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Self-compassion as a predictor of social safeness in Turkish university students
Autocompasión como predictor de la seguridad social en estudiantes de la universidad turca
Ahmet Akin
Corresponding author
aakin@sakarya.edu.tr

Correspondence author.
, Umran Akin
Sakarya University, Turkey
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-compassion was proposed first by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff &#40;2003a&#41;</a> as an alternative conception of individual&#39;s achieving functional attitudes toward himself and was described by her as &#8220;being gentle towards oneself in the face of hardship or perceived inadequacy&#44; acknowledging that suffering&#44; failure&#44; and inadequacies are part of the human condition and that all people&#44; oneself included&#44; are worthy of compassion&#8221; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Kirkpatrick &#38; Rude&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; In her pioneer articles <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff &#40;2003a</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">b&#41;</a> conceptualized and developed a valid and reliable instrument to measure this concept and considered self-compassion as a three-dimensional concept&#58; &#40;a&#41; self-kindness &#40;vs&#46; self-judgment&#41;&#44; which involves the ability of treating oneself with understanding and care as opposed to harsh self-judgment&#46; People with self-kindness offer themselves warmth and non-judgmental understanding rather than belittling their pain or berating themselves with self-criticism &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Neff et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; common humanity &#40;vs&#46; isolation&#41;&#44; which requires the recognition that imperfection is a shared aspect of the human experience&#44; as opposed to feeling isolated and alone by one&#39;s failures&#59; individuals with awareness of common humanity consider joyful and painful experiences as not personal&#44; but as all human beings&#8217;&#44; accept that all humans are imperfect &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Neff&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; and &#40;c&#41; mindfulness &#40;vs&#46; over-identification&#41;&#44; which includes a state of balanced awareness that one&#39;s feelings and thoughts are observed without avoiding or exaggerating them&#46; While these three dimensions of self-compassion are conceptually distinct and are experienced differently at the phenomenological level&#44; they combine and mutually interact to create a self-compassionate frame of mind &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; if individuals accept and tolerate their painful or failure experiences and if they are gentle and kind toward themselves&#44; they may avoid suppressing their emotions and thoughts&#46; Thus&#44; when they are aware that these negative experiences are something that all humans experience&#44; they are not trapped by over-identification &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Neff&#44; Hsieh &#38; Dejitterat&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies have traditionally demonstrated that self-compassion is correlated positively with psychologically healthy outcomes in a variety of domains such as affect&#44; cognitive patterns&#44; achievement&#44; and social connections&#46; For example&#44; self-compassion was linked positively to psychological well-being &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Akin&#44; 2008a</a>&#41;&#44; life satisfaction&#44; social relatedness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#41;&#44; reflective and affective wisdom&#44; personal initiative&#44; curiosity and exploration&#44; optimism&#44; positive affect&#44; extraversion&#44; agreeableness&#44; conscientiousness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Baker &#38; McNulty&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; social relationship&#44; emotional intelligence&#44; self-determination &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#44; learning-approach goals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Akin&#44; 2008b</a>&#41;&#44; social support &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Akin&#44; Kayis &#38; Satici&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; and relational-interdependent self construal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Akin &#38; Eroglu&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; The other studies have proved that self-compassion is negatively associated with submissive behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Akin&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; depression&#44; anxiety&#44; rumination&#44; thought suppression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#41;&#44; loneliness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Akin&#44; 2010b</a>&#41;&#44; interpersonal cognitive distortions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Akin&#44; 2010a</a>&#41;&#44; social anxiety&#44; fear of negative evaluation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Werner et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; performance-approach&#47;avoidance goals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Akin&#44; 2008b</a>&#41;&#44; internet addiction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Iskender &#38; Akin&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#44; automatic thoughts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Akin&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; and neuroticism &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Social safeness</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">People&#44; like animals&#44; should overcome three basic life functions that have been sub-served by emotion regulation systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly&#44; Zuroff&#44; Leybman &#38; Gilbert&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#58; &#40;a&#41; to detect&#44; avoid&#44; and protect themselves from threats&#59; &#40;b&#41; to acquire&#44; control&#44; and maintain resources necessary for survival and reproduction&#44; and &#40;c&#41; to regulate affect and motivation during times of affiliation and goal satisfaction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gilbert&#44; 2005</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Porges&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; The first basic life functions are thought to produce negative affects while the latter two promote different types of positive affect &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; However more recently&#44; a gradual differentiation has been made between positive emotions associated with dopaminergic drives and activation states and positive emotions related to endorphin-based states of contentment&#44;<a name="p3"></a> connectedness&#44; and