Psalmopoeus victori, the first arboreal theraphosid spider described for Mexico (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)
Psalmopoeus victori, primera araña terafósida arborícola descrita para México (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)
Jorge IvánMendoza-Marroquín
Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-153, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico.
Read
6829
Timeswas read the article
1104
Total PDF
5725
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S1870345314701770" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44597" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-09-01" "aid" => "70177" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:728-35" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1934 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 40 "HTML" => 1505 "PDF" => 389 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314701782" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43474" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-09-01" "aid" => "70178" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:736-40" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1123 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 51 "HTML" => 830 "PDF" => 242 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "A new species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lachesilla</span> in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pedicularia</span> group and new records of Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) from Paraguay" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "736" "paginaFinal" => "740" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Una especie nueva de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lachesilla</span> en el grupo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pedicularia</span> y nuevos registros de Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) de Paraguay" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figures 1-5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:5 [ 0 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" ] 1 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" ] 2 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" ] 3 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" ] 4 => array:1 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lachesilla lugoi</span> n. sp. Female. 1, fore- and hind-wings; 2, right paraproct and epiproct; 3, gonapophyses and ninth sternum; 4, front view of head; 5, subgenital plate. Scales in mm. Figures 2 and 5, to scale of Figure 3.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alfonso N. García-Aldrete" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfonso N." "apellidos" => "García-Aldrete" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314701782?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000003/v2_201505090927/S1870345314701782/v2_201505090927/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314701769" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43796" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-09-01" "aid" => "70176" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:723-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1476 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 32 "HTML" => 886 "PDF" => 558 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Una nueva especie de ciempiés del género <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ityphilus</span> (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Ballophilidae) de Tamaulipas, México" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "723" "paginaFinal" => "727" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "A new species of the centipede genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ityphilus</span> (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Ballophilidae) from Tamaulipas, Mexico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figura 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 737 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 71860 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Registros conocidos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ityphilus cifuentesi</span> sp. nov. (círculo) e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ityphilus savannus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Chamberlin, 1943</a> (cuadrado) en Tamaulipas y Veracruz, México, respectivamente.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Fabio Germán Cupul-Magaña" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fabio Germán" "apellidos" => "Cupul-Magaña" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314701769?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000003/v2_201505090927/S1870345314701769/v2_201505090927/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span>, the first arboreal theraphosid spider described for Mexico (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "728" "paginaFinal" => "735" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Jorge IvánMendoza-Marroquín" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "IvánMendoza-Marroquín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nomeireth@hotmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-153, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico." "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span>, primera araña terafósida arborícola descrita para México (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figures 12-17" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 821 "Ancho" => 1866 "Tamanyo" => 395556 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>, maxillary lyra, prolateral view: (12-13) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. 12, holotype male CNAN T-0086; 13, paratype female CNAN T-0087. (14-15) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>; 14, male INB0003535315; 15, female INB0003535240; 16, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span>, male CNAN-Ar003615; 17, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. irminia</span>, male CNAN-Ar003508. Scale= 1mm (12-17).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Theraphosid spiders are mainly terrestrial, living in burrows or natural cavities, some of them under rocks or fallen logs. Arboreal species live in cavities of trees or build their nest in epiphytes. Most arboreal species are found in tropical regions of America, Africa, and Asia. In America, arboreal tarantulas are represented by the Aviculariinae genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia</span> Lamarck 1818, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Iridopelma</span> Pocock 1901, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pachistopelma</span> Pocock 1901, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tapinauchenius</span> Ausserer 1871, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock 1895</a>. The distribution of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> is from Venezuela and Colombia extending north to Belize and presumably to Mexico (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Reichling, 2003</a>). Mexico has the second highest count of known tarantula species worldwide, with ca. 74 species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Platnick, 2014</a>). The only records of a Mexican arboreal theraphosid were an adult male of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> seen in Quintana Roo (according to Locht pers. com., this species does not belong to the one described here) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia panamensis</span> (Simon, 1891) mentioned as present in Mexico by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Locht (2008</a>). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia panamensis</span> was originally described as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eurypelma panamense</span>, but <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Raven (1985</a>) synonymized <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eurypelma</span> Koch 1850 with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia</span> Lamarck 1818. The problem with this generic synonymy is that it resulted in some terrestrial species being placed into the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia</span>. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Gabriel (2009</a>) examined the holotype of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A. panamensis</span> and determined that this species does not belong to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avicularia</span>, and transferred the species to the terrestrial genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sericopelma</span> Ausserer 1875. This created the new combination <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sericopelma panamense</span> (Simon, 1891).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2008-2009, Jiménez and Santa Cruz collected a single female arboreal tarantula from Veracruz, which fits with the diagnosis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> but differs from all known species. This finding confirms the presence of this arboreal genus in Mexico and North America and suggests that it is a new species. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Locht (2008</a>) mentions the existence of an undescribed species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> from Quintana Roo, but since it has yet to be described, the species reported here is the first truly arboreal tarantula to be formally described for México. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. from Mexico is here described and illustrated.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The general descriptive format follows <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">West et al. (2008</a>) and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Raven (2005</a>) with some modifications, e. g., spination and trichobothrial conformation on legs were not studied in the same detail as in Raven’s work. All measurements are in millimeters and were taken using an ocular micrometer on a stereomicroscope Nikon SMZ645 <a name="p729"></a>and with a digital caliper with an error of 0.1 mm. Leg and palp measurements were taken along the dorsal central axis of the left side. Abbreviations: AME= anterior median eyes; ALE= anterior lateral eyes; PME= posterior median eyes; PLE= posterior lateral eyes; d= dorsal; p= prolateral; r= retrolateral; v= ventral; Pap= prolateral tibial apophysis; Rap= retrolateral tibial apophysis. CNAN= Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, México D.F.; UNAM= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Spination description follows <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Pérez-Miles and Locht (2003</a>); that of tarsal scopulae, from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Pérez-Miles (1994</a>). Geographical coordinates were obtained with a Garmin GPS 12XL. The pictures for <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figures 1</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">2</a> were taken with a digital camera attached to a stereomicroscope. Photographs of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 3</a> were taken with a reflex digital camera. Types are deposited in CNAN and OUMNH.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Material from the following institutions was examined: OUMNH= Oxford University Museum of Natural History, United Kingdom and INBio= Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica. Material examined for comparisons: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus reduncus</span> (Karsch, 1880), <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Costa Rica</span>: male, INB0003535315, prov. Punta, San Luis Monteverde, AC Arenal, L N 449250_250850, Jun 1993; female, INB0003535240, prov. Heredia, Estación el Ceibo, L N 256500_527700, 5 Apr 1990; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock 1895</a>), <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Trinidad</span>: male, CNANAr003615; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. irminia</span> Saager, 1994, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Venezuela</span>: 3 males, CNAN-Ar003508.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Description</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subfamily Aviculariinae Simon, 1892</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock, 1895</a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type species: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus cambridgei</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock, 1895</a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span></span> sp. nov.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">(<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1-31</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Type material</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Holotype male (CNAN-T0086), <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mexico:</span>Veracruz, Mpio. San Andrés Tuxtla, 26-VIII-2008, V. H. Jiménez, collector (coll.) (matured in captivity). Paratypes: 3 males (CNAN-T0806), from the type locality, grown in captivity by J. I. Mendoza, Mexico City, 14-XII-2012; 1 female (CNAN-T0087), from the type locality 19-I-2009, V. Jiménez and J. Mendoza coll.; 1 female (CNAN-T0088), Veracruz, 19-I-2009, V. H. Jiménez and S. Santacruz coll.; 1 male and 1 female (OUMNH-2011-087), from the type locality, grown in captivity by J. I. Mendoza, Mexico City, 26-V-2010, deposited by E. Hijmensen. Additional material examined:1 juvenile CNAN-Ar003569, Veracruz, 19-I-2009, J. I. Mendoza coll.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diagnosis:</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">male palpal bulb with a slender embolus 2½ half times longer than tegulum, curved to retrolateral side on apical fourth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 20</a>). Maxillary lyra with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ca.