Selected wild strains of Agaricus bisporus produce high yields of mushrooms at 25°C

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García-Tapia, Inmaculada Guerrero-Lozano, Manuel A. Rodríguez-Iglesias" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Valle" "apellidos" => "Odero" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fátima" "apellidos" => "Galán-Sánchez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lidia" "apellidos" => "García-Agudo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana M." "apellidos" => "García-Tapia" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Inmaculada" "apellidos" => "Guerrero-Lozano" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel A." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Iglesias" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140613000806?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S1130140613000806/v2_201706020154/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S1130140613000843" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-01-01" "aid" => "266" "copyright" => "Revista Iberoamericana de Micología" "documento" => "simple-article" "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2015;32:51-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1139 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 722 "PDF" => 373 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Note" "titulo" => "The nematophagous fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium and its nematicidal activity on Angiostrongylus vasorum" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "53" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El hongo nematófago Monacrosporium thaumasium y su actividad nematicida frente a Angiostrongylus vasorum" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1137 "Ancho" => 585 "Tamanyo" => 30070 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Proteolytic profile of the crude extract produced by the fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a). White arrows: protease with molecular weight of approximately 40kDa." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares, Fabio Ribeiro Braga, Jackson Victor de Araújo, Walter dos Santos Lima, José Humberto de Queiroz" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Filippe Elias" "apellidos" => "de Freitas Soares" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fabio" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro Braga" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jackson Victor" "apellidos" => "de Araújo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Walter" "apellidos" => "dos Santos Lima" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Humberto" "apellidos" => "de Queiroz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140613000843?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S1130140613000843/v2_201706020154/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Note" "titulo" => "Selected wild strains of Agaricus bisporus produce high yields of mushrooms at 25°C" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "54" "paginaFinal" => "58" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Pilar Navarro, Jean-Michel Savoie" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Navarro" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jean-Michel" "apellidos" => "Savoie" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "savoie@bordeaux.inra.fr" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cepas silvestres seleccionadas de Agaricus bisporus con capacidad para producir un alto rendimiento a temperaturas de 25°C" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 4149 "Ancho" => 3021 "Tamanyo" => 447945 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Box-plot representation of data distribution for yield and earliness measured at 17°C or 25°C on 8 FHT+ strains of A. bisporus. (A) Yield as kgmushroomm−2 obtained at 17°C; (B) yield obtained at 25°C; (C) number of mushrooms m−2 at 17°C; (D) number of mushrooms m−2 at 25°C; (E) earliness (delay for the first harvest of mushrooms, in days) at 17°C and (F) earliness at 25°C." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach has been cultivated in France since the 18th century and expanded to other continents later. It is now the dominant cultivated mushroom in Europe and the Western hemisphere. Unfortunately it requires temperature below 20°C for producing fruiting bodies, which is currently limiting the development of its cultivation in some warm areas of the world. The pavement mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quelet) Saccardo has been proposed as an alternative because it prefers higher temperatures (25°C) than A. bisporus during harvesting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,13</a> However, the yields of commercial strains are lower than those obtained with A. bisporus under optimal conditions. In middle scale experimental cultures, yields from 9.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> to 22kgm−2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> had been reported whereas for cultivated strains of A. bisporus we observed average yields between 22kgm−2 and 30kgm−2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,9</a> Comparing two efficient composts, Kariaga et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> observed yields of A. bitorquis being 51 or 74% that of A. bisporus. Consequently it is a challenge to find strains of A. bisporus able to produce high yields of good quality mushrooms at 25°C for saving energy used in cooling systems during cultivation in warm countries.Crop wild relatives and local varieties are the elements of agricultural biodiversity most likely to contain the necessary novel genetic diversity which is needed to sustain innovations in breeding programs. This assertion is also true for cultivated mushrooms. Since the end of the 1980s, A. bisporus germplasm has been built with hundreds of wild isolates originating from various habitats and numerous geographic origins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,8</a> In a previous study, we screened 114 wild strains from the major geographical populations of A. bisporus for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at the normal temperature used for cultivation (around 17°C) and at a higher temperature, set around 24°C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> One quarter of the strains of A. bisporus var. bisporus were able to fruit at this higher temperature and were called FHT+. They belonged to all the studied populations. The experiments had been performed in small crates containing 500g of commercial compost, which are too small for an efficient evaluation of yield potentials at both temperatures. The objective of the present work was to better understand the adaptation of A. bisporus to temperature by analyzing the yield related traits of a selected sample of FHT+ strains cultivated both at 17, 25 and 30°C.Eight wild strains of A. bisporus with the highest fructification level at 25°C expressed as the percentage of the yield at 17°C were selected from the data of Largeteau et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> Bs0094 and Bs0738 were A. bisporus var. burnettii originated from the population in Sonoran Desert of California and isolated by J. Burnett in 1991.