peaceful well-being &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Depue &#38; Morrone-Strupinsky&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; In their studies&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Gilbert et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;</a> have conducted a factor analysis to operationalize these different types of positive affect and found that feeling safe and content &#40;a dimension of positive affect&#41; had high negative correlations with depression&#44; anxiety&#44; stress&#44; self-criticism&#44; and insecure attachment&#46; Gilbert et al&#46; has operationalized this factor as social safeness and considered it as an output of the soothing-affiliation system which plays an important role in affect regulation system &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Depue &#38; Morrone-Strupinsky&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; by contributing to feelings of contentment&#44; soothing&#44; and safeness&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two basic types of positive affect regulation systems have been suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Depue and Morrone-Strupinsky &#40;2005&#41;</a>&#58; One is focused on achieving and positive feelings such as excitement&#44; joy&#44; and vitality&#44; and the other is focused on contentment and social soothing&#44; which is in turn linked to the experience of social safeness and related to positive feelings associated with peacefulness and well-being &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Gilbert et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">2009</a>&#41;&#46; Feelings of contentment&#44; soothing&#44; peace&#44; and care activate hormones like oxytocin and endorphins and reveal feeling of safeness that make less forcefully threat and distress &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Carter&#44; 1998</a>&#41;&#46; This experiment also gives people the feeling of well-being that derived from feeling loved and safe with others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Gilbert&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Feelings of affection and kindness help people to feel calm when they are nervous and distressed and provide feelings of safeness&#46; These feelings work through brain systems similar to those that produce peaceful feelings associated with contentment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Gilbert&#44; 2009</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social safeness was defined as people&#39;s experiences and perceptions about their social world as safe&#44; warm&#44; and soothing which are related feelings of belonging&#44; acceptance&#44; and warmth from others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Gilbert et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; People who experience sense of social safeness tend to manage problems more effectively&#44; think creatively&#44; and act in a more pro-social manner&#46; Contrariwise&#44; individuals who have difficulty in accessing social safeness are vulnerable to psychological problems because they are mistrustful and fearful of compassion from others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gilbert&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Gilbert et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Similarly&#44; when people feel unsafe or threatened&#44; they need to stay vigilant to and track threats and be ready for rapid defending&#44; with decisions about which response&#40;s&#41; to engage &#40;e&#46;g&#46; fight&#44; flight&#44; submission&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gilbert&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">People who perceive other people as trustable and feel themselves in a safe environment tend to be more optimistic about their own power to change their life and tend to be happier with how their life is going &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Rothstein &#38; Uslaner&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; whilst individuals who feel socially insecure have restricted social lives&#44; experience problems in social relationships&#44; and use Internet more frequently &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Griffiths&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; Studies have demonstrated that social safeness is positively related to contentedness&#44; love&#44; self-esteem&#44; and secure attachment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Social safeness&#44; on the other hand&#44; was found associated negatively with depression&#44; anxiety&#44; self-criticism&#44; hostility&#44; preoccupied attachment&#44; fearful attachment&#44; dismissing attachment&#44; paranoid traits&#44; borderline traits &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Gilbert&#44; 2010</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; submissive behavior&#44; shame&#44; and feelings of inferiority &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Gilbert&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">This study</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although a lot of research has focused on the impact of self-compassion on individual functioning&#44; little research has examined the role of self-compassion within the context of interpersonal relationships&#59; thus&#44; little is known about the interpersonal implications of self-compassion&#46; For this reason&#44; it may be worthwhile to investigate the predictive role of self-compassion on social safeness&#59; this is the purpose of this paper&#46; Social safeness may be linked to self-compassion via attachment styles and soothing-affiliation system&#46; The soothing-affiliation system likely evolved in tandem with the attachment styles&#59; activation of this system lowers the threat system and people experience a lesser need to defend themselves &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gilbert&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; a reduced sense of threat and distress may enhance the sense of social safeness and feelings of warmth&#44; connectedness&#44; and contentment that characterize social safeness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Kelly et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; which may lead people to consider themselves in a more balanced manner&#44; and this could in turn contribute to a feeling of self-compassion&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; as self-compassion buffers people against the negative social implications of their failures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Baker &#38; McNulty&#44; 2011</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Leary&#44; Tate&#44; Adams&#44; Allen &#38; Hancock&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Neff et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; a growing body of research has documented relations of self-compassion with numerous adaptive