&#41; and its sensitivity &#40;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cps&#47;MBq at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in air without dispersion&#41; were reported by General Electric&#44; at the time of installation of this gamma camera on the MM &#8211; HPP&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Modeling the gamma camera&#39;s basic geometry</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In GATE&#44; the geometrical structures of basic models must be defined within a generic virtual environment support volume known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">world</span>&#44; where every simulated object must exist&#46; The center of this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">world</span> is also used to define the Cartesian axis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y&#44;Z&#44;X</span>&#41; to which all object positions will be referred to &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The simulation starts by reproducing the geometrical characteristics of the detection system &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> each of the detectors&#44; that include collimator&#44; crystal and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">back compartment</span>&#41;&#46; Each detector was simulated as a parallelepiped &#40;dimensions in three space directions&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>199&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A model of the LEHR collimator described above was then attached to one of each parallelepiped on one surface&#46; The precise modeling of the LEHR collimator was done using the manufacturer&#39;s technical specifications&#44; relative to the diameter of the holes and the thickness of the septa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Modeling the LEHR collimator geometrical characteristics</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LEHR collimator that we have developed consists of approximately 60&#44;000 hexagonal holes&#46; In order to reach a regular arrangement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41; of 60&#44;000 hexagonal structures in a 536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm matrix and 41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of thickness&#44; we were forced to perform some previous calculations in order to be able to obtain a realistic model of the gamma camera system&#46; In GATE&#44; one must provide the distance from the hole center to one of the faces of the hexagon&#44; to be able to define it as an object&#46; Considering that distance as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> and taking into account a regular hexagon with length side <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span>&#44; its inscribed and circumscribed circles will have a radius <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span> respectively&#44; as represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For a regular hexagon such as the one in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#44; we know the following&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the hexagon area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C shows the distribution of the collimator holes within the plane of the collimator&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the distance between the centers of the collimator holes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41; we have used the following calculations&#46; Since a regular hexagon has <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span>&#44; and a circumscribed circle passes through the vertexes of the hexagon&#44; then the triangle defined in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B is equilateral and all the three angles are equal to 60&#176;&#46; Whereas the collimator septa have all the same thickness&#44; this means that all the holes are centered along the directions <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span> and the direction on bisectrix of the angle <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> defined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the amplitude of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> is 60&#176;&#44; Z1&#61;1&#46;98&#215;cos&#40;30&#41;&#8776;1&#46;7147&#8201;mm and Z2&#61;2Z1&#61;2&#215;1&#46;98&#215;cos&#40;30&#41;&#8776;3&#46;4295&#8201;mm&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the total numbers of holes which were to be included in the simulation of this collimator&#44; we considered that each hole is an hexagon with internal diameter equal to the effective diameter of the hole &#40;1&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; plus the thickness of the septa &#40;0&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; and the distance between the centers of the hexagons was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41;&#46; If we consider a regular hexagon with side <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span>&#8217;&#44; its circumscribed circle with radius <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R&#8217;</span> and its effective area <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span>&#8217;&#44; and taken into account the previous equations for the hexagon geometric properties&#44; the following calculations were achieved&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Along the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span> axis&#44; we therefore obtain a total number of approximately 270 holes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; along the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span> axis&#44; two different situations coexist&#46; In the odd rows &#40;first and third rows in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C&#41; the separation between odd and even hexagon centers was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; respectively&#46; Along this axis&#44; we would have an approximate total number of holes of 221&#44; according to the calculation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exact number of holes in the collimator can be determined by&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>which is very close to the estimated total number of holes &#40;&#8764;60&#44;000&#41; in the collimator&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once these calculations are performed&#44; we have used the repeat command of GATE in order to replicate these structures&#46; To do this we have used&#58; a cubic array repeater