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> The others were A. bisporus var. bisporus: Bs0190, Bs0419B, Bs0483 and Bs0739 that had been isolated under Cupressus macrocarpa by P. Callac. Bs0190 was originated in the west of France (Lorient) in 1992; Bs0419B was originated in the southwest of France (Capbreton) in 1994. Bs0483 was originated in Canada (Alberta) in 1996, and was supplied by R. Kerrigan. Bs0739 was originated in Mexico (Tlaxcala) in 2007 (isolated by G. Mata). The strain Bs0571 had been isolated on cow manure in Greece (Larissa) in 1998, and the last one, Bs0705, grew in a mule ring fence in Portugal (Alentejo) and had been isolated in 1998 by P. Callac. The cultivated hybrid HU1 that entered in collection in 1990 with the reference number Bs0026 was unable to produce fruiting bodies at 25°C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> It was used as FHT− control. All the strains are stored under liquid nitrogen in CGAB (Collection du Germoplasme des Agarics à Bordeaux), at INRA-Bordeaux, France.Mushrooms were grown on commercial mushroom compost based on wheat straw and horse manure supplied by a local mushroom grower using an indoor composting technology (SARL Renaud, France). Compost was spawned at 0.8% and placed in 0.09m2 trays filled with 8kg of spawned compost. Spawn was obtained as axenic cultures on processed rye grain used by spawn makers (Euromycel, France). Twelve trays were spawned with each A. bisporus strain. Incubation was performed in a mushroom growing room equipped with controlled environment (temperature, air speed, and humidity) at 25°C (compost temperature) and 92% relative humidity in air for 13 days, after which a conventional casing layer (SARL Renaud, France) was added on top of the compost. Nine days after casing, the trays were distributed in three different mushroom growing rooms. In each 19m3 room, CO2 concentration was lowered by air flow (38m3h−1). A room was set at 17°C and the air and relative humidity was maintained at 87–90%. Another room was set at 25°C and the last one at 30°C, both with 92–95% of relative humidity. Mushrooms were harvested for 5 weeks at developmental stage 3, with a closed veil and the weights of and numbers of mushrooms were recorded daily for each tray. The yield (kgm−2) and the number of fruiting bodies (nbm−2) per surface unit were used as parameters. The earliness was defined as the time, in days, from casing until the first harvest.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> Pearson correlation coefficient and their Bonferroni probabilities were used to show the relationships between the parameters. Two ways variance analysis was used for the significance of the effect of the strains and temperature on each parameter. The analyses were performed with Systat 8.0.The FHT− control (strain Bs0026) did not produce mature fruiting bodies at 25°C and the mean yield at 17°C was 23.2kgm−2 which was in the mean values usually recorded in our experimental facilities for this strain. These data stress that the compost and cultivation conditions were suitable for the present experiment. For the FHT+ strains of A. bisporus var. bisporus, the distribution of the data as shown with the box-plot representations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> was wider at 25°C than at 17°C for all the three parameters (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The strains Bs0705 produced few mushrooms, and only on half of the trays at 25°C. Consequently it was removed for the following ANOVA. For both yield and mushroom number, the effects of the strains were significant at p<0.01 and there were no significant effects of temperature. The effect of the interaction strain×temperature was significant at p<0.1 for the yield and p<0.05 for the number. Both strains, temperature and their interaction affected significantly earliness (p<0.05). The absence of significant effect of temperature in ANOVA was the result of some opposite behavior among the strains. They were differently affected by the temperature.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Only the two strains of A. bisporus var. burnettii produced fruiting bodies at 30°C, with 12.8 and 34.9kgm−2 for Bs0094 and Bs0738, respectively. Both the weight and number of mushrooms were not significantly different at 25°C and 30°C for Bs0738, whereas Bs0094 was affected by temperature increase from 25 to 30°C. Bonferonni tests at p<0.05 for comparing the individuals after ANOVA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) show that Bs0094 and Bs0738 were also the strains with the highest yields at 25°C (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B), the highest mushroom numbers at 17°C (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C) and the best earliness at both temperatures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>E and F). The differences between the strains of the variety bisporus were not significant for the yield at 25°C and mushroom numbers at 17°C. At 17°C (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A), Bs0190 and Bs0739 equaled the yield of Bs0738, but not of Bs0094. At 25°C the number of mushrooms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>D) produced by Bs0419B and Bs0571 were as high as that produced by Bs0738, and Bs0483 equaled the highest value of Bs0094. The comparison of means at 17°C and 25°C for each strain showed no significant differences in yield for Bs0094, Bs0190 and Bs0571 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) whereas the yield of Bs0738 was significantly higher at 25°C than at 17°C, and it was significantly lower for the other strains. The only significant difference in number of mushrooms was a higher value at 25°C for Bs0483. Earliness was significantly different for all the strains but Bs0738. All the numbers of days after casing were higher at 17°C than 25°C, except for Bs0739 with a lesser earliness at 25°C.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Pearson correlation matrix (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) shows the significant positive correlation of the yields (both as weight or number) and earliness at 17°C with the yields and earliness at 25°C. Earliness at 17°C was significantly correlated with all the other parameters. The more productive strains expressed this ability at both temperatures and were those producing rapidly their first mushrooms at 17°C. Earliness at 25°C was only significantly correlated with the weight of mushrooms harvested at 25°C. This was a consequence of the specific behavior of Bs0739. These correlations show the fitness of the strains, or their ability to complete their reproductive cycle rapidly, abundantly and under various conditions.