interpersonal and social variables such as social relationship&#44; self-determination &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#44; extraversion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; social relatedness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#41;&#44; and social support &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Akin et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Neff and Beretvas &#40;2012&#41;</a> found in their research with 104 couples that self-compassionate individuals displayed more positive relationship behavior than those who lacked self-compassion&#46; Additionally&#44; it was shown that higher levels of self-compassion were significantly linked to more perspective taking&#44; greater forgiveness&#44; compassion for humanity&#44; empathetic concern&#44; and altruism among community adults and meditators &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Neff &#38; Pommier&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yarnell and Neff&#39;s &#40;2013&#41;</a> study with 506 college undergraduates demonstrated that higher levels of self-compassion were related to greater likelihood to compromise and lesser likelihood to self-subordinate needs&#44; as well as greater authenticity&#44; lower levels of emotional turmoil&#44; and higher levels of relational well-being&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">People with self-compassion are more likely to have fulfilled needs for relatedness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#44; suggesting that they may also be more likely to have positive relationship interactions and be less likely to feel a sense of being isolated&#46; Therefore&#44; self-compassion appears to enhance interpersonal relationship skills and there may be a positive link between self-compassion and social safeness&#46; Based on the above relationships of self-compassion with social variables&#44; it was hypothesized that self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness&#44; which are adaptive dimensions of self-compassion&#44; would be associated positively and self-judgment&#44; isolation&#44; and over-identification&#44; which are maladaptive dimensions of self-compassion&#44; would be associated negatively with social safeness&#46;<a name="p4"></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Method</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Participants</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were 401 university students &#40;213 women and 188 men&#59; mean age&#44; 20&#46;5 years&#41; who enrolled in various undergraduate programs at Sakarya University School of Education&#44; Turkey&#46; These programs were psychological counseling and guidance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#41;&#44; science education &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#41;&#44; mathematics education &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>69&#41;&#44; Turkish education &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>73&#41;&#44; and pre-school education &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>107&#41;&#46; Of the participants&#44; 81 were first-year students&#44; 116 were second-year students&#44; 99 were third-year students&#44; and 105 were fourth-year students&#46; Ages ranged from 18 to 29 &#40;mean&#44; 20&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;04&#41; years and GPA scores ranged from 1&#46;80 to 3&#46;91&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Measures</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Self-Compassion Scale&#46;</span> Self-compassion was measured by using Self-compassion Scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#41;&#46; Turkish adaptation of this scale had been done by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Akin&#44; Akin&#44; and Abaci &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#46; Self-compassion Scale is a 26-item self-report measurement and consists of six sub-scales&#59; self-kindness&#44; self-judgment&#44; common humanity&#44; isolation&#44; mindfulness&#44; and over-identification&#46; Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale &#40;from 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>strongly disagree to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>strongly agree&#41;&#46; Language validity findings indicated that correlations between Turkish and English forms were &#46;94&#44; &#46;94&#44; &#46;87&#44; &#46;89&#44; &#46;92&#44; and &#46;94 for six subscales&#44; respectively&#46; Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was well fit&#46; The goodness of fit index values of the model were RMSEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;056&#44; NFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;95&#44; CFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;97&#44; IFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;97&#44; RFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;94&#44; GFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;91&#44; and SRMR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;059&#46; Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients were &#46;77&#44; &#46;72&#44; &#46;72&#44; &#46;80&#44; &#46;74&#44; and &#46;74 and the test-retest reliability coefficients were &#46;69&#44; &#46;59&#44; &#46;66&#44; &#46;60 &#46;69&#44; and &#46;56&#44; for six subscales&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale &#40;SSPS&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Gilbert et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; The SSPS was used to measure social safeness&#46; This scale was developed to assess the extent to which individuals feel a sense of warmth&#44; acceptance&#44; and connectedness in their social world &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Gilbert et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Participants rate their agreement with 11 statements using a Likert scale from 1 &#40;almost never&#41; to 5 &#40;almost all the time&#41;&#46; The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the original form was &#46;91&#46; The Turkish adaptation of this scale was carried out by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Akin&#44; Uysal&#44; &#214;zkara&#44; and Bing&#246;l &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#46; The overall internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was &#46;82&#46; The corrected item-total correlations of SSPS ranged from &#46;34 to &#46;61&#46; Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was well fit&#46; The goodness of fit index values of the model were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>71&#46;82&#44; df<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#44; RMSEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;048&#44; NFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;96&#44; CFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;98&#44; IFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;98&#44; RFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;95&#44; GFI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;96&#44; and