Mycologic Forum
Bat white-nose syndrome: A devastating epizootic in North America
El síndrome de la nariz blanca en murciélagos: una devastadora epizootia en Norteamérica
F. Javier Cabañes
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F. 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Note the exudate present in minute droplets on the surface of the colonies and the soluble pigment around the colonies, both reddish in colour, characteristically produced by this species in this medium.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300048?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003700000034/v2_202012290734/S1130140620300048/v2_202012290734/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Mycologic Forum</span>" "titulo" => "Bat white-nose syndrome: A devastating epizootic in North America" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "77" "paginaFinal" => "78" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "javier.cabanes@uab.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El síndrome de la nariz blanca en murciélagos: una devastadora epizootia en Norteamérica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1150 "Ancho" => 855 "Tamanyo" => 141869 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The name of this disease, white nose syndrome, refers to the whitish fungal growth that bats, which are infected by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudogymnoascus destructans</span>, frequently present in the muzzle when hibernating. Photo courtesy of Peter Pattavina, USFWS.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, one of the mycosis that has attracted the most attention, both scientifically and in the media, is called white nose syndrome. This name refers to the whitish fungal growth in the muzzle of affected bats when they are hibernating (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). It is caused by the infection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudogymnoascus destructans</span> (Ascomycota, Pseudeurotiaceae) and since 2006, when it was first detected in New York State, this fungal epidemic is decimating the population of certain species of insectivorous bats of great ecological value in different areas of North America. Millions of bats have died from this disease and some species are threatened with extinction (e.g. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myotis septentrionalis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myotis sodalis</span>). In other parts of the world, for example in Europe, this disease has also been detected but not associated with this unusual mortality. It seems that the animals in these locations have been acquiring an immunity or tolerance to this pathogen, which is not possessed by the American bat population that is, therefore, unprotected.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The causal agent is a cold tolerant fungus, unable to grow at temperatures above 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and close to saprophytic species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Geomyces</span> that are commonly isolated from soils. For this reason, animals are vulnerable when their body temperature is drastically reduced during hibernation periods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Under these conditions, this species becomes an aggressive pathogen, initially infecting the outer layers of the skin and invading the dermis. Of special gravity in these cases is the involvement of the wings, as they have an important role in maintaining the homeostasis in these animals. This infection also brings about frequent interruptions in bats’ lethargy, which causes the loss of energy reserves and leads to death.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the moment, the exact origin of this epizootic in North America is not known. However, recent phylogenetic studies carried out with strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. destructans</span> from different parts of the world seem to indicate that the strains isolated in America may be derived from European strains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In these studies, American strains form a unique clade close to European strains, being more distant from strains isolated in Asia. In addition, the strains included in this clade present little genetic variability, which suggests that they are of recent introduction in the American continent. These facts would support the hypothesis of the European origin of the pathogen that is currently causing this epizootic in North America.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Author has no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack503363" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-12-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-01-09" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">These Mycology Forum articles can be consulted in Spanish on the Animal Mycology section on the website of the Spanish Mycology Association (<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/">https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/</span>).</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1150 "Ancho" => 855 "Tamanyo" => 141869 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The name of this disease, white nose syndrome, refers to the whitish fungal growth that bats, which are infected by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudogymnoascus destructans</span>, frequently present in the muzzle when hibernating. Photo courtesy of Peter Pattavina, USFWS.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fungal disease and the developing story of bat white-nose syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "D.S. Blehert" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.ppat.1002779" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS Pathog" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "e1002779" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22829763" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phylogenetics of a fungal invasion: origins and widespread dispersal of white-nose syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K.P. Drees" 1 => "J.M. Lorch" 2 => "S.J. Puechmaille" 3 => "K.L. Parise" 4 => "G. Wibbelt" 5 => "J.R. Hoyt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/mBio.01941-17" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "mBio" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "e01941" "paginaFinal" => "e2017" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233897" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack503363" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financial support came from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Servei Veterinari de Bacteriologia i Micologia of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</span>.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000003700000034/v2_202012290734/S1130140620300176/v2_202012290734/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "39481" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Forum Micológico" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000003700000034/v2_202012290734/S1130140620300176/v2_202012290734/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300176?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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