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>All the present data are in agreement with our previous observation of a relationship between the FHT+ trait and the infraspecific taxa. The FHT+ trait appeared to be fixed in the isolated population of A. bisporus var. burnettii from the Sonoran Desert in California.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> This variety tolerates a wide range of temperature (17–30°C) for fruiting body development with a low delay for fruiting, even if some diversity between the scores of the strains might be observed. However, the mushrooms are small and they open rapidly. The combination of these traits contributes to the adaptation of A. bisporus var. burnettii for completing rapidly its life cycle in an environment where the favorable period with enough humidity is short. This variety is probably an interesting source of genetic background for introducing the ability to fruit with high yields under various temperature conditions. However, as it is far from the standard of commercialization in Europe, it might introduce undesirable traits hampered its use for breeding,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> even if its life cycle is an advantage for the selection of homokaryons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>We confirmed here the potential of some wild of strains of A. bisporus var. bisporus as a good genetic basis to start breeding programs in view to produce FHT+ commercial strains. For instance the strains Bs0190 and Bs0571 combined interesting scores for both yield and earliness at 25°C, and they came from different populations isolated on different substrates. One of the limits in the use of wild strains or hybrids adapted to fruit at 25°C is the fact that at this fruiting temperature, the mushrooms develop faster, rapidly lost firmness and are susceptible to bruising leading to discoloration. These traits might affect the quality during shelf-life and should be counter-selected. Works are in progress in order to study the mechanism behind discoloration and to breed for bruise-related browning resistant strains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,14</a> The combined selection of FHT+ and bruising sensitivity could be promising. On the other hand, the improvement of the strains able to fruit at 25°C will benefit of the genomic data that are now available for A. bisporus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-11-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-05-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843081" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Temperature adaptation" 1 => "Edible mushroom" 2 => "Diversity" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843080" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Adaptación a la temperatura" 1 => "Hongos comestibles" 2 => "Diversidad" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundTo cultivate the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus in warm countries or during summer in temperate countries, while saving energy, is a challenge that could be addressed by using the biological diversity of the species. AimsThe objective was to evaluate the yield potential of eight wild strains previously selected in small scale experiments for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at 25°C and above. MethodsCulture units of 8kg of compost were used. The yield expressed as weight or number per surface unit and earliness of fruiting were recorded during cultivation in climatic rooms at 17, 25 or 30°C. ResultsOnly strains of A. bisporus var. burnettii were able to fruit at 30°C. At 25°C they produced the highest yields (27kgm−2) and had best earliness. The yields at 25°C for the strains of A. bisporus var. bisporus ranged from 12 to 16kgm−2. The yield ratios 25°C/17°C ranged from 0.8 to 1.2. ConclusionsThe variety burnettii originated in the Sonoran Desert in California showed adaptation for quickly producing fruiting bodies at high temperature when humidity conditions were favorable. Strains of the variety bisporus showed interesting potentials for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at higher temperature than present cultivars and might be used in breeding programs." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Aims" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesEl cultivo del champiñón (Agaricus bisporus) en países de clima tropical, o durante el verano en países de clima templado, además del ahorro energético que supone, es un reto que podría abordarse con el uso adecuado de la diversidad biológica de la especie. ObjetivosEl objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el rendimiento potencial de ocho cepas silvestres, previamente seleccionadas en experimentos a pequeña escala, para determinar su capacidad para producir frutos maduros a temperaturas ≥25°C. MétodosSe utilizaron unidades experimentales de cultivo con 8kg de compost. El rendimiento se expresó como peso o número de frutos producidos por unidad de superficie; en naves climatizadas, a una temperatura de 17, 25 o 30°C, durante todo el cultivo, se registró el momento de fructificación. ResultadosSólo las cepas de A. bisporus var. burnettii fueron capaces de fructificar a 30°C. Éstas produjeron un alto rendimiento a 25°C (27kg/m2) y la fructificación aconteció más temprano. El rendimiento a 25°C para las cepas de A. bisporus var. bisporus varió de 12 a 16kg/m2, con una proporción 25°C/17°C de 0,8 a 1,2. ConclusionesLa variedad burnettii, originaria del desierto de Sonora en California, está adaptada para producir cuerpos fructíferos a temperaturas elevadas cuando las condiciones de humedad son favorables. Para las cepas de la variedad bisporus se demostró un interesante potencial para producir cuerpos fructíferos maduros a una mayor temperatura que la utilizada en los cultivares actuales y puede ser utilizada en los programas de mejora genética." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 4149 "Ancho" => 3021 "Tamanyo" => 447945 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Box-plot representation of data distribution for yield and earliness measured at 17°C or 25°C on 8 FHT+ strains of A. bisporus. (A) Yield as kgmushroomm−2 obtained at 17°C; (B) yield obtained at 25°C; (C) number of mushrooms m−2 at 17°C; (D) number of mushrooms m−2 at 25°C; (E) earliness (delay for the first harvest of mushrooms, in days) at 17°C and (F) earliness at 25°C." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Within a column, values followed by different lower case letters differ significantly at p<0.05 with Bonferonni tests.Within a line, values followed by different capital letters differ significantly at p<0.05 (Bonferonni test) between 17 and 25°C, for each parameter." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">A. bisporus strains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield (kgm−2)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of mushrooms (nbm−2)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness (days after casing)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0094 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.6Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.0Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3419Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3924Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.0Ac \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.5Be \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.8Abc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.2Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2142Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1217Ae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.2Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.2Bd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0419B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.6Acd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.0Bb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1863Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2644Abc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.2Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.5Bb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0483 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.6Ad \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8Bb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1278Bb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3378Aab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.5Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.2Bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0571 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.5Ad \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.3Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2152Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2425Acd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.0Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.0Bd \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0738 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.0Bab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.1Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3219Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2725Abc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.0Ad \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.0Ae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bs0739 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.0Abc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.7Bb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2019Ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1544Ade \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.5Ba \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.7Aa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431415.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Yield and earliness of FHT+ strains of A. bisporus cultivated at 17°C or 25°C." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mushroom number 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mushroom number 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yield 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yield 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.697<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mushroom number 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.513<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.605<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mushroom number 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.552<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Earliness 17°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.635<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.802<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.657<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.334 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Earliness 25°C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.254 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.504<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.377 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.360 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.660<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431416.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Pearson correlation significant at p<0.1." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "Pearson correlation significant at p<0.05." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "Pearson correlation significant at p<0.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pearson correlation matrix of yield and earliness measured at 17°C or 25°C on seven FHT+ strains of A. bisporus." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The germplasm of Agaricus bisporus: main results after ten years of collection in France, in Greece, and in North America" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Callac" 1 => "I. Theochari" 2 => "R.W. Kerrigan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Hortic" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "579" "paginaInicial" => "49" "paginaFinal" => "55" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Morphological, genetic, and interfertility analyses reveal a novel, tetrasporic variety of Agaricus bisporus from the Sonoran desert of California" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P. Callac" 1 => "C. Billette" 2 => "M. Imbernon" 3 => "R.W. 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Savoie" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/AEM.07516-11" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Environ Microbiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "2422" "paginaFinal" => "2434" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267676" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: http://www.wsmbmp.org/Previous_Conference_7.html [consulted 05.11.12]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Inheritance pattern of bruising sensitivity trait in Agaricus bisporus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W. Gao" 1 => "J.J.P. Baars" 2 => "A.S.M. Sonnenberg" 3 => "R. 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"vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S1130140613000636/v2_201706020154/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "7995" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Notas" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000003200000001/v2_201706020154/S1130140613000636/v2_201706020154/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140613000636?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Selected wild strains of Agaricus bisporus produce high yields of mushrooms at 25°C

Cepas silvestres seleccionadas de Agaricus bisporus con capacidad para producir un alto rendimiento a temperaturas de 25°C

Pilar Navarroa,b, Jean-Michel Savoieb,

Corresponding author

savoie@bordeaux.inra.fr

Corresponding author.

a Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico

b INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Box-plot representation of data distribution for yield and earliness measured at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C or 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on 8 FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span>&#46; &#40;A&#41; Yield as kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mushroom<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> obtained at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;B&#41; yield obtained at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;C&#41; number of mushrooms m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;D&#41; number of mushrooms m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;E&#41; earliness &#40;delay for the first harvest of mushrooms&#44; in days&#41; at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and &#40;F&#41; earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The button mushroom <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agaricus bisporus</span> &#40;J&#46;E&#46; Lange&#41; Imbach has been cultivated in France since the 18th century and expanded to other continents later&#46; It is now the dominant cultivated mushroom in Europe and the Western hemisphere&#46; Unfortunately it requires temperature below 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for producing fruiting bodies&#44; which is currently limiting the development of its cultivation in some warm areas of the world&#46; The pavement mushroom <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agaricus bitorquis</span> &#40;Quelet&#41; Saccardo has been proposed as an alternative because it prefers higher temperatures &#40;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> during harvesting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;13</span></a> However&#44; the yields of commercial strains are lower than those obtained with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> under optimal conditions&#46; In middle scale experimental cultures&#44; yields from 9&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> to 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span></span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> had been reported whereas for cultivated strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> we observed average yields between 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9</span></a> Comparing two efficient composts&#44; Kariaga et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> observed yields of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bitorquis</span> being 51 or 74&#37; that of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span>&#46; Consequently it is a challenge to find strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> able to produce high yields of good quality mushrooms at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for saving energy used in cooling systems during cultivation in warm countries&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Crop wild relatives and local varieties are the elements of agricultural biodiversity most likely to contain the necessary novel genetic diversity which is needed to sustain innovations in breeding programs&#46; This assertion is also true for cultivated mushrooms&#46; Since the end of the 1980s&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> germplasm has been built with hundreds of wild isolates originating from various habitats and numerous geographic origins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8</span></a> In a previous study&#44; we screened 114 wild strains from the major geographical populations of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at the normal temperature used for cultivation &#40;around 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; and at a higher temperature&#44; set around 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> One quarter of the strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> were able to fruit at this higher temperature and were called FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#46; They belonged to all the studied populations&#46; The experiments had been performed in small crates containing 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of commercial compost&#44; which are too small for an efficient evaluation of yield potentials at both temperatures&#46; The objective of the present work was to better understand the adaptation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> to temperature by analyzing the yield related traits of a selected sample of FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> strains cultivated both at 17&#44; 25 and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eight wild strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> with the highest fructification level at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C expressed as the percentage of the yield at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C were selected from the data of Largeteau et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Bs0094 and Bs0738 were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> originated from the population in Sonoran Desert of California and isolated by J&#46; Burnett in 1991&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The others were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span>&#58; Bs0190&#44; Bs0419B&#44; Bs0483 and Bs0739 that had been isolated under <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cupressus macrocarpa</span> by P&#46; Callac&#46; Bs0190 was originated in the west of France &#40;Lorient&#41; in 1992&#59; Bs0419B was originated in the southwest of France &#40;Capbreton&#41; in 1994&#46; Bs0483 was originated in Canada &#40;Alberta&#41; in 1996&#44; and was supplied by R&#46; Kerrigan&#46; Bs0739 was originated in Mexico &#40;Tlaxcala&#41; in 2007 &#40;isolated by G&#46; Mata&#41;&#46; The strain Bs0571 had been isolated on cow manure in Greece &#40;Larissa&#41; in 1998&#44; and the last one&#44; Bs0705&#44; grew in a mule ring fence in Portugal &#40;Alentejo&#41; and had been isolated in 1998 by P&#46; Callac&#46; The cultivated hybrid HU1 that entered in collection in 1990 with the reference number Bs0026 was unable to produce fruiting bodies at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It was used as FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> control&#46; All the strains are stored under liquid nitrogen in CGAB &#40;Collection du Germoplasme des Agarics &#224; Bordeaux&#41;&#44; at INRA-Bordeaux&#44; France&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mushrooms were grown on commercial mushroom compost based on wheat straw and horse manure supplied by a local mushroom grower using an indoor composting technology &#40;SARL Renaud&#44; France&#41;&#46; Compost was spawned at 0&#46;8&#37; and placed in 0&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> trays filled with 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg of spawned compost&#46; Spawn was obtained as axenic cultures on processed rye grain used by spawn makers &#40;Euromycel&#44; France&#41;&#46; Twelve trays were spawned with each <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> strain&#46; Incubation was performed in a mushroom growing room equipped with controlled environment &#40;temperature&#44; air speed&#44; and humidity&#41; at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;compost temperature&#41; and 92&#37; relative humidity in air for 13 days&#44; after which a conventional casing layer &#40;SARL Renaud&#44; France&#41; was added on top of the compost&#46; Nine days after casing&#44; the trays were distributed in