SRMR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;042&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Procedure and statistical analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Permission for participation of students was obtained from related chief departments and students voluntarily participated in research&#46; Completion of the scales was anonymous and there was a guarantee of confidentiality&#46; The scales were administered to the students in groups in the classrooms&#46; The measures were counterbalanced in administration&#46; Prior to administration of the measures&#44; all participants were told about the purposes of the study&#46; In this research&#44; multiple regression analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to investigate the relationships between self-compassion and social safeness&#46; The variables which were entered in multiple regression analysis were measured by summing the items of each scale&#46; These analyses were carried out via SPSS 11&#46;5&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Descriptive data and inter-correlations</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the means&#44; standard deviations&#44; inter-correlations&#44; and internal consistency coefficients of the variables used&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness were found positively and self-judgment&#44; isolation&#44; and over-identification were found negatively associated with social<a name="p5"></a> safeness&#46; There were also significant correlations between dimensions of self-compassion&#46; Self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness were positively correlated with one another while self-judgment&#44; isolation&#44; and over-identification were positively associated with one another&#46; On the other hand&#44; self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness were negatively related to self-judgment&#44; isolation&#44; and over-identification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Multiple regression analysis</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before applying regression&#44; assumptions of multiple regression were verified&#46; In order to run parametric tests&#44; the data were examined for normality by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test&#46; The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated normality of distributions of test scores for all tests in the current study&#44; and hierarchical multiple regression analysis was subsequently conducted&#46; Outliers are cases that have data values that are very different from the data values for the majority of cases in the data set&#46; Outliers were investigated using Mahalanobis distance&#46; A case is an outlier if the probability associated with its <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> is &#46;001 or less &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Tabachnick &#38; Fidell&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#46; Based on this criterion&#44; nine pieces of data were labeled as outliers and they were deleted&#46; Multicollinearity was verified by means of variance inflation factors &#40;VIF&#41;&#46; All VIF values were less than 10 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Tabachnick &#38; Fidell&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; which indicated that there was no severe multicollinearity&#46; Multiple regression analysis was performed in which the dependent variable was social safeness and the independent variables were dimensions of self-compassion&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the results of multiple regression analysis&#44; summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">table 2</a>&#44; mindfulness entered the equation first&#44; accounting for 21&#37; of the variance in predicting social safeness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;21&#44; adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;1&#44; 398&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&#44;795&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46; Self-kindness entered secondly accounting for an additional 4&#37; variance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;25&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#916;R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#44; adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;25&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;2&#44; 397&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66&#44;023&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46; Common humanity entered thirdly accounting for an additional 2&#37; variance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#916;R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;02&#44; adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;3&#44; 396&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>48&#44;930&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46; Isolation entered last&#44; accounting for an additional 1&#37; variance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;28&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#916;R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#44; adjusted <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;27&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#40;4&#44; 395&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#44;291&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#46; Despite the initial regression design included mindfulness&#44; common humanity&#44; self-kindness&#44; over-identification&#44; isolation&#44; and self-judgment as independent variables&#44; the last regression model involved mindfulness&#44; self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and isolation as predictors of social safeness and accounted for 28&#37; of the variance&#46; The standardized beta coefficients indicated the relative influence of the variables in last model with mindfulness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;18&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; self-kindness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;21&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; common humanity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;19&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41;&#44; and isolation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;&#46;10&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; all significantly influencing social safeness and self-kindness was the strongest predictor&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this research was to investigate the predictive role of self-compassion on social safeness&#46; Findings demonstrated that there are significant relationships between these variables&#46; To our knowledge&#44; this is the first study investigating the