to shape the odd rows&#44; and a linear repeater to shape the even rows &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The features used to simulate the NaI&#40;Tl&#41; crystal of the gamma camera were a geometric box&#44; with the dimensions 8&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the axis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#46; The material used to simulate the crystal was precisely NaI&#40;Tl&#41;&#46; This material was simulated as a mixture with 3&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> density and the composition of the elements with different weight fractions&#58; 0&#46;152 &#40;sodium&#41;&#44; 0&#46;838 &#40;iodine&#41; and 0&#46;010 &#40;thallium&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#46;</span></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The properties of the light guide and the PMTs were not supplied by the manufacturer&#46; Therefore&#44; we rely on the work of DeVries et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and we considered a single glass layer &#40;named <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">back compartment</span>&#41; with 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> density&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in our case the dimensions of this layer &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span>&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Y</span>&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#41; were 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>536<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>380<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; based on the real dimensions of the PMTs matrix of this gamma camera&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Modeling the radioactive source</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The radioisotope used in the simulations was Technetium-99m &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc&#41;&#44; which is the most common radioisotope used in nuclear medicine and used in similar simulation studies&#46; The radioactive source of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc used in the simulations was defined as a &#8220;Point Source&#8221; &#40;PS&#41; monoenergetic gamma emitter of 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#44; with an isotropic angular distribution emission of gamma photons&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Basics of the physical processes simulation</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interaction of the emitted photons with the gamma camera volumes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> collimator&#44; crystal&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">back compartment</span>&#41; was simulated using the GATE low energy package&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> This package comprises the Photoelectric&#44; the Compton and the Rayleigh effects suffered by photons while crossing media of different densities&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the information supplied by General Electric&#44; we have considered that the gamma camera energy resolution at 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV would be 9&#46;7&#37; and its intrinsic spatial resolution 3&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> We have considered that photons could be detected in two different energy windows&#58; 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> 20&#37; energy window set symmetrically over the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc photopeak&#41; which is frequently used in routine nuclear medicine procedures&#44; and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> 20&#37; asymmetric high energy window over the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc photopeak with 3&#37; offset&#41;&#44; which is used in cases where clinicians want to increase image contrast at the cost of some sensitivity loss&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Comparison of simulated and experimental data</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The validation of the Monte Carlo model of the gamma camera data acquisition process was done using experimental data acquired at the nuclear medicine department of MM &#8211; HPP&#46; In order to do this we have followed the approach taken by several other groups<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;19</span></a> which compared Monte Carlo simulations with experimental data acquired in similar conditions&#46; Both planar and tomographic &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography &#8211; SPECT&#41; studies were performed&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Simulated and experimental data were transferred to a nuclear medicine software workstation &#8211; Xeleris&#8482; &#40;GE Healthcare&#41;&#44; and the tomographic data were reconstructed using the software package <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GeneralSPECT</span>&#46; This package implements filtered backprojection algorithm and used Hanning post-reconstruction filter&#46; After this&#44; all the simulated and experimental studies were analyzed using the same procedure&#46; Comparison procedures were divided into two different sets&#58; sensitivity tests&#44; aiming to compare simulated and experimental data acquisition statistics&#59; and image spatial resolution tests&#44; aiming to compare it in the simulated and experimental data&#59; both in planar and tomographic images&#46; Both tests were performed using the two energy windows already defined and for different distances between the radioactive source and the detector&#46; The acquisitions at different distances were used to evaluate if the Monte Carlo model could also account for sensitivity and spatial resolution resulting from these differences&#46; For sensitivity studies we used a <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc PS with 1&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MBq&#44; based on a previous study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The static studies were acquired&#47;simulated with a 128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128 pixel matrix&#44; during 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s and at different distances source to collimator &#40;1&#44; 5&#44; 10&#44; 20 and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; Point source sensitivity values were calculated in counts per second per MBq &#40;cps&#47;MBq&#41;&#44; by dividing the