Yeasts isolation from bovine mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu

array:23 ["pii" => "S1130140611000271" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2011.01.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01" "aid" => "118" "copyright" => "Revista Iberoamericana de Micología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2010" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:79-82" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5618 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 45 "HTML" => 4911 "PDF" => 662 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130140611000295" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2011.01.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01" "aid" => "120" "copyright" => "Revista Iberoamericana de Micología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:83-90" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3876 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 33 "HTML" => 3322 "PDF" => 521 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Thermal inactivation of Phytophthora capsici oospores" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "83" "paginaFinal" => "90" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Inactivación térmica de las oosporas de Phytophthora capsici" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1243 "Ancho" => 1271 "Tamanyo" => 147752 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Times and temperatures exposures required to kill 25, 50, 75 and 100% (LD25, LD50, LD75 and LD100) of Phytophthora capsici oospores in different media. A. Sterile moistened soil (22.5% volumetric water content) (constant temperatures between 40 and 53°C). B. Sterile water (constant temperatures between 45 and 53°C)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Aitzol Etxeberria, Sorkunde Mendarte, Santiago Larregla" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aitzol" "apellidos" => "Etxeberria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sorkunde" "apellidos" => "Mendarte" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Santiago" "apellidos" => "Larregla" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000295?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000295/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S1130140611000039" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2010.12.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01" "aid" => "110" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:74-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 11083 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 10249 "PDF" => 790 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Fungal bloodstream infections in tertiary care hospitals in Colombia" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "74" "paginaFinal" => "78" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infecciones micóticas del torrente sanguíneo en hospitales de tercer nivel en Colombia" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 898 "Ancho" => 1704 "Tamanyo" => 91002 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Trend in the proportion of isolates of Candida species in bloodstream infections during 2001 to 2007 in the surveillance network of Colombian hospitals." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jorge Alberto Cortés, Patricia Reyes, Carlos Gómez, Giancarlo Buitrago, Aura Lucía Leal" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge Alberto" "apellidos" => "Cortés" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Patricia" "apellidos" => "Reyes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Gómez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giancarlo" "apellidos" => "Buitrago" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aura Lucía" "apellidos" => "Leal" ] 5 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "on behalf of GREBO" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000039?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000039/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Yeasts isolation from bovine mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "82" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carolina Segundo Zaragoza, Roberto Arnulfo Cervantes Olivares, Andrés Ernesto Ducoing Watty, Alejandro de la Peña Moctezuma, Lourdes Villa Tanaca" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carolina" "apellidos" => "Segundo Zaragoza" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "c_segund@yahoo.com.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Roberto Arnulfo" "apellidos" => "Cervantes Olivares" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andrés Ernesto" "apellidos" => "Ducoing Watty" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "de la Peña Moctezuma" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Lourdes" "apellidos" => "Villa Tanaca" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Micología Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Producción Animal Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Aislamiento de levaduras de glándulas mamarias con diferentes presentaciones de mastitis en el Altiplano Mexicano" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Bovine mastitis is a disease caused by a wide variety of microorganisms that causes large economical looses and damages to the dairy industry by decreasing milk production and through increased costs of antibiotic treatments and culling<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a>. In most cases, bacteria are recognized as the primary pathogens while fungi, particularly yeasts, have been regarded as secondary mastitis pathogens. Yeasts are considered opportunistic pathogens which colonize the cows’ udder. The use and abuse of antibacterial drugs, treatment with contaminated antibiotic solutions, as well as syringes, or other materials brought in contact with the mammary gland may favor yeast colonization of cows udders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,6,12,13</a>.Different fungi have been reported as a cause of mycotic mastitis, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Candida spp., Cephalosporium spp., Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Geotrichum candidum, Histoplasma spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., Torulopsis spp., and Trichosporon spp. Candida species have been regarded in subclinical and clinical mastitis, being the most reported species Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida rugosa, and Candida guilliermondii<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,4,16,26</a>. Furthermore, other species of Candida, as well as other fungi such as Cryptococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Trichosporum cutaneum, Aureobasidium pullulans and Pichia ohmeri, have also been isolated from the milk of healthy glands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,18,21,27</a>.The purpose of this study is to report the presence of Candida species isolated from cows with different mammary gland health status in the Mexican High Plateu.Materials and methodsOne thousand and ninety-five milk samples were collected from Holstein-Friesian cows kept under intensive production conditions in the states of Queretaro (n=216), Hidalgo (n=697), Puebla (n=52) and Distrito Federal (n=130) in central Mexico, each sample corresponds to a different animal and from single quarter, in the clinical cases the sample was taken from the most affected quarter. The samples were obtained at convenience, from two-year and older cows, with different mammary glands health status: 342 samples from cows with healthy mammary glands, 383 from cows with subclinical mastitis as determined by the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and 370 from cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a>. Clinical mastitis was defined by: swelling, reduced milk flow, and abnormal milk appearance (watery to viscous with clots varying from gray-white to yellowish). Additionally, other signs of infection such as fever, inappetence, ataxia, and depression were also considered<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>. CMT was used to identify subclinical mastitis on mammary gland of the cows. For this study, milk samples from glands affected with subclinical mastitis were included when the reaction to CMT was at least grade 1, corresponding with an appearance of viscous milk that does not adhere to the bottom of the CMT plate, and correlates to 400,000-1,500,000 somatic cells/ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a>.Sampling was carried out prior to milking, after washing the udder with soap, drying and disinfecting it with the disinfectant on use in the farm at the moment of sampling, and drying again. All farms included in the study used either 2% iodine or 70% alcohol, both known to have a fungicidal effect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,3,28</a>. Fifteen ml of milk from each sampled gland were collected in sterile screw cap containers. Samples were refrigerated (4°C) during transportation to the laboratory of Mycology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and kept at 4°C until processing (no longer than 24h after collection). Milk samples were incubated during 15min at 25°C and homogenized by vigorous shaking; 0.5ml of the homogenized milk were inoculated in 4.5ml of Sabouraud dextrose broth (Difco™), at pH of 3.5, and then incubated at 37°C during 10days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>. Thereafter, 50μl of each broth culture was plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Difco™), with chloramphenicol (Merck™) (0.05mg/ml). Inoculated plates were then incubated at 37°C and examined daily for colonies for five days.Yeast identification was performed taking into consideration morphological characteristics, like formation of chlamydoconidium, pseudohyphae and germinal tube development. Additional characteristics were also evaluated, such as growth in the presence of 0.1% cyclohexamide (Sigma™), acidic pH tolerance, urea hydrolysis and carbohydrates assimilation and/or fermentation, accordingly to the methodology described by Barnnet and Payne, and Kurtzman and Fell<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,10,23,29</a>. Data obtained in this study were evaluated using cross-tabulation analyses through Chi square distribution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> with the statistical package JMP software, version 5.1.ResultsOut of the 1.095 milk samples analyzed, 282 (25.75%) were positive to yeast isolation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>), obtaining in Queretaro 48/216, Hidalgo 119/697, Puebla 23/52 and Distrito Federal 92/130. Yeast isolates were obtained in 23.39% (80/342) out of milk samples from healthy mammary glands), 9.92% (38/383) from the subclinical mastitis group and 43.27% (164/370) from mammary glands with clinical mastitis. Significant differences (Chi square = 121.7, df = 2.1092, P<0.01) were found among the three groups for the yeast isolation frequencies. Only the genus Candida was identified in the samples that were positive to yeast isolation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Twenty Candida species were identified, being the most frequently found Candida glabrata 30.14% (85/282), and C. krusei 27.65% (78/282) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).Out of the 342 milk samples analyzed from healthy mammary glands, Candida isolates were obtained in 23.39% (80/342) from which 12 different species were identified. The species most frequently found was C. glabrata with 58.75% (47/80) isolates, followed by C. krusei with 11.25% (9/80) and Candida viswanathii with 7.5% (6/80). From the total isolates obtained, 8.75% (7/80) isolates could not been identified at to the species level, being considered as «Candida-like» according their growth characteristics, morphology and microscopy characteristics.From the 383 samples analyzed from mammary glands with subclinical mastitis, only 9.92% (38/383) Candida isolates were obtained, and identified 15 different species. In this group, the most frequent species found were C. albicans 13.15% (5/38), C. krusei 7.89% (3/38), and Candida zeylanoides 7.89% (3/38), being 34.21% (13/38) of the isolates considered as Candida-like species.In the 370 samples analyzed from mammary glands with clinical mastitis, 44.32% (164/370) Candida isolates were obtained, from which 13 different species were identified, being C. krusei the most frequently found with 40.24% (66/164) isolates, and C. glabrata with 23.17% (38/164). From these isolates, 16.46% (27/164) were classified as Candida-like species.Other Candida species, such as C. zeylanoides, Candida norvegica and C. viswanathii were also found in 2.48% and Candida kefyr, C. guilliermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida intermedia, Candida claussenii, Candida lusitaniae, Candida macedoniensis, Candida brumptii, Candida sloofii, Candida lambica, Candida cantarelli, Candida