relationships between self-compassion and social safeness&#46; As expected self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness &#8212;adaptive dimensions of self-compassion&#8212; predicted social safeness positively&#46; On the other hand&#44; isolation &#8212;a maladaptive dimension of self-compassion&#8212; predicted social safeness negatively&#46; However over-identification and self-judgment did not emerge as significant predictors in the regression model&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the current research demonstrated that the sense of care&#44; connectedness&#44; and a balanced attitude towards emotions provided by self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness are more generally associated with greater emotional well-being &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Neff&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; and well-<a name="p6"></a>being within the context of interpersonal relationships &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yarnell &#38; Neff&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; These results are consistent with the literature&#59; which proved that self-compassion is closely related to markers of social adjustment such as extraversion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#44; social relationship&#44; self-determination &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#44; social relatedness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Neff&#44; 2003b</a>&#41;&#44; and social support &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Akin et al&#46;&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Studies showed that the extent to which individuals are kind to themselves is linked to how kind they are to relationship partners&#44; as assessed by partners&#8217; perceptions of their behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Neff &#38; Beretvas&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46; Also&#44; to the extent that they were high in self-kindness&#44; people were perceived by partners as being significantly more caring &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; affectionate&#44; warm&#44; and considerate&#41;&#46; Besides&#44; individuals with common humanity and self-kindness are more likely to feel themselves in a social safeness because they are less likely to be concerned about the impression they make on other people&#44; a concern that can lead to shy and withdrawn behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; since self-compassionate people accept themselves as imperfect human beings&#44; they may be more prone to accept others&#8217; limitations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Neff &#38; Beretvas&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; whilst the connected and emotionally balanced stance of self-compassion may also be associated with a greater ability to get along with others &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Neff&#44; Rude &#38; Kirkpatrick&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; They do not meet the need for positive feelings by separating oneself from others but rather by incorporating appreciation of shared humanity into self-attitudes and treating oneself as others deserve to be treated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Neff et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Common humanity&#44; mindfulness&#44; and self-kindness decrease emotional turmoil when attempting to decide how to resolve relationship conflicts&#46; When relationship problems arise&#44; these feelings help people to soothe the density of their negative emotions&#44; so that they can solve their problems in a more balanced manner &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Kelly&#44; Zuroff &#38; Shapira&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Crocker and Canevello &#40;2008&#41;</a> found in their study that as individuals with common humanity&#44; mindfulness&#44; and self-kindness tend to have more compassionate goals in their social relationships&#44; they tend to provide social support and encourage interpersonal trust with friends &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Neff &#38; Beretvas&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conversely&#44; the isolation dimension of self-compassion&#44; which was found negatively related to social safeness&#44; may lead to a type of self-absorption that blocks social interactions&#46; In addition&#44; feelings of separation have been shown to be highly associated with maladaptive social outcomes such as submissive behavior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Akin&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#44; social anxiety&#44; fear of negative evaluation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Werner et al&#46;&#44; 2012</a>&#41;&#44; and loneliness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Akin&#44; 2010b</a>&#41;&#46; And thus&#44; it is understandable that a greater sense of self-kindness&#44; awareness of common humanity&#44; and mindfulness is linked to a greater sense of social safeness within relationships&#44; while a greater sense of isolation is linked to decreased sense of social safeness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yarnell &#38; Neff&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several limitations of this study that should be taken into account when evaluating the findings&#46; Firstly&#44; perhaps the most important limitation is that the results obtained in this study should not be generalized neither to all university students nor to other student populations&#44; since the data were collected at just one campus in Sakarya University&#44; Turkey&#46; Therefore&#44; further study is required to assess the relationships between self-compassion and social safeness targeting other populations&#44; so as to generate more solid relationships among the constructs examined in this study&#46; Secondly&#44; as correlational statistics were utilized&#44; no definitive statements can be made about causality&#46; Thirdly&#44; the data reported here for self-compassion and social safeness are limited to self-reported data and did not use a qualitative measure of these variables&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consequently&#44; the present research provides important information about the predictors of social safeness and would further our understanding of the psychological process of social safeness&#44; since the results suggest that self-compassion is associated with social safeness&#46; The implications of these findings are that if people improve their sense of kindness towards themselves&#44; perceive all human beings are error-prone&#44; accept both their failure and successful experiences&#44; and approach their emotions with a balanced manner then they will ensure that their social environment is safe and friendly&#46; Thus&#44; the benefits of self-compassion may not only be