Letter to the Editor
Assessment of compatibility between the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys robusta and Duddingtonia flagrans under laboratory conditions
Valoración de la compatibilidad entre los hongos nematófagos Arthrobotrys robusta y Duddingtonia flagrans en condiciones de laboratorio
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Marta Regodón-Domínguez, Manuel José Velasco-Rodríguez, Andrés Aragón, José Luis Gómez-Garcés" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Teresa" "apellidos" => "Durán-Valle" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Regodón-Domínguez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel José" "apellidos" => "Velasco-Rodríguez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andrés" "apellidos" => "Aragón" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Gómez-Garcés" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140615000753?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003300000002/v2_201607020120/S1130140615000753/v2_201607020120/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Assessment of compatibility between the nematophagous fungi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> under laboratory conditions" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "129" "paginaFinal" => "130" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Tiago de Hollanda Ayupe, Thalita Suelen Avelar Monteiro, Fábio Ribeiro Braga, Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares, Ingrid Ney Kramer de Mello, Juliana Milani Araujo, Leandro Grassi de Freitas, Jackson Victor de Araújo" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tiago" "apellidos" => "de Hollanda Ayupe" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Thalita Suelen Avelar" "apellidos" => "Monteiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fábio Ribeiro" "apellidos" => "Braga" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Filippe Elias" "apellidos" => "de Freitas Soares" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ingrid Ney Kramer" "apellidos" => "de Mello" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juliana Milani" "apellidos" => "Araujo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Leandro Grassi" "apellidos" => "de Freitas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 7 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jackson Victor" "apellidos" => "de Araújo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jvictor@ufv.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Valoración de la compatibilidad entre los hongos nematófagos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> en condiciones de laboratorio" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 990 "Ancho" => 3168 "Tamanyo" => 706386 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Growth together of colonies of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> (X) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> (Y). (A) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span>; (B) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span>; (C) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nematophagous fungi are used in the biological control of pests and diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2,5,7,10</span></a> The use of more than a single biocontrol agent is considered one of the main suppressive measures contributing to control the presence of infectious agents in soils.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The use of more than one nematophagous fungi in combination can minimize possible flaws in their administration or even enhance their actions as biocontrol agents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However, biological control mechanisms such as the capability to produce substances having a fungicidal effect, may vary among species and even among isolates of the same species during the life of the antagonist.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work aimed to study the compatibility between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> under laboratory conditions by means of direct confrontation, antibiosis and volatile metabolites tests.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two predatory fungi, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> (AC001) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> (I31) were used. A culture disc containing AC001 and a disc with I31 were placed on opposing sides of a Petri plate in culture medium containing 2% potato dextrose agar. These plates were incubated for 10 days at 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in the dark and, after this period, were evaluated with a rating scale.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The experiment had five repetitions.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The antibiosis test followed the modified methodology of Martins-Corder and Melo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The plates were then kept at 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in the dark. After 10 days of incubation, we assessed the formation of inhibition zones.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of volatile metabolites was evaluated with Bharat et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> methodology. The plates were sealed laterally and maintained at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for five days in the dark. The area of each colony was measured and then the data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test at significance levels of 1% and 5%, and the degrees of freedom of the treatments deployed in orthogonal contrasts. The experiment, in a completely randomized design, had four replications.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two aliquots of the same species of fungus grown in the same plate showed homogeneous growth in a direct confrontation test, confirming the non-interference of one colony on the other (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A and C). However, in the test with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span>, I31 colonized approximately 2/3 of the plate, suggesting competition between them and therefore some antagonism (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). However, there was no evidence of hyper parasitism without growth of a colony on each other.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The production of toxic metabolites by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> is unknown; therefore, it was important to show that they do not produce compounds capable of inhibiting one another in a joint application. This was verified by an absence of antibiotic production by both fungi in the culture medium, as a result of which there were no zones of inhibition when a culture was subsequently sown on the same plate. Nevertheless, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> reduced the growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span>, suggesting the action of volatile antibiotics in inhibiting mycelial growth. Furthermore, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> did not reduce the growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Author's declaration</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We declare that: (a) the content of the article is original and was not published previously; (b) there is no conflict of interests, related to financial aspects; (c) all the authors have read and approved this manuscript.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Author's declaration" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack229160" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Scholarship CNPq.