lipolytica and Candida incommunis, were also found at very low frequency (≤ 1.7%).DiscussionIn this study, yeasts were isolated in the 25.75% of all samples analyzed, being Candida the only genus identified. C. glabrata was the predominant species, isolated in 58.75% of all positive samples (47/80) from the mammary glands from healthy cows, and in 23.17% of the Candida isolates (38/164) from those with clinical mastitis. The isolation of this Candida species from cattle affected with mastitis has also recently been reported in New Zealand by Williamson and di Menna<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a>. However, a previous report from Lagneau<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a>, also showed the presence of C. glabrata in the mammary glands of healthy animals, in a rather small frequency (0.2%) when compared with our findings. In contrast, no C. glabrata was obtained from milk samples of our group of cows with subclinical mastitis. This could be partially explained by the fact that in subclinical mastitis it is common to find a greater number of bacteria competing for substrates; in addition, some bacterial metabolites are known as yeasts antagonists, restricting their development<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a>. It seems necessary to put more our attention to this species in order to establish its possible role in bovine mastitis.The second most frequent species of Candida found in this study was C. krusei. This species was isolated in 11.25% of the healthy glands positive milk samples (9/80); in 7.89% of those with subclinical mastitis (3/38); and in 40.24% of those diagnosed with clinical mastitis (66/164). The presence of C. krusei in dairy cattle with mastitis has been recognized since the 1970s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14,22</a>, although it has been more frequently reported since the late 1990s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,11,16,19</a>. There is, however, some discrepancy among the rates in which this yeast has been found. Whereas Casia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>, reported in 2005 a 44.5% of C. krusei isolates from cows with mastitis, similarly to ours findings; Krukowski in 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a>, and Langoni in 1995<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a>, found this species in 15.5% of mastitis samples and in less percentage than 2% in glands with subclinical and clinical mastitis, respectively. Both findings are lower than our results. This might be a consequence effect of several factors, such as the abuse of intramammary antibiotic treatment or the use of home made antibiotic infusions for mastitis therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a>; the natural resistance of C. krusei to antimycotics, like fluconazol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>; yeast contaminated food or environment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">7,27</a>; and inadequate milking procedures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a>, in addition to the presence of pathogenic strains of C. krusei<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a>. Recently, Williamson and di Menna reported a self-limitating clinical mastitis infection due to C. krusei in cows at calving and at up to 5weeks post-partum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a>. The isolation of C. krusei from healthy mammary glands might indicate the yeast as part of their normal microbiota and therefore, acting as an opportunistic pathogen in mastitis cases.Regardless the health status of the mammary glands analyzed, C. zeylanoides, C. norvegica, C. guilliermondii, and C. tropicalis were always isolated. All these species have been shown to be involved in clinical mastitis. C. zeylanoides and C. norvegica are considered opportunistic pathogens, while C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis are recognized as pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,16</a>. However, our findings suggest that C. norvegica might act as a pathogen similar to C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis, since the three species were found predominantly in milk from glands with clinical mastitis. In addition, our results on the isolation of Candida parapsilosis, only from animals with clinical mastitis, might support the probably pathogenicity of this Candida species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,18</a>.The isolation of C. albicans only from glands from the groups of cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis (but not from healthy mammary glands), is consistent with the recognized pathogenicity of this species. The percentages in which this yeast was isolated in this study were similar to those reported in cows with mastitis by Langoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a>, Krukowski<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a>, and Casia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>.Our findings in relation to C. viswanathii, which was identified in 7.5% (6/80) of the healthy glands group, and in 2.6% (1/38) of the subclinical mastitis group, suggest the opportunistic pathogen role that this Candida species could be playing in this disease.C. kefyr, on the other hand, was identified in 2.43% (4/164) isolates in the clinical mastitis group, in partial agreement with previous reports in Europe that found C. kefir in milk samples at frequencies as high as 24.1%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,25</a>.The isolation of numerous Candida non-albicans species from bovine milk is also in agreement with other reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,16,25</a>, recognizing among others, antibacterial therapy without previous susceptibility tests as the principal predisposing factor for yeast infections. Furthermore, the wide distribution of yeasts in nature, e.g. soil, plants and water, to which cows are in contact with, might have implications regarding the presence of fungi in mammary glands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,8,16</a>. Similar to our findings, there are some reports where Candida species other than C. albicans, have been isolated from milk of cows with mastitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,3,8</a>.Of the yeast isolates identified as Candida-like species, 16.66% (47/282) could not be further characterized by the biochemical methodology used in this study. At present, it is well known that the use of routine yeasts identification methods based on morphology and biochemical test are time-consuming, and they often fail to identify yeast species other than C. albicans. Alternative identification methods, such as PCR or RAPD-PCR might be necessary to support identification and further characterization of these mycotic agents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>.The presence of yeasts in udders of healthy cows, as well as in those of cows with mastitis, may be an important factor in the dissemination of disease. These agents might increase their presence due to handling of dairy cattle, bacterial mastitis treatment and prevention as well as inadequate milking practices. Furthermore, the presence of Candida non-albicans species that have gained ground as pathogens of the bovine mammary gland must be highlighted. For instance, the association of C. glabrata and C. krusei with clinical mastitis is clear, probably acting as opportunistic pathogens, considering that they can also be found in milk samples coming from healthy cows.Although C. albicans has been reported as the most common species of yeast pathogen found, this study shows that C. krusei seems to be of interest as a probable cause of mastitis problems.FinancingPrograma de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT) grant IN 209908, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) 151676.Conflict of interestAuthors have no conflict of interests." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres121029" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Background" 2 => "Objective" 3 => "Methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108314" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres121028" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Antecedentes" 2 => "Objetivo" 3 => "Método" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108315" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Results" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Financing" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack37713" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-01-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108314" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Candida" 1 => "Bovine" 2 => "Milk" 3 => "Mastitis" 4 => "Yeast" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108315" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Candida" 1 => "Bovinos" 2 => "Leche" 3 => "Mastitis" 4 => "Levadura" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundThe mastitis subclinical and clinical in cows caused by fungi has been increased specially by yeast of the genus Candida. ObjectiveTo identify what yeasts were present in milk samples obtained from mammary glands of healthy cows, and others suffering subclinical or clinical mastitis. MethodsFrom a total of 1,095 milk samples 342 were from mammary glands of healthy dairy cows, 383 with subclinical mastitis, and 370 with clinical mastitis, were taken, in the states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla and Mexico City (Distrito Federal) in the so called Mexican High Plateu. The clinical status of the mammary glands was determined by clinical examination and the California Mastitis Test. Yeasts identification was carried out by morphology and biochemical methods. ResultsTwenty different species of Candida were identified out of 282 (25.75%) milk samples. The most frequently identified species in the healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis groups were Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. On the other hand, samples from the subclinical mastitis group showed a diversity of Candida species, including Candida zeylanoides, Candida norvegica, Candida viswanathii, Candida guilliermondii, and Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans was isolated only in 11 (3.9%) samples from the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups. ConclusionsThese results suggest the possible role that Candida species other than C. albicans may play in mycotic mastitis in cows." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesLas mastitis subclínicas y clínicas en bovinos por hongos se han incrementado principalmente por levaduras del género Candida. ObjetivoConocer las levaduras presentes en la leche de glándulas mamarias de bovinos clínicamente sanos, y de aquellos con mastitis subclínica y clínica. MétodoSe evaluó la presencia de levaduras en 1.095 muestras de leche de 342 glándulas mamarias sanas, 383 con mastitis subclínica y 370 con mastitis clínica, de los estados de Querétaro, Hidalgo, Puebla y la ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, que forman parte del Altiplano Mexicano. El estado sanitario de las glándulas mamarias se determinó por examen clínico y la prueba de California. La identificación de levaduras fue realizada por métodos morfológicos y bioquímicos. ResultadosSe identificaron 20 especies diferentes del género Candida a partir de 282 (25,75%) de las muestras de leche. Las especies encontradas con mayor frecuencia en los bovinos sanos y con mastitis clínica fueron Candida glabrata y Candida krusei. El grupo de las muestras con mastitis subclínica mostró una diversidad de especies de Candida, incluidas Candida zeylanoides, Candida norvegica, Candida viswanathii, Candida guilliermondii y Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans fue aislada solo en 11 (3,9%) de las muestras de mastitis clínica (6) y subclínica (5). ConclusionesEstos resultados sugieren el posible papel de otras especies de Candida diferentes a C. albicans como causantes de mastitis micótica." ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "*Candida species isolated in < 1.41%.a,b,cDifferent superscripts indicates statistical differences (p<0.01) among groups for isolates frequencies." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mastitis status of mammary glands</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency isolation</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy, n = 342 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Subclinical, n = 383 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical, n = 370 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n=282 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida glabrata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida krusei \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida albicans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida zeylanoides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida norvegica \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida viswanathii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida kefyr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida guilliermondii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida tropicalis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida parapsilosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida intermedia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Other Candida species* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Candida-like species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80/342 (23.39%)a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38/383 (9.92%)b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">164/370 (44.32%)c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">282/1095 (25.75%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab208910.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Milk samples and Candida species isolated from mammary glands of healthy cows and cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mycotic and algal bovine mastitis in Denmark" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B. Aalbaek" 1 => "J. Stenderup" 2 => "H.E. Jensen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "APMIS" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "451" "paginaFinal" => "456" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8068305" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Arenas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Micología Médica Ilustrada" "edicion" => "2nd ed." "serieFecha" => "2003" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Yeast: Characteristics and Identification." "serieFecha" => "1990" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation of Candida spp. from mastitic bovine milk in Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Casia dos Santos" 1 => "J.M. Marín" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11046-004-2229-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "159" "paginaInicial" => "251" "paginaFinal" => "253" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15770451" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survey of bovine mycotic mastitis in dairy herds in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E.O. Costa" 1 => "C.R. Gandra" 2 => "M.F. Pires" 3 => "S.D. Coutinho" 4 => "W. Castillo" 5 => "C.M. Teixeire" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "124" "paginaInicial" => "7" "paginaFinal" => "13" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8159219" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infectious bovine mastitis caused by environmental organisms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "E.O. Costa" 1 => "A.R. Ribeiro" 2 => "E.T. Watanabe" 3 => "P.A. Melvilla" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Vet Med B" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "65" "paginaFinal" => "71" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Feed contamination with Candida krusei as a probable source of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Elad" 1 => "N.Y. Shpigel" 2 => "M. Winkler" 3 => "I. Klinger" 4 => "V. Fuchs" 5 => "A. Saran" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAVMA" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "207" "paginaInicial" => "620" "paginaFinal" => "622" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7649779" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0168827808008635" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01688278" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy of postmilking disinfection with benzyl alcohol versus Iodophor in the prevention of new intramammary infections in lactating cows" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.J. Erskine" 1 => "P.M. Sears" 2 => "P.C. Bartlett" 3 => "C.R. Gage" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Dairy Sci" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "116" "paginaFinal" => "120" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9493086" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence and species distribution of yeast in the mammary gland of dairy cows in Minnesota" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.J. Farnsworth" 1 => "D.K. Sorensen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Can J Comp Med" "fecha" => "1972" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "329" "paginaFinal" => "332" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4263910" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of penicillin, dihydrostreptomycin and prednisolone treatment of experimental Candida krusei infections of the mammary glands of dairy cattle" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.J. Farnsworth" 1 => "D.K. Sorensen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Can J Comp Med" "fecha" => "1974" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "340" "paginaFinal" => "348" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/49215" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Yeast identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory: phenotypical methods" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.M. Freydiere" 1 => "R. Guinet" 2 => "P. Boiron" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Mycol" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "33" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800273" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Principales enfermedades fúngicas que afectan a los animales domésticos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.E. García" 1 => "J.L. Blanco" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Iberoam Micol" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "S2" "paginaFinal" => "S7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15762776" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bovine Medicine and surgery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "W.J. Gibbony" 1 => "E.J. Catcott" 2 => "J.F. Smithcory" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "1970" "editorial" => "USA American Veterinary Publications" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Predominant microflora of downgraded Danish bula tank milk" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "C. Holm" 1 => "L. Jepsen" 2 => "M. Larsen" 3 => "L. Jespersen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73263-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Dairy Sci" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "87" "paginaInicial" => "1151" "paginaFinal" => "1157" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290961" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine [homepage on the Internet]. College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University ©1996-2007. Bovine Mastitis [updated 31 Jan 2005]. Available from: www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/fahm/fam/mammary/mam.htm." ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survey of yeast mastitis in dairy herds of small-type farms in the Lublin region, Poland" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "H. Krukowski" 1 => "M. Tietze" 2 => "T. Majewski" 3 => "P. Rozanski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "150" "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11392567" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Yeast: a Taxonomic Study." "serieFecha" => "1998" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolation of yeast from bovine milk in Belgium" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.E. Lagneau" 1 => "K. Lebtani" 2 => "D. Swinne" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "135" "paginaInicial" => "99" "paginaFinal" => "102" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9063005" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Participación de levaduras, algas y hongos en mastitis bovina" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "H. Langoni" 1 => "P.F. Domingues" 2 => "K.D. Chi" 3 => "R.B. Pardo" 4 => "A.V. Silva" 5 => "K.G. Cabral" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Vet e Zoot" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "89" "paginaFinal" => "98" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationship between cell counts in bovine milk and the presence of mastitis pathogens (yeasts and bacteria)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Moretti" 1 => "P. Pasquali" 2 => "G. Mencaroni" 3 => "L. Boncio" 4 => "F. Piergili" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zentralbl Veterinarmed B" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "129" "paginaFinal" => "132" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9588106" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Signals regarding the isolation of chlorophyl-free algae in the milk of some healthy cows and some with mastitis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "L. Ognean" 1 => "D. Pusta" 2 => "L. Oana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "JCEA" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "2" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Actividad de fosfolipasas y proteasas en aislados clínicos de Candida spp" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M.M. Panizo" 1 => "V. Reviákina" 2 => "Y. Flores" 3 => "W. Montes" 4 => "G. González" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Soc Ven Microbiol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "64" "paginaFinal" => "71" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Growth of yeasts in milk and associated changes to milk composition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Roostita" 1 => "G.H. Fleet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Food Microbiol" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "205" "paginaFinal" => "219" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880309" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "SAS Institute, Inc. JMP 7.0. Cary, North Carolina. 2007." ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An assessment of the fungicidal activity of antimicrobial agents used for hard-surface and skin disinfection" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E.M. Scott" 1 => "S.P. Gorman" 2 => "S.J. McGrath" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Hosp Pharm" "fecha" => "1986" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "199" "paginaFinal" => "205" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3528229" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Red de diagnóstico en Micología Médica. Vigilancia de la resistencia de levaduras a antifúngicos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V. Silva" 1 => "C. Díaz" 2 => "N. Febré" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Chil Infect" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "19Supl2" "paginaInicial" => "S149" "paginaFinal" => "156" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diversity of yeasts from bovine mastitis in Southern Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Spanamberg" 1 => "A. Wüender" 2 => "P.D.I. Brayer" 3 => "J. Argenta" 4 => "S.E.M. Cavallini" 5 => "P. Valente" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Iberoam Micol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "154" "paginaFinal" => "156" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18785784" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans to four disinfectants and their combinations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "T.M. Waltimo" 1 => "D. Orstavik" 2 => "E.K. Sirén" 3 => "M.P. Haapasalo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int Endod J" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "421" "paginaFinal" => "429" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10709489" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fungi isolated from bovine udders, and their possible sources" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.H. Williamson" 1 => "M.E. Di Menna" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/00480169.2007.36766" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Z Vet J" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "55" "paginaInicial" => "188" "paginaFinal" => "190" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676084" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xack37713" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "The authors like to thank Sarahi Luna-Castro who collaborated with the biochemical characterization of the yeasts. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Cristina Escalante-Ochoa for her valuable review of this manuscript." ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000271/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "8046" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000271/v1_201305061355/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000271?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Original