total number of photon counts per second by the activity of the PS&#46; This was done both for simulated and experimental data&#46; The tomographic studies of a <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc PS with 39&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MBq were acquired&#47;simulated at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm from source to collimator&#44; with a 128<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128 pixel matrix&#44; during 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds per projections&#44; so each tomographic acquisition had 160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; in total of 32 projections per detector&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All simulations were repeated five times&#44; in order to obtain &#62;the standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; concerning the average value and the percentage relative error&#46; Besides that&#44; all the acquired&#47;simulated data used both energy windows aforementioned&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The accuracy of the Monte Carlo system developed to simulate the gamma camera was evaluated by comparing simulated and experimental&#44; static and tomographic studies&#46; In terms of the number of events theoretically expected taking into account the radioactive source activity and those simulated&#44; statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test&#46;&#40;22&#41;&#46; The simulated and experimental sensitivities were compared using the number of cps&#47;MBq&#44; obtained for these studies in all conditions &#62;and furthermore was determined&#44; for each study at different distances and for different energy windows&#44; the percentage relative error&#46; The evaluation of the system spatial resolution&#44; in static and tomographic images&#44; consisted in obtaining horizontal and vertical activity profiles &#40;HP and VP&#41; over the point source images&#46; These profiles were then used to fit Gaussian functions&#46; The full width at half maximum &#40;FWHM&#41; resulting from each of these fits was deemed to be representative of the system&#39;s spatial resolution&#46; The percentage relative error was used to compare the spatial resolution in static images and the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> was used to test whether there were statistical significant differences between the system spatial resolution values obtained for the simulated and experimental data of tomographic acquisitions&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Results</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Number of events theoretically expected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> number of events registered in statics and tomographic images</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the number of events theoretically expected and those registered by the simulation model&#44; for the static and tomographic imaging of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc PS tested&#44; using two energy windows and different distances from the source to the collimator&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inferential statistical analysis performed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney&#8211;Wilcoxon test demonstrates that the number of events registered by the simulation model is not statistically significant different from the number of events expected&#46; This is the case for both energy windows &#40;126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#41;&#44; in static images &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;065 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;057&#44; respectively&#41; and tomographic images &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;067 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;224&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The agreement between these values was used as a first indication that the implemented simulation produced adequate results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Sensitivity measurements for static and tomographic images</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensitivity calculations of simulated and experimental measurements for static images are compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; at five different distances between the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc PS &#40;1&#46;74 MBq&#41; and the detector&#44; and for the two different energy windows tested&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensitivity comparisons between static acquisitions&#44; for different distances from the source to the collimator with energy windows of 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#44; showed percentage relative error below 5&#46;5&#37; and 6&#46;3&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The system sensitivity values obtained for simulated and experimental measurements&#44; in the case of tomographic images&#44; are compared in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; for a <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc PS &#40;39&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MBq&#41; placed 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away from the collimator&#44; and for the two energy windows&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the tomographic acquisitions the percentage relative error was 7&#46;5&#37; and 9&#46;8&#37; for the energy window of 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Spatial resolution measurements for static and tomographic images</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The simulated and experimental image activity profiles obtained for static images&#44; which were used for the calculation of image spatial resolution&#44; can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a> &#40;the example for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; The corresponding values of spatial resolution are shown and compared to the value given by the gamma camera manufacturer in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a> shows the tomographic slices of the experimental acquisitions after image reconstruction&#46; In the different slices shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#44; profiles were drawn through the center of the image&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> presents the spatial resolution &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> FWHM&#41; measurements obtained from orthogonal activity