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 990 "Ancho" => 3168 "Tamanyo" => 706386 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Growth together of colonies of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> (X) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> (Y). (A) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span>; (B) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span>; (C) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span>.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CV: coefficient of variation.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ns: not significant by Tukey test at 5% probability.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> (top lid)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> (top lid)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatments \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Area (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatments \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Area (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.61<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ns</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1115608.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Significant at 5% probability.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean values and standard deviation (±) of the area (cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) of mycelial growth in covers of Petri dishes by the fungi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> (top cover) vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthrobotrys robusta</span> (lower cover) and vice versa when compared to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D. flagrans</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> vs. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. robusta</span> respectively.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Survival of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pochonia chlamydosporia</span> in the gastrointestinal tract of experimentally treated dogs" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.M. Araujo" 1 => "J.V. Araújo" 2 => "F.R. Braga" 3 => "D.M. Araujo" 4 => "S.R. Ferreira" 5 => "F.E.F. Soares" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Res Vet Sci" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "93" "paginaInicial" => "803" "paginaFinal" => "806" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100247" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biological control of trichostrongylus in beef cattle by the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Duddingtonia flagrans</span> in alginate pellets formulation under natural grazing conditions in Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.C.L. Assis" 1 => "F.D. Luns" 2 => "J.V. Araújo" 3 => "F.R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2024 September | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2024 August | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2024 July | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2024 June | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2024 May | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2024 April | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 3 | 28 |
| 2024 February | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2024 January | 21 | 2 | 23 |
| 2023 December | 37 | 3 | 40 |
| 2023 November | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2023 October | 59 | 7 | 66 |
| 2023 September | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2023 August | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2023 July | 46 | 2 | 48 |
| 2023 June | 30 | 2 | 32 |
| 2023 May | 54 | 5 | 59 |
| 2023 April | 42 | 2 | 44 |
| 2023 March | 64 | 1 | 65 |
| 2023 February | 56 | 5 | 61 |
| 2023 January | 43 | 6 | 49 |
| 2022 December | 37 | 17 | 54 |
| 2022 November | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2022 October | 31 | 9 | 40 |
| 2022 September | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2022 August | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2022 July | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2022 June | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2022 May | 21 | 11 | 32 |
| 2022 April | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2022 March | 35 | 7 | 42 |
| 2022 February | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2022 January | 53 | 6 | 59 |
| 2021 December | 27 | 23 | 50 |
| 2021 November | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2021 October | 36 | 12 | 48 |
| 2021 September | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2021 August | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2021 July | 43 | 10 | 53 |
| 2021 June | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2021 May | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2021 April | 107 | 23 | 130 |
| 2021 March | 65 | 16 | 81 |
| 2021 February | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2021 January | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2020 December | 29 | 12 | 41 |
| 2020 November | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2020 October | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2020 September | 25 | 8 | 33 |
| 2020 August | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2020 July | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2020 June | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| 2020 May | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2020 April | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2020 March | 29 | 2 | 31 |
| 2020 February | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2020 January | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2019 December | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2019 November | 19 | 1 | 20 |
| 2019 October | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2019 September | 30 | 2 | 32 |
| 2019 August | 23 | 9 | 32 |
| 2019 July | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2019 June | 57 | 26 | 83 |
| 2019 May | 144 | 56 | 200 |
| 2019 April | 72 | 12 | 84 |
| 2019 March | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2019 February | 22 | 4 | 26 |
| 2019 January | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2018 December | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2018 November | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2018 October | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2018 September | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2018 August | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 July | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2018 June | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2018 May | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2018 April | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2018 March | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2018 February | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2018 January | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2017 December | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2017 November | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2017 October | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2017 September | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2017 August | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2017 June | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2017 May | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2017 April | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2017 March | 17 | 26 | 43 |
| 2017 February | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2017 January | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2016 December | 28 | 5 | 33 |
| 2016 November | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2016 October | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2016 September | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2016 August | 20 | 1 | 21 |
| 2016 July | 33 | 7 | 40 |
| 2016 June | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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