Yeasts isolation from bovine mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu

Aislamiento de levaduras de glándulas mamarias con diferentes presentaciones de mastitis en el Altiplano Mexicano

Carolina Segundo Zaragozaa,

Corresponding author

c_segund@yahoo.com.mx

Corresponding author.

, Roberto Arnulfo Cervantes Olivaresa, Andrés Ernesto Ducoing Wattyb, Alejandro de la Peña Moctezumaa, Lourdes Villa Tanacac

a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Micología Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

b Departamento de Producción Animal Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico

c Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Mexico

Read

9843

Times
was read the article

1355

Total PDF

8488

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1130140611000271"
  "issn" => "11301406"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2011.01.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01"
  "aid" => "118"
  "copyright" => "Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&#237;a"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2010"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:79-82"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 5618
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 45
      "HTML" => 4911
      "PDF" => 662
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1130140611000295"
    "issn" => "11301406"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2011.01.004"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01"
    "aid" => "120"
    "copyright" => "Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:83-90"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3876
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 33
        "HTML" => 3322
        "PDF" => 521
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Thermal inactivation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phytophthora capsici</span> oospores"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "83"
          "paginaFinal" => "90"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Inactivaci&#243;n t&#233;rmica de las oosporas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phytophthora capsici</span>"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0020"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1243
              "Ancho" => 1271
              "Tamanyo" => 147752
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Times and temperatures exposures required to kill 25&#44; 50&#44; 75 and 100&#37; &#40;LD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">25</span>&#44; LD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>&#44; LD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">75</span> and LD<span class="elsevierStyleInf">100</span>&#41; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phytophthora capsici</span> oospores in different media&#46; A&#46; Sterile moistened soil &#40;22&#46;5&#37; volumetric water content&#41; &#40;constant temperatures between 40 and 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; B&#46; Sterile water &#40;constant temperatures between 45 and 53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Aitzol Etxeberria, Sorkunde Mendarte, Santiago Larregla"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Aitzol"
              "apellidos" => "Etxeberria"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Sorkunde"
              "apellidos" => "Mendarte"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Santiago"
              "apellidos" => "Larregla"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000295?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000295/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:17 [
    "pii" => "S1130140611000039"
    "issn" => "11301406"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2010.12.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-04-01"
    "aid" => "110"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2011;28:74-8"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 11083
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 44
        "HTML" => 10249
        "PDF" => 790
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>"
      "titulo" => "Fungal bloodstream infections in tertiary care hospitals in Colombia"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "74"
          "paginaFinal" => "78"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Infecciones mic&#243;ticas del torrente sangu&#237;neo en hospitales de tercer nivel en Colombia"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 898
              "Ancho" => 1704
              "Tamanyo" => 91002
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trend in the proportion of isolates of Candida species in bloodstream infections during 2001 to 2007 in the surveillance network of Colombian hospitals&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Jorge Alberto Cort&#233;s, Patricia Reyes, Carlos G&#243;mez, Giancarlo Buitrago, Aura Luc&#237;a Leal"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jorge Alberto"
              "apellidos" => "Cort&#233;s"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Patricia"
              "apellidos" => "Reyes"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "G&#243;mez"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Giancarlo"
              "apellidos" => "Buitrago"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Aura Luc&#237;a"
              "apellidos" => "Leal"
            ]
            5 => array:1 [
              "colaborador" => "on behalf of GREBO"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000039?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000039/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:19 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>"
    "titulo" => "Yeasts isolation from bovine mammary glands under different mastitis status in the Mexican High Plateu"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "79"
        "paginaFinal" => "82"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Carolina Segundo Zaragoza, Roberto Arnulfo Cervantes Olivares, Andr&#233;s Ernesto Ducoing Watty, Alejandro de la Pe&#241;a Moctezuma, Lourdes Villa Tanaca"
        "autores" => array:5 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Carolina"
            "apellidos" => "Segundo Zaragoza"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "c&#95;segund&#64;yahoo&#46;com&#46;mx"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Roberto Arnulfo"
            "apellidos" => "Cervantes Olivares"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Andr&#233;s Ernesto"
            "apellidos" => "Ducoing Watty"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Alejandro"
            "apellidos" => "de la Pe&#241;a Moctezuma"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Lourdes"
            "apellidos" => "Villa Tanaca"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Microbiolog&#237;a e Inmunolog&#237;a&#44; Laboratorio de Micolog&#237;a Veterinaria&#44; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Producci&#243;n Animal Rumiantes&#44; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Microbiolog&#237;a&#44; Laboratorio de Gen&#233;tica Microbiana&#44; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol&#243;gicas&#44; IPN&#44; Mexico"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Aislamiento de levaduras de gl&#225;ndulas mamarias con diferentes presentaciones de mastitis en el Altiplano Mexicano"
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bovine mastitis is a disease caused by a wide variety of microorganisms that causes large economical looses and damages to the dairy industry by decreasing milk production and through increased costs of antibiotic treatments and culling<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; In most cases&#44; bacteria are recognized as the primary pathogens while fungi&#44; particularly yeasts&#44; have been regarded as secondary mastitis pathogens&#46; Yeasts are considered opportunistic pathogens which colonize the cows&#8217; udder&#46; The use and abuse of antibacterial drugs&#44; treatment with contaminated antibiotic solutions&#44; as well as syringes&#44; or other materials brought in contact with the mammary gland may favor yeast colonization of cows udders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different fungi have been reported as a cause of mycotic mastitis&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus terreus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cephalosporium</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coccidioides</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Geotrichum candidum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Histoplasma</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mucor</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhizopus</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Torulopsis</span> spp&#46;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporon</span> spp&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species have been regarded in subclinical and clinical mastitis&#44; being the most reported species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida rugosa</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida guilliermondii</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;16&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; other species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>&#44; as well as other fungi such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhodotorula</span> spp&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichosporum cutaneum</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aureobasidium pullulans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pichia ohmeri</span>&#44; have also been isolated from the milk of healthy glands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;18&#44;21&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study is to report the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from cows with different mammary gland health status in the Mexican High Plateu&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One thousand and ninety-five milk samples were collected from Holstein-Friesian cows kept under intensive production conditions in the states of Queretaro &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>216&#41;&#44; Hidalgo &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>697&#41;&#44; Puebla &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#41; and Distrito Federal &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>130&#41; in central Mexico&#44; each sample corresponds to a different animal and from single quarter&#44; in the clinical cases the sample was taken from the most affected quarter&#46; The samples were obtained at convenience&#44; from two-year and older cows&#44; with different mammary glands health status&#58; 342 samples from cows with healthy mammary glands&#44; 383 from cows with subclinical mastitis as determined by the California Mastitis Test &#40;CMT&#41;&#44; and 370 from cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Clinical mastitis was defined by&#58; swelling&#44; reduced milk flow&#44; and abnormal milk appearance &#40;watery to viscous with clots varying from gray-white to yellowish&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; other signs of infection such as fever&#44; inappetence&#44; ataxia&#44; and depression were also considered<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; CMT was used to identify subclinical mastitis on mammary gland of the cows&#46; For this study&#44; milk samples from glands affected with subclinical mastitis were included when the reaction to CMT was at least grade 1&#44; corresponding with an appearance of viscous milk that does not adhere to the bottom of the CMT plate&#44; and correlates to 400&#44;000-1&#44;500&#44;000 somatic cells&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sampling was carried out prior to milking&#44; after washing the udder with soap&#44; drying and disinfecting it with the disinfectant on use in the farm at the moment of sampling&#44; and drying again&#46; All farms included in the study used either 2&#37; iodine or 70&#37; alcohol&#44; both known to have a fungicidal effect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;28</span></a>&#46; Fifteen ml of milk from each sampled gland were collected in sterile screw cap containers&#46; Samples were refrigerated &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; during transportation to the laboratory of Mycology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico &#40;UNAM&#41;&#44; and kept at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until processing &#40;no longer than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after collection&#41;&#46; Milk samples were incubated during 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and homogenized by vigorous shaking&#59; 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of the homogenized milk were inoculated in 