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Local recurrence on PET/CT with 11C-choline following brachytherapy for prostate cancer: A characteristic tracer uptake pattern
Patrón característico de recidiva local tras braquiterapia prostática mediante PET/TC con 11C-colina
J.R. Garcia
, P. Bassa, M. Soler, F.J. Alvarez Moro, T. Blanch, E. Riera
Corresponding author
Unidad PET/CT/MRI, CETIR ASCIRES, Esplugas de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Se evidencia un único foco metabólico activo en sextante medio de lóbulo prostático derecho (SUVmáx 2,9), rodeado por las semillas del tratamiento en una zona con menor densidad de las mismas. C y D) Estudio tardío, 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min tras la administración del trazador; imagen MIP y corte axial de fusión PET/TC. Dinámica metabólica acumulativa del depósito de <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-colina (SUVmáx 3,5) en sextante medio del lóbulo prostático derecho, rodeado por las semillas del tratamiento en una zona con menor densidad de las mismas.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.R. Garcia, P. Bassa, M. Soler, F.J. Alvarez Moro, T. Blanch, E. Riera" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Garcia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Bassa" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Soler" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J. 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Garcia, P. Bassa, M. Soler, F.J. Alvarez Moro, T. Blanch, E. Riera" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Garcia" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jrgarcia@cetir.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Bassa" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Soler" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J. Alvarez" "apellidos" => "Moro" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Blanch" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Riera" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Unidad PET/CT/MRI, CETIR ASCIRES, Esplugas de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Patrón característico de recidiva local tras braquiterapia prostática mediante PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-colina" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 923 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 177150 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A, B) Early study, immediately acquired after tracer administration; MIP image and fused PET/CT axial slice. Only one active metabolic focus is depicted in the middle sextant of the right prostate lobe (SUVmax 2.9), surrounded by treatment seeds, in an area with lower density of them. (C, D) Late study acquired 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after tracer administration; MIP imaging and fused PET/CT axial slice. Accumulative pattern of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline uptake (SUVmax 3.5) in the middle sextant of the right prostate lobe, surrounded by treatment seeds, in an area with lower density of them.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 70-year-old patient with prostate cancer (PSA 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL; Gleason 6; stage T2b) with no severe urinary symptomatology (urine flow 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/s), and treated with brachytherapy is presented. PSA nadir values 2 years after treatment were <1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL. However, 18 months ago, PSA levels started to increase progressively reaching up to 3.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL, with a doubling time <6 months. Diagnostic procedures were all negative for local disease recurrence detection (pelvic MRI, abdominal-pelvic CT and bone scintigraphy).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the PSA values and kinetics, the patient was referred for a PET/CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline. The <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline was synthesized in an onsite cyclotron. The tracer (296<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MBq) was administered with the patient already in the scanner. After CT attenuation correction, two consecutive whole-body PET studies were acquired (9 steps/2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) without moving the patient; the second PET study was acquired 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline injection (the mean half-life of this tracer). To minimize radiation exposure, both PET studies were reconstructed with the initial CT images.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PET/CT study showed only one active metabolic focus on the middle sextant of right prostate lobe, with increased uptake in late imaging, which was consistent with tumour infiltration, considering its metabolic behaviour (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET/CT with choline analogues has shown high sensitivity for local recurrence detection of prostate cancer after radical surgery, with no artefacts in the surgically treated area. A suspicious tracer uptake is usually focal and in the surgical clip area, with mild soft tissue enlargement on the CT component. Following external irradiation, the recurrence pattern is usually more variable, with false positive cases due to inflammatory changes secondary to treatment. Consequently, the need for a dual point study has been proposed in order to differentiate between inflammatory changes and local recurrence, on the basis of the accumulative dynamics in tracer uptake. Among several papers published, no differences were noted in the recurrence pattern for patients treated with external irradiation or prostate brachytherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer brachytherapy is a radical treatment option in those low-risk patients with prostate cancer according to the d’Amico criteria (PSA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/mL; Gleason<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7; Stage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T2c), with no severe urinary symptoms (urine flow ≥15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/s). However, PSA levels may increase temporarily due to prostate irritation after the procedure, making it difficult to differentiate from a biochemical recurrence of the disease. Moreover, the implant seeds may prevent local prostate recurrence of being detected by MRI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case, the focal uptake pattern of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline next to the brachytherapy implanted seeds was believed to depict disease recurrence in a prostate area which received a low irradiation dose in the primary treatment due to a lower density of seeds, with an accumulative pattern in late imaging.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these cases of local disease recurrence following prostate brachytherapy, with no lymph nodes nor distant involvement, several salvage therapies have been proposed (high and low dose-rate brachytherapy, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation, and cryotherapy). In our patient, external beam radiotherapy was administered, and the patient remains within biochemical response one year afterwards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our case illustrates a typical local recurrence pattern of prostate cancer following brachytherapy on PET/CT with choline analogues.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Garcia JR, Bassa P, Soler M, Moro FJ, Blanch T, Riera E. Patrón característico de recidiva local tras braquiterapia prostática mediante PET/TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-colina. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2018;37:323–324.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 923 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 177150 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A, B) Early study, immediately acquired after tracer administration; MIP image and fused PET/CT axial slice. Only one active metabolic focus is depicted in the middle sextant of the right prostate lobe (SUVmax 2.9), surrounded by treatment seeds, in an area with lower density of them. (C, D) Late study acquired 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after tracer administration; MIP imaging and fused PET/CT axial slice. Accumulative pattern of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline uptake (SUVmax 3.5) in the middle sextant of the right prostate lobe, surrounded by treatment seeds, in an area with lower density of them.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "[Article in Spanish]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "PET/CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C-choline and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FDG in patients with elevated PSA after radical treatment of a prostate cancer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.R. García" 1 => "M. Soler" 2 => "M.A. Blanch" 3 => "I. Ramírez" 4 => "E. Riera" 5 => "P. 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