</span> 13 spines that gradually increase in size from 0.2 to 0.6 (proximal to distal) in the same straight line as the edge of the oral fringe (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 11</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">13</a>). Female with 2 independent spermathecae almost as wide as long (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 27</a>). Male with slightly red setae on abdomen (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 29</a>). Female abdomen dorsally black with long red setae, ventrally black. Legs and palpi: femora, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi with dark green sheen, most notable on femur of palpi and legs III. Legs III and IV with dense, long red setae (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 30</a>). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. is similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> but differs from all congeners by the coloration in females, with red setae on the entire abdomen and legs III and IV (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 30</a>), and shape of genitalia of both sexes. The male also differs by the shape of the palpal bulb with a big globose tegulum and long embolus bent retrolaterally in the apical fourth, and in the shape of the maxillary lyra. Male palpal bulb of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> is similar to those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> but differs from this by a better-defined separation of the embolus from the tegulum, also in the narrow base of the embolus (best seen in retrolateral face) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 19</a>). The lyra of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> has a smaller number of spines, which are wider and more curved than those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 12</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">13</a>). Spermathecae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> females differ from those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> in having more sclerotized lobes, widest at the base (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 27</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Holotype male CNAN T0086</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">(<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1-7</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">9-10</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">12</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">18-20</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">29</a>): body length 32.4 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 16.2 long, 15.2 wide. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea recurved, 1.8 wide. Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.8; ALE 0.85; PME 0.6; PLE 0.7; AME-AME 0.4; AME-ALE 0.2; PMEPME 1.95; PME-PLE 0.2; ALE-PLE 0.05. Eye tubercle, 3.6 wide; 2.5 long; clypeus absent (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">3</a>). Labium 1.65 long; 2.5 wide; with ca.195 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner (left, right) with approximately 221-214 cuspules (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 4</a>). Cheliceral promargin with 9 teeth (first large, second-third medium, fourth small, fifth medium, and sixth-ninth larger, proximal to distal) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 7</a>). Sternum length 8.0. Sigillae elongated oval, third and fourth pair hardly visible; fourth pair half its length from the margin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 2</a>). Maxillary lyra (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 12</a>): elongated oval with ca. 13 spines that gradually increase in size from 0.2 to 0.6 (proximal to distal); ventral edge isolated from the oral division in the first 2/3, distally joining this and differing little; spines of the first proximal half shorter and wider, slightly curved; dorsal edge line slightly convex in the same straight line as the edge of the oral fringe and scarcely separated from it; gaps evenly spaced on the first 2/3. Legs: formula: I, IV, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 18.3, 9.6, 14.7, 13.8, 8.3, 64.7. II: 17.3, 8.1, 13.6, 13.4, 7.4, 59.8. III: 13, <a name="p730"></a><a name="p731"></a>6.6, 11.1, 12.6, 6.6, 49.9. IV: 16.4, 7.4, 14.6, 16.4, 7.4, 62. Palp: 10.7, 6.1, 9.5, -, 3.4, 29.7. Chaetotaxy (left side): only 3 ventral spines present on metatarsus IV distally. Scopulae: tarsi I-IV densely scopulate and entire, I-III undivided (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 9</a>), IV divided by narrow band of setae (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 10</a>). Metatarsi I-II densely scopulate; III scopulate on distal 2/3 and IV scopulate on distal quarter. Tibia I with 2 apophyses that do not originate from a common base, Pap short and strong, with 1 short spine on inner face; the Rap is well developed, broad at its base with 1 short and strong spine on the inner face (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 6</a>). Metatarsus I slightly curved proximally. Palp: embolus spindly, 2½ times longer than tegulum, curved to retrolateral side on apical fourth. Embolus base with clear separation from tegulum, width of the embolus base 2/5 of tegulum height (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 18-20</a>). Color pattern: in live specimens, carapace slightly olive green; ventral coxae, labium, maxillae, and sternum black; abdomen dorsally grey with reddish setae, ventrally dark gray. Legs and palpi: femora, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi with dark green iridescence, noticeably on femur. All legs with long lateral grey hairs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 29</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Paratype female CNAN T-0087</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">(<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 8</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">11</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">13</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">27</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">30</a>): body length 47.74 (not including chelicerae and spinnerets), carapace 19.96 long, 18.83 wide. Caput not markedly elevated; fovea recurved, deep, 1.0 wide. Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.8; ALE 1.0; PME 0.7; PLE 0.9; AME-AME 0.67; AME-ALE 0.43; PME-PME 2.4; PME-PLE 0.17; ALE-PLP 0.17. Eye tubercle, wide 4.5; long 3.0; clypeus absent (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 8</a>). Labium 3.4 long; 3.9 wide; with ca.133 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner (left, right) with approximately 201, 210 cuspules. Cheliceral promargin with 9 teeth (first-fifth medium, sixth-ninth large, proximal to distal). Sternum length 10.4. Sigillae elongated oval, second, third, and fourth pairs hardly visible; fourth pair once its length from margin. Maxillary lyra (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figs. 11</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">13</a>): elongated oval with ca. 13 spines that gradually increase in size from 0.2 to 0.5 (proximal to distal); ventral edge isolated from the oral division in the first 2/3, distally joins this and differs little; spines of the first proximal half shorter and wider, slightly curved; dorsal edge line slightly convex in the same straight line as the edge of the oral fringe and scarcely separated from it; gaps evenly spaced on the first 2/3. Large distal spines shorter than in males. Legs formula: I, IV, II, III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 15.9, 9.26, 13.47, 12.8, 8.52, 59.95. II: 14.09, 9.26, 11.73, 12.28, 7.79, 55.15. III: 12.2, 7.75, 10.77, 11.1, 7.76, 49.58. IV: 14.83, 8.3, 13.42, 13.91, 7.43, 57.89. Palp: 11.02, 6.56, 8.31, -, 8.44, 34.33. Chaetotaxy (left side): only 3 ventral spines present distally on metatarsus IV. Scopulae: tarsi IIV densely scopulate, all undivided. Metatarsi I-II densely scopulate; III scopulate on distal half and IV scopulate on distal third, divided by narrow band of setae. Genitalia: 2 spermathecae separated at their base, approximately as wide as long. Each with a single sclerotized receptacle, neck defined by interior and exterior margin. Total length at base 2.8 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 27</a>). Color pattern: in live specimens, carapace and dorsal chelicerae green sheen; ventral labium reddish, maxillae black with inner corner reddish, coxae <a name="p732"></a>and sternum black, sigillae orange; abdomen dorsally black with long red setae, ventrally black. Legs and palpi: femora, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi with dark green sheen, most notable on femur of palpi and legs I-II. Legs III and IV with dense, long red setae (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 30</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Color pattern ontogeny:</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">as with other aviculariinaes, the color pattern of these spiders changes during their development. Spiderlings of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. have a black carapace; the abdomen dorsum is dark blue with red tones and the spinnerets have a whitish ring at the base of each segment. The segments of the legs are whitish as follows: femora distal quarter, tibiae distal half, and metatarsus proximal half (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 31</a>). In larger stadia, the carapace is dark brown with green tones; the abdomen dorsum is metallic green; spinnerets and legs have a dark brown color with a green tone on the femora. As individuals grow, the carapace becomes more green; the abdomen dorsum develops red setae; palpi, legs I-II show dark green color on femora, patellae, and tibiae while the legs III-IV show red setae overall femora, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsus. The legs have a white ring at the terminal end of tibiae and metatarsus. Adult females have the carapace green sheen; legs I-II becomes darker whereas metallic green sheen is most notable on femora; legs IIIIV and abdomen dorsum increases the red color of setae (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 30</a>). Adult males change completely in color; the carapace and all femora become olive green; abdomen dorsum preserved reddish setae but not as dense as in females; the legs develop long lateral grey hairs that give them a feathery appearance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 29</a>). Both sexes show a black ventral region.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Taxonomic summary</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Etymology:</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">the specific name is a patronym in honor of Víctor H. Jiménez Arcos, a Mexican herpetologist who <a name="p733"></a>saw and collected the first specimen of the species. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distribution:</span> known only from rainforest in Veracruz, México.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Natural history:</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">all spiders were found at night in a primary forested area. They make retreats in tree cavities at medium height elevation. Spiders are difficult to find even at night. One of the females was found in a recently fallen tree branch. However, since there were no systematic collecting efforts to estimate the size of the population, it is not possible to know if they are large or small. The area is under pressure from human activities and it is possible that this is the only existing population at this location.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conservation:</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">more studies are needed to learn about <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. biology and habits, and to establish the rarity of the species. Because the distribution area is small and the species looks attractive for pet trade collectors, the exact distribution is not provided here. However, Mexican government approved in 2011 a program of captive breeding for reintroduction and legal pet trade.</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Remarks</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Sammand Schmidt (2010</a>) created the subfamily Psalmopoeinae, which according to them is diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: urticating hairs absent, male palpal bulb with long embolus without keels, presence of 2 tibial apophyses distally on the leg I, lyriform stridulatory organ present (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>) or absent (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tapinauchenius</span>), legs weakly spined or aspinose, and tarsi as broad as or broader than metatarsi. This subfamily comprises arboreal species of the genera <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tapinauchenius</span>; however, not all these features are synapomorphic to Psalmopoeinae because they are present in most of the Aviculariinae genera as was observed in the cladistic analysis of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">West et al. (2008</a>). They found that the monophyly of Aviculariinae is weakly supported by the presence of well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi, very extended laterally, mainly those of legs I and II. In this study, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> is included as part of Aviculariinae, considering that the absence of urticating hairs is not enough to create a subfamily, which far from <a name="p734"></a>solving taxonomic problems, only creates more. The only way to resolve this problem is with taxonomic revisions and cladistic analysis of all the species in each genus, in order to test their relationships.