4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of Sabouraud dextrose broth &#40;Difco&#8482;&#41;&#44; at pH of 3&#46;5&#44; and then incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C during 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Thereafter&#44; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of each broth culture was plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar &#40;Difco&#8482;&#41;&#44; with chloramphenicol &#40;Merck&#8482;&#41; &#40;0&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Inoculated plates were then incubated at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and examined daily for colonies for five days&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yeast identification was performed taking into consideration morphological characteristics&#44; like formation of chlamydoconidium&#44; pseudohyphae and germinal tube development&#46; Additional characteristics were also evaluated&#44; such as growth in the presence of 0&#46;1&#37; cyclohexamide &#40;Sigma&#8482;&#41;&#44; acidic pH tolerance&#44; urea hydrolysis and carbohydrates assimilation and&#47;or fermentation&#44; accordingly to the methodology described by Barnnet and Payne&#44; and Kurtzman and Fell<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;23&#44;29</span></a>&#46; Data obtained in this study were evaluated using cross-tabulation analyses through Chi square distribution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> with the statistical package JMP software&#44; version 5&#46;1&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 1&#46;095 milk samples analyzed&#44; 282 &#40;25&#46;75&#37;&#41; were positive to yeast isolation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44; obtaining in Queretaro 48&#47;216&#44; Hidalgo 119&#47;697&#44; Puebla 23&#47;52 and Distrito Federal 92&#47;130&#46; Yeast isolates were obtained in 23&#46;39&#37; &#40;80&#47;342&#41; out of milk samples from healthy mammary glands&#41;&#44; 9&#46;92&#37; &#40;38&#47;383&#41; from the subclinical mastitis group and 43&#46;27&#37; &#40;164&#47;370&#41; from mammary glands with clinical mastitis&#46; Significant differences &#40;Chi square &#61; 121&#46;7&#44; df &#61; 2&#46;1092&#44; P<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; were found among the three groups for the yeast isolation frequencies&#46; Only the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> was identified in the samples that were positive to yeast isolation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species were identified&#44; being the most frequently found <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> 30&#46;14&#37; &#40;85&#47;282&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> 27&#46;65&#37; &#40;78&#47;282&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 342 milk samples analyzed from healthy mammary glands&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> isolates were obtained in 23&#46;39&#37; &#40;80&#47;342&#41; from which 12 different species were identified&#46; The species most frequently found was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> with 58&#46;75&#37; &#40;47&#47;80&#41; isolates&#44; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> with 11&#46;25&#37; &#40;9&#47;80&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida viswanathii</span> with 7&#46;5&#37; &#40;6&#47;80&#41;&#46; From the total isolates obtained&#44; 8&#46;75&#37; &#40;7&#47;80&#41; isolates could not been identified at to the species level&#44; being considered as &#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>-like&#187; according their growth characteristics&#44; morphology and microscopy characteristics&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the 383 samples analyzed from mammary glands with subclinical mastitis&#44; only 9&#46;92&#37; &#40;38&#47;383&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> isolates were obtained&#44; and identified 15 different species&#46; In this group&#44; the most frequent species found were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span> 13&#46;15&#37; &#40;5&#47;38&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> 7&#46;89&#37; &#40;3&#47;38&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida zeylanoides</span> 7&#46;89&#37; &#40;3&#47;38&#41;&#44; being 34&#46;21&#37; &#40;13&#47;38&#41; of the isolates considered as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>-like species&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 370 samples analyzed from mammary glands with clinical mastitis&#44; 44&#46;32&#37; &#40;164&#47;370&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> isolates were obtained&#44; from which 13 different species were identified&#44; being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> the most frequently found with 40&#46;24&#37; &#40;66&#47;164&#41; isolates&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> with 23&#46;17&#37; &#40;38&#47;164&#41;&#46; From these isolates&#44; 16&#46;46&#37; &#40;27&#47;164&#41; were classified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>-like species&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species&#44; such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; zeylanoides</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida norvegica</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; viswanathii</span> were also found in 2&#46;48&#37; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; guilliermondii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida intermedia</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida claussenii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida lusitaniae</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida macedoniensis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida brumptii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida sloofii</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida lambica</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida cantarelli</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida lipolytica</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida incommunis</span>&#44; were also found at very low frequency &#40;&#8804; 1&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; yeasts were isolated in the 25&#46;75&#37; of all samples analyzed&#44; being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> the only genus identified&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> was the predominant species&#44; isolated in 58&#46;75&#37; of all positive samples &#40;47&#47;80&#41; from the mammary glands from healthy cows&#44; and in 23&#46;17&#37; of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> isolates &#40;38&#47;164&#41; from those with clinical mastitis&#46; The isolation of this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species from cattle affected with mastitis has also recently been reported in New Zealand by Williamson and di Menna<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; However&#44; a previous report from Lagneau<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; also showed the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> in the mammary glands of healthy animals&#44; in a rather small frequency &#40;0&#46;2&#37;&#41; when compared with our findings&#46; In contrast&#44; no <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> was obtained from milk samples of our group of cows with subclinical mastitis&#46; This could be partially explained by the fact that in subclinical mastitis it is common to find a greater number of bacteria competing for substrates&#59; in addition&#44; some bacterial metabolites are known as yeasts antagonists&#44; restricting their development<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; It seems necessary to put more our attention to this species in order to establish its possible role in bovine mastitis&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second most frequent species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> found in this study was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei&#46;</span> This species was isolated in 11&#46;25&#37; of the healthy glands positive milk samples &#40;9&#47;80&#41;&#59; in 7&#46;89&#37; of those with subclinical mastitis &#40;3&#47;38&#41;&#59; and in 40&#46;24&#37; of those diagnosed with clinical mastitis &#40;66&#47;164&#41;&#46; The presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> in dairy cattle with mastitis has been recognized since the 1970<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;22</span></a>&#44; although it has been more frequently reported since the late 1990<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11&#44;16&#44;19</span></a>&#46; There is&#44; however&#44; some discrepancy among the rates in which this yeast has been found&#46; Whereas Casia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; reported in 2005 a 44&#46;5&#37; of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> isolates from cows with mastitis&#44; similarly to ours findings&#59; Krukowski in 2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; and Langoni in 1995<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; found this species in 15&#46;5&#37; of mastitis samples and in less percentage than 2&#37; in glands with subclinical and clinical mastitis&#44; respectively&#46; Both findings are lower than our results&#46; This might be a consequence effect of several factors&#44; such as the abuse of intramammary antibiotic treatment or the use of home made antibiotic infusions for mastitis therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#59; the natural resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> to antimycotics&#44; like fluconazol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#59; yeast contaminated food or environment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;27</span></a>&#59; and inadequate milking procedures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; in addition to the presence of pathogenic strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Recently&#44; Williamson and di Menna reported a self-limitating clinical mastitis infection due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> in cows at calving and at up to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>weeks post-partum<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; The isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> from healthy mammary glands might indicate the yeast as part of their normal microbiota and therefore&#44; acting as an opportunistic pathogen in mastitis cases&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless the health status of the mammary glands analyzed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; zeylanoides&#44; C&#46; norvegica&#44; C&#46; guilliermondii&#44;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; tropicalis</span> were always isolated&#46; All these species have been shown to be involved in clinical mastitis&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; zeylanoides</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; norvegica</span> are considered opportunistic pathogens&#44; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; guilliermondii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; tropicalis</span> are recognized as pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;16</span></a>&#46; However&#44; our findings suggest that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; norvegica</span> might act as a pathogen similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; guilliermondii</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; tropicalis</span>&#44; since the three species were found predominantly in milk from glands with clinical mastitis&#46; In addition&#44; our results on the isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>&#44; only from animals with clinical mastitis&#44; might support the probably pathogenicity of this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span> only from glands from the groups of cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis &#40;but not from healthy mammary glands&#41;&#44; is consistent with the recognized pathogenicity of this species&#46; The percentages in which this yeast was isolated in this study were similar to those reported in cows with mastitis by Langoni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#44; Krukowski<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#44; and Casia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings in relation to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; viswanathii</span>&#44; which was identified in 7&#46;5&#37; &#40;6&#47;80&#41; of the healthy glands group&#44; and in 2&#46;6&#37; &#40;1&#47;38&#41; of the subclinical mastitis group&#44; suggest the opportunistic pathogen role that this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species could be playing in this disease&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; kefyr&#44;</span> on the other hand&#44; was