Mycologic Forum
Nosemosis and the collapse of beehives
Nosemosis y el colapso de las colmenas
F. Javier Cabañes
Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Note the presence of multiple nodules in the lungs of a broiler. Photo courtesy of Natàlia Majó (UAB).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F. 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"tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "105" "paginaFinal" => "106" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Erizos, tiñas y zoonosis: pueden llegar a picar mucho" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 582 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 22874 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Micromorphology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trichophyton erinacei</span>. Note the elongated lateral microconidia along the hyphae.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300231?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11301406/0000003800000003/v2_202109250626/S1130140620300231/v2_202109250626/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Mycologic Forum</span>" "titulo" => "Nosemosis and the collapse of beehives" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "107" "paginaFinal" => "108" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Javier Cabañes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F. Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabañes" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "javier.cabanes@uab.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Nosemosis y el colapso de las colmenas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 600 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 132655 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epithelial cell of the ventriculus of a bee infested by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema ceranae</span>. Photo courtesy of Mariano Higes (CIAPA-IRIAF).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are multiple causes related to the decline in bee populations. Among them, the destruction of their habitat and the use of certain pesticides play an important role and are putting at risk the pollination of different plants and crops, with serious environmental, agronomic and economic consequences. Among the common diseases of bees, some infestations, such as those caused by mites of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Varroa</span>, have practically spread throughout the world and are affecting the beekeeping sector in a worrying way and being an important cause of the phenomenon known as colony collapse disorder.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, in recent years, an unexpected increase in honeybee <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(Apis mellifera)</span> mortality has been described in certain areas due to, among other causes, the infection of these animals with certain species of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema</span>. In Spain, the first cases were detected at the beginning of this century, being related for the first time with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema ceranae</span> infections, that caused a loss of bee colonies much higher than those previously reported in many geographical areas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Although the role of this pathogen remains controversial, it is being associated with the depopulation of hives globally.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema</span> is acquired through the ingestion of spores, which infect the epithelial cells of the ventricle of bees and damage the digestive system of these animals. There are two main species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema</span> that affect honey bees and their infection result in different pathologies. The classic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema apis</span> causes nosemosis type A, which is characterized by the abundant presence of faecal spots in the hives. The recently introduced pathogen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N. ceranae</span> causes nosemosis type C, also associated with a reduction in honey production and an increase in bee mortality. Both pathogens are obligate intracellular parasites included in the Microsporidia division. Until recently, these organisms were considered a group of primitive protozoa. However, they have recently been phylogenetically linked to fungi, although they still occupy an uncertain position in this kingdom.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Their spores have an infection apparatus, called polar tube, which allows them to inject their contents into the cytoplasm of host cells (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In their evolutionary process of adaptation to intracellular life, they have undergone a significant genomic reduction, some of the species having genomes of less than 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mbp, with the consequent elimination of essential metabolic pathways, and a type of gene-lacking residual mitochondria, called mitosomes. Currently, about 1400 species are known, some of them pathogens of insects, fish, rodents, rabbits and human beings.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Author has no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack557406" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-02-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-03-23" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">These Mycology Forum articles can be consulted in Spanish on the Animal Mycology section on the website of the Spanish Mycology Association (<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/">https://aemicol.com/micologia-animal/</span>).</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 600 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 132655 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Epithelial cell of the ventriculus of a bee infested by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema ceranae</span>. Photo courtesy of Mariano Higes (CIAPA-IRIAF).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microsporidia: obligate intracellular pathogens within the fungal kingdom" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B. Han" 1 => "L.M. Weiss" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Microbiol Spectrum" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "5" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nosema ceranae</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apis mellifera</span>: a 12 years postdetection perspective" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R. Martín-Hernández" 1 => "C. Bartolomé" 2 => "N. Chejanovsky" 3 => "Y. Le Conte" 4 => "A. Dalmon" 5 => "C. Dussaubat" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/1462-2920.14103" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Microbiol" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "1302" "paginaFinal" => "1329" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29575513" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack557406" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financial support came from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Servei Veterinari de Bacteriologia i Micologia of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</span>.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11301406/0000003800000003/v2_202109250626/S1130140620300243/v2_202109250626/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "39481" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Forum Micológico" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11301406/0000003800000003/v2_202109250626/S1130140620300243/v2_202109250626/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130140620300243?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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