profiles &#40;HP and VP&#41;&#44; in the simulated and experimental data for the three tomographic slices and the two energy windows considered&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#44; the results of using the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#44; in these data&#44; showed no statistically significant differences&#44; except for the simulated HP with EW 126-154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper aimed to describe the Monte Carlo simulation of the basic data acquisition characteristics of a gamma camera system that has not been simulated before&#44; and we have managed to produce realistic simulations using GATE Monte Carlo platform&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of events theoretically expected &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> total disintegration calculated from the activity&#41;&#44; both in static and tomographic images&#44; showed a relative error inferior to 0&#46;007&#37; in relation to the number of events that actually were registered by the simulation&#46; These results showed that the simulation model implemented can predict accurately the number of theoretically events expected&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the results obtained we can also deduce that the modeled system accurately reproduces the sensitivity of experimental measurements within a percentage relative error inferior to 6&#46;3&#37;&#46; Furthermore&#44; these results are in agreement with what is described in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When comparing the sensitivity of static and tomographic images&#44; determined in simulated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> experimental studies&#44; we have identified that the sensitivity measurements from simulation data yield higher values&#46; These differences may be related to the fact that the implemented gamma camera model did not take into account small areas &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dead spaces</span>&#41; between PMTs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Effectively&#44; our model agglutinated PMTs and electronics in a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">back compartment</span> with a uniform density&#46; This means that the model assumes an area for photon detection which is bigger than that on the real gamma camera&#46; The experimental loss of counts can also be due to the decay correction while gamma camera is acquiring&#46; This is most important in tomography acquisition because total time is larger and the gamma camera need also time to change each angular view&#46; In addition to this&#44; there is also a small&#44; but measurable&#44; error introduced by the real PS radioactivity measurement &#40;usually around 10&#37; and due to the uncertainty of the activity measurement device used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#41; which is not present in simulated data&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the results provided&#44; the point source sensitivity in simulated and experimental studies with the 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV energy window is slightly higher than those obtained with the 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV energy window&#46; One explanation for this may be the fact that a higher energy window eliminates some of the scattered photons included in the image&#44; therefore reducing the total number of photons detected with respect to the other energy window tested&#46; In fact&#44; this is a strategy used by clinicians to reduce the amount of scattered photons contributing to an image &#40;and by this&#44; increasing the contrast through a higher signal to noise ratio&#41;&#46; We were unable to compare the sensitivity values obtained by simulation with those provided by the manufacturer&#46; This was because the manufacturer obtained this value using a planar source &#40;instead of a point source&#41; and a different &#40;narrower&#44; 15&#37;&#41; energy window &#40;129&#46;5&#8211;150&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#41;&#46; This narrower window&#44; contrary to the ones selected for this study&#44; is not commonly found in the clinical setting&#46; The comparison between spatial resolution simulated and experimentally measured&#44; showed for both energy windows&#44; percentage relative error below 6&#37; for static images&#44; except for the VP at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm distance between the source to collimator&#44; for which the value was 8&#37;&#46; When comparing the values of spatial resolution for a PS 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm away from the collimator&#44; we have found differences below 1&#37;&#44; between the simulated and experimental studies acquired&#46; However&#44; when comparing the simulated and experimental data in these conditions&#44; with the values given by General Electric&#44; we have found differences of 13&#46;3&#37; and 14&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; A possible explanation for these differences could be related to the specific settings and acquisition conditions used by the manufacturer to obtain the values of the gamma camera spatial resolution&#46; In the case of tomographic data&#44; the percentage relative error was below 5&#46;5&#37;&#46; These results are in agreement with other studies of simulation validation of Nuclear Medicine equipment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conclusions</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computer modeling is a powerful tool to assess the performance of nuclear medicine imaging devices&#46; As we have reported in this paper&#44; even relatively simple models can accurately predict the basic performance of very complex systems like a gamma camera&#46; The results obtained by simulation are in very good agreement with data obtained in real experiments&#46; This allowed us to validate this GATE based Monte Carlo model of the basic performance of this General Electric gamma camera&#44; with respect to important operational parameters such as the sensitivity and spatial resolution&#46; This was done for a LEHR collimator&#44; the most commonly used in the clinical setting&#44; both in static and tomographic images and acquiring with two different energy windows&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It becomes obvious from our results that this model deserves to be improved&#44; especially through the inclusion of PMTs geometry&#44; location and physical properties&#46; Additionally&#44; system electronics and data processing should be included in the model&#44; in order to get effects as acquisition dead time adequately modeled&#46; Since GATE allows managing time during an experiment&#44; studies comparing simulated and experimental data using time dependent information &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g&#46;</span> ECG GATED <span class="elsevierStyleBold">SPECT</span> studies&#41; could also be performed in order to help optimizing clinical imaging protocols&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Financial support</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was partially supported by a grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology</span>&#44; reference <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">SFRH&#47;PROTEC&#47;49912&#47;2009</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Modeling of the basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera"
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                  "titulo" => "Basic characteristics of the Millennium MG gamma camera"
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                  "titulo" => "Modeling the gamma camera&#39;s basic geometry"
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                  "titulo" => "Modeling the LEHR collimator geometrical characteristics"
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                  "titulo" => "Modeling the radioactive source"
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              "titulo" => "Sensitivity measurements for static and tomographic images"
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              "titulo" => "Spatial resolution measurements for static and tomographic images"
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            2 => "Gamma camera"
            3 => "SPECT"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe and validate the simulation of the basic features of GE Millennium MG gamma camera using the GATE Monte Carlo platform&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Crystal size and thickness&#44; parallel-hole collimation and a realistic energy acquisition window were simulated in the GATE platform&#46; GATE results were compared to experimental data in the following imaging conditions&#58; a point source of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc at different positions during static imaging and tomographic acquisitions using two different energy windows&#46; The accuracy between the events expected and detected by simulation was obtained with the Mann&#8211;Whitney&#8211;Wilcoxon test&#46; Comparisons were made regarding the measurement of sensitivity and spatial resolution&#44; static and tomographic&#46; Simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data were compared with the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test to assess simulation accuracy for this parameter&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was good agreement between simulated and experimental data&#46; The number of decays expected when compared with the number of decays registered&#44; showed small deviation &#40;&#8804;0&#46;007&#37;&#41;&#46; The sensitivity comparisons between static acquisitions for different distances from source to collimator &#40;1&#44; 5&#44; 10&#44; 20&#44; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; with energy windows of 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV showed differences of 4&#46;4&#37;&#44; 5&#46;5&#37;&#44; 4&#46;2&#37;&#44; 5&#46;5&#37;&#44; 4&#46;5&#37; and 5&#46;4&#37;&#44; 6&#46;3&#37;&#44; 6&#46;3&#37;&#44; 5&#46;8&#37;&#44; 5&#46;3&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; For the tomographic acquisitions&#44; the mean differences were 7&#46;5&#37; and 9&#46;8&#37; for the energy window 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&#46; Comparison of simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data showed no statistically significant differences with 95&#37; confidence interval&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adequate simulation of the system basic features using GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform was achieved and validated&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir y validar la simulaci&#243;n de caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas de la c&#225;mara gamma GE Millennium MG utilizando la plataforma GATE Monte Carlo&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o y espesor del cristal&#44; la colimaci&#243;n de agujeros paralelos y una ventana de adquisici&#243;n de energ&#237;a realista se simularon en la plataforma GATE&#46; Los resultados GATE se compararon con los datos experimentales en las siguientes condiciones de formaci&#243;n de im&#225;genes&#58; fuente puntual <span class="elsevierStyleSup">99m</span>Tc en diferentes posiciones durante la adquisici&#243;n de im&#225;genes est&#225;ticas y tomogr&#225;ficas utilizando 2 diferentes ventanas de energ&#237;a&#46; La precisi&#243;n entre los eventos esperados y detectados por simulaci&#243;n se realiz&#243; utilizando la prueba de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon&#46; Las comparaciones se hicieron con respecto a las medidas de los par&#225;metros sensibilidad y resoluci&#243;n espacial&#44; est&#225;ticas y tomogr&#225;ficas&#46; Las resoluciones espaciales simulada y experimental de los datos tomogr&#225;ficos se compararon con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hubo buena concordancia entre los datos simulados y experimentales&#46; El n&#250;mero de decaimientos esperado en comparaci&#243;n con los registrados&#44; ha revelado una peque&#241;a desviaci&#243;n &#40;&#8804;0&#44;007&#37;&#41;&#46; Las comparaciones de sensibilidad entre las adquisiciones est&#225;ticas&#44; para diferentes distancias desde la fuente al colimador &#40;1&#44; 5&#44; 10&#44; 20&#44; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; con ventanas de energ&#237;a de 126-154 keV y 130-158 keV&#44; mostraron diferencias de 4&#44;4&#59; 5&#44;5&#59; 4&#44;2&#59; 5&#44;5&#59; 4&#44;5 y 5&#44;4&#59; 6&#44;3&#59; 6&#44;3&#59; 5&#44;8&#44; y 5&#44;3&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; Las comparaciones entre sensibilidad tomogr&#225;fica fueron 7&#44;5 y 9&#44;8&#37; para la ventana de energ&#237;a 126-154 keV y 130-158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV&#46; La comparaci&#243;n de resoluciones espaciales simuladas y experimentales para los datos tomogr&#225;ficos no ha