identified in 2&#46;43&#37; &#40;4&#47;164&#41; isolates in the clinical mastitis group&#44; in partial agreement with previous reports in Europe that found <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; kefir</span> in milk samples at frequencies as high as 24&#46;1&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The isolation of numerous <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> non-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">albicans</span> species from bovine milk is also in agreement with other reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;16&#44;25</span></a>&#44; recognizing among others&#44; antibacterial therapy without previous susceptibility tests as the principal predisposing factor for yeast infections&#46; Furthermore&#44; the wide distribution of yeasts in nature&#44; e&#46;g&#46; soil&#44; plants and water&#44; to which cows are in contact with&#44; might have implications regarding the presence of fungi in mammary glands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Similar to our findings&#44; there are some reports where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species other than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans&#44;</span> have been isolated from milk of cows with mastitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the yeast isolates identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>-like species&#44; 16&#46;66&#37; &#40;47&#47;282&#41; could not be further characterized by the biochemical methodology used in this study&#46; At present&#44; it is well known that the use of routine yeasts identification methods based on morphology and biochemical test are time-consuming&#44; and they often fail to identify yeast species other than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span>&#46; Alternative identification methods&#44; such as PCR or RAPD-PCR might be necessary to support identification and further characterization of these mycotic agents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of yeasts in udders of healthy cows&#44; as well as in those of cows with mastitis&#44; may be an important factor in the dissemination of disease&#46; These agents might increase their presence due to handling of dairy cattle&#44; bacterial mastitis treatment and prevention as well as inadequate milking practices&#46; Furthermore&#44; the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> non-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">albicans</span> species that have gained ground as pathogens of the bovine mammary gland must be highlighted&#46; For instance&#44; the association of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> with clinical mastitis is clear&#44; probably acting as opportunistic pathogens&#44; considering that they can also be found in milk samples coming from healthy cows&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span> has been reported as the most common species of yeast pathogen found&#44; this study shows that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; krusei</span> seems to be of interest as a probable cause of mastitis problems&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financing</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci&#243;n e Innovaci&#243;n Tecnol&#243;gica &#40;PAPIIT&#41; grant IN 209908&#44; Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico &#40;UNAM&#41;&#46; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog&#237;a &#40;CONACYT&#41; 151676&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors have no conflict of interests&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres121029"
          "titulo" => array:6 [
            0 => "Abstract"
            1 => "Background"
            2 => "Objective"
            3 => "Methods"
            4 => "Results"
            5 => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108314"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres121028"
          "titulo" => array:6 [
            0 => "Resumen"
            1 => "Antecedentes"
            2 => "Objetivo"
            3 => "M&#233;todo"
            4 => "Resultados"
            5 => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108315"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Results"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Financing"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack37713"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-18"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-01-17"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108314"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>"
            1 => "Bovine"
            2 => "Milk"
            3 => "Mastitis"
            4 => "Yeast"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec108315"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>"
            1 => "Bovinos"
            2 => "Leche"
            3 => "Mastitis"
            4 => "Levadura"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mastitis subclinical and clinical in cows caused by fungi has been increased specially by yeast of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify what yeasts were present in milk samples obtained from mammary glands of healthy cows&#44; and others suffering subclinical or clinical mastitis&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From a total of 1&#44;095 milk samples 342 were from mammary glands of healthy dairy cows&#44; 383 with subclinical mastitis&#44; and 370 with clinical mastitis&#44; were taken&#44; in the states of Quer&#233;taro&#44; Hidalgo&#44; Puebla and Mexico City &#40;Distrito Federal&#41; in the so called Mexican High Plateu&#46; The clinical status of the mammary glands was determined by clinical examination and the California Mastitis Test&#46; Yeasts identification was carried out by morphology and biochemical methods&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty different species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> were identified out of 282 &#40;25&#46;75&#37;&#41; milk samples&#46; The most frequently identified species in the healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis groups were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span>&#46; On the other hand&#44; samples from the subclinical mastitis group showed a diversity of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida zeylanoides&#44; Candida norvegica&#44; Candida viswanathii&#44; Candida guilliermondii</span>&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> was isolated only in 11 &#40;3&#46;9&#37;&#41; samples from the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These results suggest the possible role that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species other than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span> may play in mycotic mastitis in cows&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las mastitis subcl&#237;nicas y cl&#237;nicas en bovinos por hongos se han incrementado principalmente por levaduras del g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer las levaduras presentes en la leche de gl&#225;ndulas mamarias de bovinos cl&#237;nicamente sanos&#44; y de aquellos con mastitis subcl&#237;nica y cl&#237;nica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evalu&#243; la presencia de levaduras en 1&#46;095 muestras de leche de 342 gl&#225;ndulas mamarias sanas&#44; 383 con mastitis subcl&#237;nica y 370 con mastitis cl&#237;nica&#44; de los estados de Quer&#233;taro&#44; Hidalgo&#44; Puebla y la ciudad de M&#233;xico&#44; Distrito Federal&#44; que forman parte del Altiplano Mexicano&#46; El estado sanitario de las gl&#225;ndulas mamarias se determin&#243; por examen cl&#237;nico y la prueba de California&#46; La identificaci&#243;n de levaduras fue realizada por m&#233;todos morfol&#243;gicos y bioqu&#237;micos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron 20 especies diferentes del g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> a partir de 282 &#40;25&#44;75&#37;&#41; de las muestras de leche&#46; Las especies encontradas con mayor frecuencia en los bovinos sanos y con mastitis cl&#237;nica fueron <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei&#46;</span> El grupo de las muestras con mastitis subcl&#237;nica mostr&#243; una diversidad de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>&#44; incluidas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida zeylanoides&#44; Candida norvegica&#44; Candida viswanathii&#44; Candida guilliermondii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis&#46; Candida albicans</span> fue aislada solo en 11 &#40;3&#44;9&#37;&#41; de las muestras de mastitis cl&#237;nica &#40;6&#41; y subcl&#237;nica &#40;5&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estos resultados sugieren el posible papel de otras especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> diferentes a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span> como causantes de mastitis mic&#243;tica&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated in &#60; 1&#46;41&#37;&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a&#44;b&#44;c</span>Different superscripts indicates statistical differences &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; among groups for isolates frequencies&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mastitis status of mammary glands</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency isolation</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Healthy&#44; n &#61; 342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Subclinical&#44; n &#61; 383&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical&#44; n &#61; 370&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida glabrata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida zeylanoides</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida norvegica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida viswanathii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida kefyr</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida guilliermondii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida tropicalis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida parapsilosis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida intermedia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Other <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span>-like species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#47;342 &#40;23&#46;39&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#47;383 &#40;9&#46;92&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">164&#47;370 &#40;44&#46;32&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">282&#47;1095 &#40;25&#46;75&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab208910.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Milk samples and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> species isolated from mammary glands of healthy cows and cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mycotic and algal bovine mastitis in Denmark"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Aalbaek"
                            1 => "J&#46; Stenderup"
                            2 => "H&#46;E&#46; Jensen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "APMIS"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "451"
                        "paginaFinal" => "456"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8068305"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Arenas"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "Micolog&#237;a M&#233;dica Ilustrada"
                        "edicion" => "2nd ed&#46;"
                        "serieFecha" => "2003"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "Yeast&#58; Characteristics and Identification&#46;"
                        "serieFecha" => "1990"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp&#46; from mastitic bovine milk in Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Casia dos Santos"
                            1 => "J&#46;M&#46; Mar&#237;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11046-004-2229-2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "159"
                        "paginaInicial" => "251"
                        "paginaFinal" => "253"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15770451"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Survey of bovine mycotic mastitis in dairy herds in the State of Sao Paulo&#44; Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46;O&#46; Costa"
                            1 => "C&#46;R&#46; Gandra"
                            2 => "M&#46;F&#46; Pires"
                            3 => "S&#46;D&#46; Coutinho"
                            4 => "W&#46; Castillo"
                            5 => "C&#46;M&#46; Teixeire"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "124"
                        "paginaInicial" => "7"
                        "paginaFinal" => "13"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8159219"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Infectious bovine mastitis caused by environmental organisms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46;O&#46; Costa"