three different mushroom growing rooms&#46; In each 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> room&#44; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> concentration was lowered by air flow &#40;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41;&#46; A room was set at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and the air and relative humidity was maintained at 87&#8211;90&#37;&#46; Another room was set at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and the last one at 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; both with 92&#8211;95&#37; of relative humidity&#46; Mushrooms were harvested for 5 weeks at developmental stage 3&#44; with a closed veil and the weights of and numbers of mushrooms were recorded daily for each tray&#46; The yield &#40;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41; and the number of fruiting bodies &#40;nb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41; per surface unit were used as parameters&#46; The earliness was defined as the time&#44; in days&#44; from casing until the first harvest&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Pearson correlation coefficient and their Bonferroni probabilities were used to show the relationships between the parameters&#46; Two ways variance analysis was used for the significance of the effect of the strains and temperature on each parameter&#46; The analyses were performed with Systat 8&#46;0&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;</span> control &#40;strain Bs0026&#41; did not produce mature fruiting bodies at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and the mean yield at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C was 23&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> which was in the mean values usually recorded in our experimental facilities for this strain&#46; These data stress that the compost and cultivation conditions were suitable for the present experiment&#46; For the FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span>&#44; the distribution of the data as shown with the box-plot representations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> was wider at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C than at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for all the three parameters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The strains Bs0705 produced few mushrooms&#44; and only on half of the trays at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Consequently it was removed for the following ANOVA&#46; For both yield and mushroom number&#44; the effects of the strains were significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 and there were no significant effects of temperature&#46; The effect of the interaction strain<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>temperature was significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1 for the yield and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 for the number&#46; Both strains&#44; temperature and their interaction affected significantly earliness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The absence of significant effect of temperature in ANOVA was the result of some opposite behavior among the strains&#46; They were differently affected by the temperature&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only the two strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> produced fruiting bodies at 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; with 12&#46;8 and 34&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> for Bs0094 and Bs0738&#44; respectively&#46; Both the weight and number of mushrooms were not significantly different at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for Bs0738&#44; whereas Bs0094 was affected by temperature increase from 25 to 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Bonferonni tests at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 for comparing the individuals after ANOVA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; show that Bs0094 and Bs0738 were also the strains with the highest yields at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#44; the highest mushroom numbers at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41; and the best earliness at both temperatures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E and F&#41;&#46; The differences between the strains of the variety <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> were not significant for the yield at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and mushroom numbers at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; At 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#44; Bs0190 and Bs0739 equaled the yield of Bs0738&#44; but not of Bs0094&#46; At 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C the number of mushrooms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41; produced by Bs0419B and Bs0571 were as high as that produced by Bs0738&#44; and Bs0483 equaled the highest value of Bs0094&#46; The comparison of means at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for each strain showed no significant differences in yield for Bs0094&#44; Bs0190 and Bs0571 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; whereas the yield of Bs0738 was significantly higher at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C than at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and it was significantly lower for the other strains&#46; The only significant difference in number of mushrooms was a higher value at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for Bs0483&#46; Earliness was significantly different for all the strains but Bs0738&#46; All the numbers of days after casing were higher at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C than 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; except for Bs0739 with a lesser earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pearson correlation matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; shows the significant positive correlation of the yields &#40;both as weight or number&#41; and earliness at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with the yields and earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Earliness at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C was significantly correlated with all the other parameters&#46; The more productive strains expressed this ability at both temperatures and were those producing rapidly their first mushrooms at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C was only significantly correlated with the weight of mushrooms harvested at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; This was a consequence of the specific behavior of Bs0739&#46; These correlations show the fitness of the strains&#44; or their ability to complete their reproductive cycle rapidly&#44; abundantly and under various conditions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the present data are in agreement with our previous observation of a relationship between the FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> trait and the infraspecific taxa&#46; The FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> trait appeared to be fixed in the isolated population of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> from the Sonoran Desert in California&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This variety tolerates a wide range of temperature &#40;17&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; for fruiting body development with a low delay for fruiting&#44; even if some diversity between the scores of the strains might be observed&#46; However&#44; the mushrooms are small and they open rapidly&#46; The combination of these traits contributes to the adaptation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> for completing rapidly its life cycle in an environment where the favorable period with enough humidity is short&#46; This variety is probably an interesting source of genetic background for introducing the ability to fruit with high yields under various temperature conditions&#46; However&#44; as it is far from the standard of commercialization in Europe&#44; it might introduce undesirable traits hampered its use for breeding&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> even if its life cycle is an advantage for the selection of homokaryons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We confirmed here the potential of some wild of strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> as a good genetic basis to start breeding programs in view to produce FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> commercial strains&#46; For instance the strains Bs0190 and Bs0571 combined interesting scores for both yield and earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and they came from different populations isolated on different substrates&#46; One of the limits in the use of wild strains or hybrids adapted to fruit at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C is the fact that at this fruiting temperature&#44; the mushrooms develop faster&#44; rapidly lost firmness and are susceptible to bruising leading to discoloration&#46; These traits might affect the quality during shelf-life and should be counter-selected&#46; Works are in progress in order to study the mechanism behind discoloration and to breed for bruise-related browning resistant strains&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14</span></a> The combined selection of FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> and bruising sensitivity could be promising&#46; On the other hand&#44; the improvement of the strains able to fruit at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C will benefit of the genomic data that are now available for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-11-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2013-05-22"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Temperature adaptation"
            1 => "Edible mushroom"
            2 => "Diversity"
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            0 => "Adaptaci&#243;n a la temperatura"
            1 => "Hongos comestibles"
            2 => "Diversidad"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To cultivate the button mushroom <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agaricus bisporus</span> in warm countries or during summer in temperate countries&#44; while saving energy&#44; is a challenge that could be addressed by using the biological diversity of the species&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Aims</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective was to evaluate the yield potential of eight wild strains previously selected in small scale experiments for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and above&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Culture units of 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg of compost were used&#46; The yield expressed as weight or number per surface unit and earliness of fruiting were recorded during cultivation in climatic rooms at 17&#44; 25 or 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Only strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> were able to fruit at 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; At 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C they produced the highest yields &#40;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41; and had best earliness&#46; The yields at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for the strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> ranged from 12 to 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#46; The yield ratios 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C ranged from 0&#46;8 to 1&#46;2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The variety <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> originated in the Sonoran Desert in California showed adaptation for quickly producing fruiting bodies at high temperature when humidity conditions were favorable&#46; Strains of the variety <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> showed interesting potentials for their ability to produce mature fruiting bodies at higher temperature than present cultivars and might be used in breeding programs&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El cultivo del champi&#241;&#243;n &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agaricus bisporus</span>&#41; en pa&#237;ses de clima tropical&#44; o durante el verano en pa&#237;ses de clima templado&#44; adem&#225;s del ahorro energ&#233;tico que supone&#44; es un reto que podr&#237;a abordarse con el uso adecuado de la diversidad biol&#243;gica de la especie&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar el rendimiento potencial de ocho cepas silvestres&#44; previamente seleccionadas en experimentos a peque&#241;a escala&#44; para determinar su capacidad para producir frutos maduros a temperaturas &#8805;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizaron unidades experimentales de cultivo con 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg de compost&#46; El rendimiento se expres&#243; como peso o n&#250;mero de frutos producidos por unidad de superficie&#59; en naves climatizadas&#44; a una temperatura de 17&#44; 25 o 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; durante todo el cultivo&#44; se registr&#243; el momento de fructificaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">S&#243;lo las cepas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span> fueron capaces de fructificar a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; &#201;stas produjeron un alto rendimiento a 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C &#40;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; y la fructificaci&#243;n aconteci&#243; m&#225;s temprano&#46; El rendimiento a 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C para las cepas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> var&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> vari&#243; de 12 a 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; con una proporci&#243;n 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C de 0&#44;8 a 1&#44;2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La variedad <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">burnettii</span>&#44; originaria del desierto de Sonora en California&#44; est&#225; adaptada para producir cuerpos fruct&#237;feros a temperaturas elevadas cuando las condiciones de humedad son favorables&#46; Para las cepas de la variedad <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bisporus</span> se demostr&#243; un interesante potencial para producir cuerpos fruct&#237;feros maduros a una mayor temperatura que la utilizada en los cultivares actuales y puede ser utilizada en los programas de mejora gen&#233;tica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Antecedentes"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 4149
            "Ancho" => 3021
            "Tamanyo" => 447945