mostrado diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas con un intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha conseguido efectuar y validar una simulaci&#243;n Monte Carlo con la plataforma GATE de caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas de funcionamiento de una c&#225;mara gamma GE Millennium MG&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Geometric representation of hexagonal collimator hole&#44; with radius <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span> of the inscribed and circumscribed circles&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span> the length side of the hexagon&#46; &#40;B&#41; Angle definition in a hexagon for the calculation of collimator hole characteristics&#46; &#40;C&#41; Disposition of the hexagons &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e&#46;</span> holes&#41; in the LEHR collimator used in the Millennium MG gamma camera system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Transaxial&#44; &#40;B&#41; sagittal and &#40;C&#41; coronal slices of experimental PS tomographic acquisition&#46;</p>"
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      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source to collimator distance &#40;cm&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays expected&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08680E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;446<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays registered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08690E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08680E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08683E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08685E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08675E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays registered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08691E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08687E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08697E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08695E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;08667E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays expected&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;95730E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;990<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV and 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays registered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;95728E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of decays registered&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;95727E<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EW 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab455113.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:4 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Point source&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Energy window&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">For PS in statics images&#44; the number of decays expected was calculated by 1&#44;739&#44;000&#40;Bq&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; The error &#40;&#177;14&#44;446&#41; was associated with the mean of the &#8730;&#40;n&#46;&#176; decays expected&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">For PS in tomographic images&#44; the number of decays expected was calculated by 39&#44;150&#44;000&#40;Bq&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; The error &#40;&#177;13&#44;990&#41; was associated with the mean of the &#8730;&#40;n&#46;&#176; decays expected&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Counting rate expected and registered&#44; at different energy windows and distances from the PS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> to the collimator&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Images&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Distances&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> 126&#8211;154<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EW 130&#8211;158<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>keV</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Simulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Percentage relative error<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Simulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Percentage relative error&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;Cps<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#47;MBq<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;Cps&#47;MBq<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;Cps&#47;MBq<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;Cps&#47;MBq<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Planar</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">99<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  """
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            1 => array:3 [
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            3 => array:3 [
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0065"
              "etiqueta" => "e"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0065">Percentage relative error &#91;&#124;experimental-simulated&#124;&#47;experimental&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#93; between the experimental and simulation data&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial resolution measurements obtained with simulated and experimental planar acquisitions&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">EW<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> &#40;keV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tomographic slices&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">FWHM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> Simulation &#40;mm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HP Experimental &#40;mm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a> Simulation &#40;mm&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">126&#8211;154</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sagittal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">HP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;368&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">VP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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Article information

ISSN: 22538089
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.remnie.2013.12.002

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