                            1 => "A&#46;R&#46; Ribeiro"
                            2 => "E&#46;T&#46; Watanabe"
                            3 => "P&#46;A&#46; Melvilla"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Vet Med B"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "65"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Feed contamination with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span> as a probable source of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Elad"
                            1 => "N&#46;Y&#46; Shpigel"
                            2 => "M&#46; Winkler"
                            3 => "I&#46; Klinger"
                            4 => "V&#46; Fuchs"
                            5 => "A&#46; Saran"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAVMA"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "207"
                        "paginaInicial" => "620"
                        "paginaFinal" => "622"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7649779"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0168827808008635"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01688278"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efficacy of postmilking disinfection with benzyl alcohol versus Iodophor in the prevention of new intramammary infections in lactating cows"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Erskine"
                            1 => "P&#46;M&#46; Sears"
                            2 => "P&#46;C&#46; Bartlett"
                            3 => "C&#46;R&#46; Gage"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dairy Sci"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "116"
                        "paginaFinal" => "120"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9493086"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence and species distribution of yeast in the mammary gland of dairy cows in Minnesota"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Farnsworth"
                            1 => "D&#46;K&#46; Sorensen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Comp Med"
                        "fecha" => "1972"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "329"
                        "paginaFinal" => "332"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4263910"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of penicillin&#44; dihydrostreptomycin and prednisolone treatment of experimental <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida krusei</span> infections of the mammary glands of dairy cattle"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Farnsworth"
                            1 => "D&#46;K&#46; Sorensen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Comp Med"
                        "fecha" => "1974"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "340"
                        "paginaFinal" => "348"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/49215"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Yeast identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory&#58; phenotypical methods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Freydiere"
                            1 => "R&#46; Guinet"
                            2 => "P&#46; Boiron"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Mycol"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9"
                        "paginaFinal" => "33"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11800273"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Principales enfermedades f&#250;ngicas que afectan a los animales dom&#233;sticos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Garc&#237;a"
                            1 => "J&#46;L&#46; Blanco"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Iberoam Micol"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S2"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15762776"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bovine Medicine and surgery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "W&#46;J&#46; Gibbony"
                            1 => "E&#46;J&#46; Catcott"
                            2 => "J&#46;F&#46; Smithcory"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1970"
                        "editorial" => "USA American Veterinary Publications"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predominant microflora of downgraded Danish bula tank milk"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Holm"
                            1 => "L&#46; Jepsen"
                            2 => "M&#46; Larsen"
                            3 => "L&#46; Jespersen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73263-4"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Dairy Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "87"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1151"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1157"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290961"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine &#91;homepage on the Internet&#93;&#46; College of Veterinary Medicine&#44; Kansas State University &#169;1996-2007&#46; Bovine Mastitis &#91;updated 31 Jan 2005&#93;&#46; Available from&#58; www&#46;vet&#46;k-state&#46;edu&#47;depts&#47;fahm&#47;fam&#47;mammary&#47;mam&#46;htm&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Survey of yeast mastitis in dairy herds of small-type farms in the Lublin region&#44; Poland"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Krukowski"
                            1 => "M&#46; Tietze"
                            2 => "T&#46; Majewski"
                            3 => "P&#46; Rozanski"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "150"
                        "paginaInicial" => "5"
                        "paginaFinal" => "7"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11392567"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "The Yeast&#58; a Taxonomic Study&#46;"
                        "serieFecha" => "1998"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Isolation of yeast from bovine milk in Belgium"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46;E&#46; Lagneau"
                            1 => "K&#46; Lebtani"
                            2 => "D&#46; Swinne"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "135"
                        "paginaInicial" => "99"
                        "paginaFinal" => "102"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9063005"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Participaci&#243;n de levaduras&#44; algas y hongos en mastitis bovina"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Langoni"
                            1 => "P&#46;F&#46; Domingues"
                            2 => "K&#46;D&#46; Chi"
                            3 => "R&#46;B&#46; Pardo"
                            4 => "A&#46;V&#46; Silva"
                            5 => "K&#46;G&#46; Cabral"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Vet e Zoot"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "89"
                        "paginaFinal" => "98"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relationship between cell counts in bovine milk and the presence of mastitis pathogens &#40;yeasts and bacteria&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Moretti"
                            1 => "P&#46; Pasquali"
                            2 => "G&#46; Mencaroni"
                            3 => "L&#46; Boncio"
                            4 => "F&#46; Piergili"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "129"
                        "paginaFinal" => "132"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9588106"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Signals regarding the isolation of chlorophyl-free algae in the milk of some healthy cows and some with mastitis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Ognean"
                            1 => "D&#46; Pusta"
                            2 => "L&#46; Oana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JCEA"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Actividad de fosfolipasas y proteasas en aislados cl&#237;nicos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46;M&#46; Panizo"
                            1 => "V&#46; Revi&#225;kina"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Flores"
                            3 => "W&#46; Montes"
                            4 => "G&#46; Gonz&#225;lez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Soc Ven Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "64"
                        "paginaFinal" => "71"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Growth of yeasts in milk and associated changes to milk composition"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Roostita"
                            1 => "G&#46;H&#46; Fleet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Food Microbiol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "31"
                        "paginaInicial" => "205"
                        "paginaFinal" => "219"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880309"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "SAS Institute&#44; Inc&#46; JMP 7&#46;0&#46; Cary&#44; North Carolina&#46; 2007&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An assessment of the fungicidal activity of antimicrobial agents used for hard-surface and skin disinfection"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46;M&#46; Scott"
                            1 => "S&#46;P&#46; Gorman"
                            2 => "S&#46;J&#46; McGrath"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Hosp Pharm"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "199"
                        "paginaFinal" => "205"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3528229"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Red de diagn&#243;stico en Micolog&#237;a M&#233;dica&#46; Vigilancia de la resistencia de levaduras a antif&#250;ngicos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Silva"
                            1 => "C&#46; D&#237;az"
                            2 => "N&#46; Febr&#233;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Chil Infect"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "19Supl2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "156"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diversity of yeasts from bovine mastitis in Southern Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Spanamberg"
                            1 => "A&#46; W&#252;ender"
                            2 => "P&#46;D&#46;I&#46; Brayer"
                            3 => "J&#46; Argenta"
                            4 => "S&#46;E&#46;M&#46; Cavallini"
                            5 => "P&#46; Valente"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Iberoam Micol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "154"
                        "paginaFinal" => "156"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18785784"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "In vitro susceptibility of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span> to four disinfectants and their combinations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "T&#46;M&#46; Waltimo"
                            1 => "D&#46; Orstavik"
                            2 => "E&#46;K&#46; Sir&#233;n"
                            3 => "M&#46;P&#46; Haapasalo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int Endod J"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "421"
                        "paginaFinal" => "429"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10709489"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fungi isolated from bovine udders&#44; and their possible sources"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;H&#46; Williamson"
                            1 => "M&#46;E&#46; Di Menna"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/00480169.2007.36766"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Z Vet J"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "188"
                        "paginaFinal" => "190"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676084"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "identificador" => "xack37713"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors like to thank Sarahi Luna-Castro who collaborated with the biochemical characterization of the yeasts&#46; We are particularly grateful to Dr&#46; Cristina Escalante-Ochoa for her valuable review of this manuscript&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000271/v1_201305061355/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "8046"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000002800000002/v1_201305061355/S1130140611000271/v1_201305061355/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140611000271?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 11301406
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2011.01.002