personal&#44; but also interpersonal&#46; For that reason&#44; counselors who work with individuals experiencing relationship conflicts with family&#44; friends&#44; or romantic partners might consider encouraging self-compassion as a way to solve these interpersonal problems in a psychologically beneficial manner &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Germer&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Yarnell &#38; Neff&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; encouraging the development of self-compassion may be useful for individuals by helping them to counter destructive self-critical tendencies and deal with their negative emotions with greater clarity and equanimity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Neff&#44; 2003a</a>&#41;&#46; Clearly&#44; however&#44; more research must be conducted in order to understand how self-compassion is linked to functioning in interpersonal environments and to comprehend the dynamics of self-compassion in different relationship types&#46; Moreover future research should consider specific cognitive and emotional variables that may moderate the relationships of self-compassion with social safeness&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-07-21"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec472950"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Self-Compassion"
            1 => "Social Safeness"
            2 => "Multiple Regression Analysis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec472951"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Autocompasi&#243;n"
            1 => "Seguridad social"
            2 => "An&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There are few studies that have examined the role of self-compassion in the context of social life&#44; while self-compassion appears to enhance interpersonal relationship skills&#46; The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive role of self-compassion on social safeness&#46; Participants were 401 university students &#40;213 women&#44; 188 men&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> age&#61; 20&#46;5 yr&#46;&#41;&#46; In this study&#44; the Self-compassion Scale and the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale were used&#46; The relationships between self-compassion and social safeness were examined using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis&#46; In the correlation analysis&#44; self-kindness&#44; common humanity&#44; and mindfulness factors of self-compassion were found to be positively related&#44; and self-judgment&#44; isolation&#44; and over-identification factors of self-compassion were found to be negatively related to social safeness&#46; According to regression results&#44; social safeness was predicted positively by mindfulness&#44; self-kindness&#44; and common humanity&#46; Further isolation predicted social safeness in a negative way&#46; The regression model explained 28&#37; of the variance in social safeness&#46; Together&#44; the findings illuminate the importance of self-compassion on social adjustment&#46; The results are discussed in the light of the related literature&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existen pocos estudios que examinen el papel de la autocompasi&#243;n en el contexto de la vida social&#44; mientras que la autocompasi&#243;n parece mejorar habilidades de relaci&#243;n interpersonal&#46; El prop&#243;sito de este estudio es examinar el papel predictivo de la autocompasi&#243;n<a name="p2"></a> sobre la seguridad social&#46; Los participantes eran estudiantes universitarios 401 &#40;213 mujeres&#44; 188 hombres&#59; Edad M<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;5 a&#241;os&#46;&#41;&#46; En este estudio&#44; se utilizaron la escala de la autocompasi&#243;n y la Seguridad Social y la escala de placer&#46; Las relaciones entre la seguridad social y la autocompasi&#243;n fueron examinadas usando an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n y an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de correlaci&#243;n se consideraron positivos los factores de la autocompasi&#243;n de la auto-amabilidad&#44; la humanidad com&#250;n y la atenci&#243;n plena mientras que el autojuicio&#44; el aislamiento y los factores de identificaci&#243;n excesiva de autocompasi&#243;n fueron considerados negativamente en relaci&#243;n con la seguridad social&#46; Seg&#250;n los resultados de regresi&#243;n&#44; la seguridad social fue considerada positivamente por concienciaci&#243;n&#44; uno auto-bondad y humanidad com&#250;n&#46; Un aislamiento adicional predijo la seguridad social de una manera negativa&#46; El modelo de regresi&#243;n explica el 28&#37; de la varianza en seguridad social&#46; Juntos&#44; los resultados iluminan la importancia de la autocompasi&#243;n en el ajuste social&#46; Los resultados se discuten a la luz de la literatura relacionada&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#46;</span> Self-kindness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46;</span> Self-judgment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;25<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46;</span> Common humanity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;53<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;16<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46;</span> Isolation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;56<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46;</span> Mindfulness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;66<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;26<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;61<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46;</span> Over-identification&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;21<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;60<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;18<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;65<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46;</span> Social safeness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;45<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;42<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;15<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;46<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&#46;20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">&#8212;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cronbach&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab697073.png"
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          "notaPie" => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#46;</p>"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics&#44; alphas&#44; and inter-correlations of the variables</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Model 2</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Constant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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