Mycologic Forum
Dermatophytes: The names they are a-changin’
Dermatofitos: los nombres están cambiando
F. Javier Cabañes
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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array:22 [ "pii" => "S1130140619300737" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2019.10.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "541" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2019" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2020;37:1-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 37 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 18 "PDF" => 19 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130140619300750" "issn" => "11301406" "doi" => "10.1016/j.riam.2019.10.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "543" "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Micología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Rev Iberoam Micol. 2020;37:3-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 14 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 4 "PDF" => 10 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Mycologic Forum</span>" "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia pachydermatis</span>: To be, or not to be lipid-dependent" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "4" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia pachydermatis</span>: ser o no ser lipodependiente" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 563 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 47897 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Colonies of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Malassezia pachydermatis</span>. Most strains of this species can grow in the medium of Sabouraud glucose agar without the addition of lipids, so they are traditionally referred to as non-lipid-dependent. However, all strains of this species are actually lipid-dependent, as they need lipids to grow.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140619300750?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003700000001/v1_202002120635/S1130140619300750/v1_202002120635/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Mycologic Forum</span>" "titulo" => "Dermatophytes: The names they are a-changin’" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "2" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "javier.cabanes@uab.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermatofitos: los nombres están cambiando" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 842 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 39292 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macroconidium of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum canis</span>. This species is the main causal agent of ringworm in cats and dogs.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dermatophytes are a group of phylogenetically related fungi that cause dermatophytosis. Until a couple of years ago these fungi were included in the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermophyton</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton</span>, which were not monophyletic. For this reason, and coinciding with the abandonment of the dual nomenclature of fungi in 2013 by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, there has been an increase in the number of genera that group these species. According to the new proposal of phylogenetic taxonomy of dermatophytes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> some of these species are currently included in the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lophophyton</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nannizzia</span>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Along with evolution, some of these fungi became adapted to certain animal species. Anthropophilic species, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton rubrum</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Epidermophyton floccosum</span>, are those that only cause dermatophytosis in humans and rarely infect other animals. However, humans may be infected by zoophilic species, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum canis</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton verrucosum</span>, which characteristically cause dermatophytosis in cats and cows, respectively, and are the cause of frequent zoonoses.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other dermatophyte species that infect animals have had their names changed. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lophophyton gallinae</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum gallinae</span>) in the case of poultry ringworm, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nannizia nana</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum nanum</span>) in the ringworm of pigs, are two examples. The presence of this mycosis is usually very small in the current livestock production systems of these animal species. However, it can increase when farm hygiene is poor. Although the cases are not frequent, they can appear in the form of outbreaks, such as the one that affected not many years ago 100% of lactating sows in an extensive Iberian pig farm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are also geophilic species such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nannizzia gypsea</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum gypseum</span>), whose normal habitat is the soil, that can cause dermatophytoses in both humans and animals. On the other hand, there are other species that share a common morphology and phylogeny with dermatophytes, but that have not been described as etiological agents of dermatophytosis, or their infections are cited as questionable. Two examples are the typically geophilic species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthroderma uncinatum</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton ajelloi</span>) or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paraphyton cookei</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum cookei</span>) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Little by little we will have to get used to these changes.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Author has no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack449497" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-10-16" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">These Mycology Forum articles can be consulted in Spanish on the Animal Mycology section on the website of the Spanish Mycology Association<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/">https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/</span></p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 842 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 39292 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macroconidium of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum canis</span>. This species is the main causal agent of ringworm in cats and dogs.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 490 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 31239 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macroconidium of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paraphyton cookei</span> (formerly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsporum cookei</span>). This species does not produce ringworm, but it can be isolated from the fur of animals.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G.S. de Hoog" 1 => "K. Dukik" 2 => "M. Monod" 3 => "A. Packeu" 4 => "D. Stubbe" 5 => "M. Hendrickx" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11046-016-0073-9" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycopathologia" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "182" "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "33" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27783317" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Outbreak of ringworm in a traditional Iberian pig farm in Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. García-Sánchez" 1 => "J. Bazán" 2 => "J.H. de Mendoza" 3 => "R. Martínez" 4 => "S. Sánchez" 5 => "M.H. Hermoso de Mendoza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01776.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mycoses" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "179" "paginaFinal" => "181" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821905" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack449497" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financial support came from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Servei Veterinari de Bacteriologia i Micologia of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</span>.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000003700000001/v1_202002120635/S1130140619300737/v1_202002120635/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "39481" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Forum Micológico" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000003700000001/v1_202002120635/S1130140619300737/v1_202002120635/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140619300737?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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