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	67	5	72
2024 September	105	9	114
2024 August	110	5	115
2024 July	109	6	115
2024 June	76	5	81
2024 May	78	10	88
2024 April	103	8	111
2024 March	124	8	132
2024 February	93	16	109
2024 January	129	21	150
2023 December	89	12	101
2023 November	134	52	186
2023 October	161	20	181
2023 September	73	9	82
2023 August	86	4	90
2023 July	80	5	85
2023 June	90	12	102
2023 May	90	3	93
2023 April	88	15	103
2023 March	53	2	55
2023 February	74	15	89
2023 January	62	17	79
2022 December	51	15	66
2022 November	43	13	56
2022 October	53	10	63
2022 September	33	14	47
2022 August	53	9	62
2022 July	38	12	50
2022 June	41	12	53
2022 May	49	13	62
2022 April	54	14	68
2022 March	79	14	93
2022 February	50	9	59
2022 January	65	12	77
2021 December	44	22	66
2021 November	53	11	64
2021 October	48	11	59
2021 September	65	12	77
2021 August	61	10	71
2021 July	41	10	51
2021 June	38	8	46
2021 May	42	5	47
2021 April	101	23	124
2021 March	43	14	57
2021 February	35	12	47
2021 January	45	19	64
2020 December	27	11	38
2020 November	32	21	53
2020 October	18	8	26
2020 September	17	15	32
2020 August	22	6	28
2020 July	22	14	36
2020 June	29	9	38
2020 May	30	20	50
2020 April	33	12	45
2020 March	38	11	49
2020 February	23	10	33
2020 January	28	5	33
2019 December	29	3	32
2019 November	26	5	31
2019 October	33	6	39
2019 September	29	4	33
2019 August	27	4	31
2019 July	21	13	34
2019 June	45	23	68
2019 May	78	36	114
2019 April	49	11	60
2019 March	31	6	37
2019 February	32	9	41
2019 January	28	5	33
2018 December	34	8	42
2018 November	26	4	30
2018 October	40	16	56
2018 September	26	3	29
2018 August	40	4	44
2018 July	8	6	14
2018 June	10	1	11
2018 May	8	11	19
2018 April	12	5	17
2018 March	3	0	3
2018 February	12	2	14
2018 January	10	0	10
2017 December	16	1	17
2017 November	19	1	20
2017 October	22	3	25
2017 September	13	11	24
2017 August	10	3	13
2017 July	24	3	27
2017 June	28	9	37
2017 May	34	11	45
2017 April	18	4	22
2017 March	32	31	63
2017 February	25	3	28
2017 January	17	3	20
2016 December	45	7	52
2016 November	46	9	55
2016 October	59	7	66
2016 September	69	10	79
2016 August	37	9	46
2016 July	50	5	55
2016 June	55	11	66
2016 May	40	12	52
2016 April	29	13	42
2016 March	40	16	56
2016 February	34	18	52
2016 January	38	15	53
2015 December	59	17	76
2015 November	41	19	60
2015 October	41	16	57
2015 September	47	11	58
2015 August	40	3	43
2015 July	62	13	75
2015 June	39	6	45
2015 May	51	7	58
2015 April	49	9	58
2015 March	53	5	58
2015 February	52	2	54
2015 January	30	3	33
2014 December	54	7	61
2014 November	42	1	43
2014 October	54	3	57
2014 September	32	0	32
2014 August	47	4	51
2014 July	35	1	36
2014 June	37	2	39
2014 May	37	1	38
2014 April	36	1	37
2014 March	80	9	89
2014 February	70	10	80
2014 January	68	3	71
2013 December	63	8	71
2013 November	61	9	70
2013 October	64	5	69
2013 September	76	9	85
2013 August	83	6	89
2013 July	83	19	102
2013 June	19	4	23
2013 May	23	7	30
2013 April	18	11	29
2013 March	16	6	22
2013 February	14	5	19
2013 January	6	3	9
2012 December	2	2	4
2012 November	2	2	4
2012 October	2	1	3
2011 March	1725	0	1725

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter