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Mycologic Forum
Hedgehogs, ringworm and zoonosis: They can itch a lot!
Erizos, tiñas y zoonosis: pueden llegar a picar mucho
F. Javier Cabañes
Corresponding author
javier.cabanes@uab.es

Corresponding author.
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health, Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; hedgehogs have become increasingly popular as pets around the world&#46; This trend began in the early 1990s in the USA&#44; when some African hedgehog species were imported&#46; A few years ago&#44; an English newspaper reported that there were more than 100&#44;000 hedgehogs kept as pets in the UK&#46; The two most popular pet hedgehog species are the African pygmy hedgehog &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Atelerix albiventris</span>&#41; and the Egyptian long-eared hedgehog &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemiechinus auritus</span>&#41;&#46; Currently in Spain their popularity has declined&#44; as from 2013 they are considered invasive exotic species and their possession&#44; reproduction and sale are banned&#46; On the other hand&#44; the common hedgehog &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Erinaceus europaeus</span>&#41;&#44; the most numerous wildlife species in Europe&#44; is protected and it is illegal to keep it as a pet&#46; However&#44; in the 19th century&#44; coinciding with the Victorian era&#44; this last species was kept in the kitchens of some houses in order to control the presence of cockroaches and other insects&#46; This tradition led the common European hedgehog to colonize territories as far away as New Zealand&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout evolution&#44; some species of dermatophytes have adapted to live in certain animal species&#46; A clear example would be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton erinacei</span>&#44; whose principal natural reservoir are hedgehogs&#46; In fact&#44; dermatophytosis is the most common mycosis in these animals&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> being almost the only species that is isolated from them&#46; However&#44; there is some confusion in the bibliography about the nomenclature of this species since it has been cited under different names &#40;e&#46;g&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton mentagrophytes</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arthroderma benhamiae</span>&#41; depending on the concept of species used at each moment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a recent study carried out in our laboratory&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> ten strains of dermatophytes isolated from hedgehogs in Spain were characterized&#44; all of them showing the same morphological characteristics compatible with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Identification of these fungi was confirmed by DNA sequencing&#44; with all strains showing the same ITS-5&#46;8S rRNA gene sequences&#46; The similarity between each of these sequences and the one of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> type strain was 100&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the adaptation of this dermatophyte to its host&#44; the symptoms produced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> infection in hedgehogs are usually mild and not very inflammatory&#46; Generally&#44; desquamation&#44; crusting around the face and ears and&#44; in more severe cases&#44; loss of spines are observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Treatment with antifungal drugs such as terbinafine is effective&#46; However&#44; in a large number of animals the infection may be inconspicuous or asymptomatic&#44; thus increasing the risk of transmission to those who handle them&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A small number of mycoses are known to be zoonosis&#44; where direct transmission between animals and humans occurs&#46; Although rare&#44; hedgehogs can transmit ringworm to humans&#46; In Spain the percentage of isolation of this species cited in studies of human dermatophytosis is very low&#44; being less than 0&#46;5&#37;&#46; The first human cases in the world were published in the 60s and 70s of the last century&#44; related to European and African wild hedgehogs&#44; respectively&#46; More recently&#44; this type of zoonosis has been sporadically reported in many countries&#44; but&#44; in these cases&#44; mainly related to contact with pet hedgehogs&#46; Dermatophytosis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> in humans affects usually hands and wrists due to pet handling habits&#46; However&#44; in one of the last published cases caused by this species&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the involvement of the scalp of a Korean boy who had a pet hedgehog is described&#46; This child presented a suppurative&#44; highly inflammatory&#44; and rare form of tinea capitis called kerion&#44; which responded well to treatment with terbinafine&#46; As it is common in tinea capitis&#44; infection in humans with a dermatophyte that has an animal reservoir produces more inflammatory lesions than when there is no change in the host&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; erinacei</span> is easy to identify in the veterinary laboratory when related to hedgehog cases&#44; it is less so in human medicine&#44; unless a contact with a hedgehog is taken in patient&#39;s history&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This dermatophyte belongs to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span> species complex&#44; whose members are difficult to distinguish by their morphology&#46; It can be confused mainly with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton benhamiae</span>&#44; a species mainly transmitted by guinea pigs&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton interdigitale</span>&#44; a typically anthropophilic species producing non-inflammatory tinea of the nails and feet&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; mentagrophytes</span> sensu stricto&#44; which causes inflammatory infections transmitted by different animal species&#46; For this reason&#44; and in order to avoid misidentifications&#44; it is important to confirm their identification by DNA sequencing methods&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Author has no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                      "titulo" => "Kerion celsi caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton erinacei</span> from a hedgehog treated with terbinafine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            2 => "J&#46;Y&#46; Jang"
                            3 => "M&#46;H&#46; Yang"
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