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Box-plot representation of data distribution for yield and earliness measured at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C or 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on 8 FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span>&#46; &#40;A&#41; Yield as kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mushroom<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> obtained at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;B&#41; yield obtained at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;C&#41; number of mushrooms m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;D&#41; number of mushrooms m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span> at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#59; &#40;E&#41; earliness &#40;delay for the first harvest of mushrooms&#44; in days&#41; at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and &#40;F&#41; earliness at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Within a column&#44; values followed by different lower case letters differ significantly at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 with Bonferonni tests&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Within a line&#44; values followed by different capital letters differ significantly at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 &#40;Bonferonni test&#41; between 17 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; for each parameter&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> strains&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield &#40;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of mushrooms &#40;nb<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness &#40;days after casing&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0094&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;6Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;0Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3419Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3924Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;0Ac&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;5Be&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;8Abc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;2Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2142Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1217Ae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;2Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;2Bd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0419B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;6Acd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;0Bb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1863Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2644Abc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;2Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;5Bb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0483&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;6Ad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;8Bb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1278Bb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3378Aab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;5Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;2Bc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0571&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;5Ad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;3Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2152Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2425Acd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;0Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;0Bd&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0738&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;0Bab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;1Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3219Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2725Abc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;0Ad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;0Ae&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bs0739&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;0Abc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;7Bb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2019Ab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1544Ade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;5Ba&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;7Aa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1431415.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Yield and earliness of FHT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; bisporus</span> cultivated at 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C or 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yield 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mushroom number 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mushroom number 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Earliness 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yield 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yield 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;697<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mushroom number 17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;513<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;605<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">P&#46; Navarro was supported by a fellowship from CONACYT&#44; Mexico&#46; This work was partly funded by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">ECOS-Nord-ANUIS Committee</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">M06A01</span>&#41;&#46; We thank L&#46; Devaux for mushroom cultivation&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 11301406
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2013.05.014

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	61	17	78
2024 September	83	11	94
2024 August	78	12	90
2024 July	81	10	91
2024 June	75	13	88
2024 May	58	12	70
2024 April	58	19	77
2024 March	74	18	92
2024 February	35	17	52
2024 January	80	4	84
2023 December	63	11	74
2023 November	83	9	92
2023 October	97	6	103
2023 September	78	2	80
2023 August	64	1	65
2023 July	119	28	147
2023 June	110	5	115
2023 May	137	9	146
2023 April	98	8	106
2023 March	86	11	97
2023 February	109	10	119
2023 January	82	13	95
2022 December	91	16	107
2022 November	79	29	108
2022 October	80	17	97
2022 September	100	24	124
2022 August	89	13	102
2022 July	43	14	57
2022 June	56	18	74
2022 May	52	16	68
2022 April	48	8	56
2022 March	52	12	64
2022 February	45	11	56
2022 January	71	9	80
2021 December	64	19	83
2021 November	56	14	70
2021 October	65	24	89
2021 September	51	18	69
2021 August	50	18	68
2021 July	36	29	65
2021 June	33	16	49
2021 May	54	24	78
2021 April	94	26	120
2021 March	52	24	76
2021 February	18	12	30
2021 January	20	19	39
2020 December	12	7	19
2020 November	15	14	29
2020 October	21	5	26
2020 September	23	16	39
2020 August	18	26	44
2020 July	19	15	34
2020 June	12	18	30
2020 May	40	28	68
2020 April	21	17	38
2020 March	27	10	37
2020 February	27	13	40
2020 January	42	24	66
2019 December	68	15	83
2019 November	33	14	47
2019 October	26	7	33
2019 September	25	7	32
2019 August	15	11	26
2019 July	20	14	34
2019 June	56	28	84
2019 May	138	66	204
2019 April	65	28	93
2019 March	26	4	30
2019 February	15	5	20
2019 January	12	6	18
2018 December	7	6	13
2018 November	25	17	42
2018 October	20	19	39
2018 September	22	5	27
2018 August	10	8	18
2018 July	20	11	31
2018 June	8	6	14
2018 May	17	1	18
2018 April	53	2	55
2018 March	6	1	7
2018 February	2	5	7
2018 January	16	4	20
2017 December	4	4	8
2017 November	9	2	11
2017 October	5	7	12
2017 September	12	5	17
2017 August	6	5	11
2017 July	14	6	20
2017 June	22	6	28
2017 May	25	3	28
2017 April	22	11	33
2017 March	11	41	52
2017 February	13	4	17
2017 January	13	3	16
2016 December	21	9	30
2016 November	28	6	34
2016 October	36	4	40
2016 September	24	10	34
2016 August	25	3	28
2016 July	15	3	18
2016 June	19	3	22
2016 May	10	3	13
2016 April	6	4	10
2016 March	13	8	21
2016 February	19	9	28
2016 January	17	9	26
2015 April	0	5	5
2015 March	0	1	1
2015 February	1	0	1

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