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock (1895</a>) who first described the different types of stridulation organs including the one of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> with the description of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span>. The single autapomorphy for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> is the presence of stridulatory bristles forming a maxillary lyra (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">West et al. 2008</a>). The stridulation organ is useful in taxonomy because it allows to distinguish between different species. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Pocock (1903</a>), 2 different groups can be identified based on the characteristics of the stridulating organ: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i)</span> the one that has stridulating spines on maxilla in the same straight line as the edge of the oral fringe and scarcely separated from it (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 12-15</a>), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ii)</span> the one that has stridulating spines on maxilla forming a convex curvature, the middle of which is remote from the oral fringe and nearer the coxal groove (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figs. 16</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">17</a>). Based on the original descriptions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> (Karsch 1880), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. ecclesiasticus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Pocock 1903</a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. emeraldus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Pocock 1903</a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. affinis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Strand 1907</a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. pulcher</span> Petrunkevich 1925, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. rufus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Petrunkevich, 1925</a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. intermedius</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Chamberlin 1940</a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. langenbucheri</span> Schmidt, Bulmer and Thierer-Lutz 2006, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. belong to the first group, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. irminia</span> Saager, 1994, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. plantaris</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Pocock, 1903</a>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pocock, 1895</a> belong to the second one. Other important features of the lyra are the number of spines, increasing from proximal to distal and their development. In all descriptions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> most of the characteristics are mentioned, but no standard description has been made (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Chamberlin, 1940</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Petrunkevich, 1925</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Pocock, 1903</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Strand, 1907</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Valerio, 1979</a>). The description of maxillary lyra of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. includes all these features.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> can be easily distinguished by color (e.g., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei, P. irminia,</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. pulcher</span>), but most of the Central American species are similar in color pattern, and like <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>, are highly variable in coloration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Valerio, 1979</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Witt (1996</a>) described <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. maya</span> based on its color, which may be darker than other members of the genus. Due to the tendency of color to vary depending on how recently a tarantula has molted, the reliability of this distinction as a diagnostic character for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. maya</span> was called into doubt (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Reichling, 2003</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Gabriel (2009</a>) considered that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. maya</span> should be treated as a junior synonym of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>, because its distinction is based on weak taxonomic features. Although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. is easily recognizable by coloration from all other <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>, this could be considered a secondary taxonomic feature.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The general shape of male bulbs is similar in all <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span> species. Some such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span> have a small globose tegulum with a large slender embolus (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figs. 24-26</a>). Others such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. have a bigger, globose tegulum with shorter slender embolus (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figs. 18-23</a>). This may vary in size within the same species, but retains its constant specific proportions, as was demonstrated by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Valerio (1979</a>) during the redescription of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>. Although similar in shape to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>, the bulb of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. has an embolus base with clear separation from the tegulum; the base width is 2/5 of tegulum height and the embolus is 2½ times longer than the tegulum. Whereas in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> the embolous is wide in the base without clear separation from the tegulum; the width of the base is half of the tegulum height and the embolus is 2 times longer than the tegulum. The palpal bulb of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. has constant proportions regardless of whether it is larger or smaller in size. Despite the similarities, there are differences in the proportions between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. bulbs.</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Acknowledgments</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To Víctor Hugo Jiménez and Samuel Santa Cruz for their assistance in the search and collection of specimens. To Oscar F. Francke and Griselda Montiel Parra for providing access to the material deposited in the Colección Nacional de Arácnidos (CNAN) and the Laboratory of Arachnology for its support; Carlos Víquez for providing access to the material deposited in INBio; Stuart Longhorn, Edward Hijmensen, and Ray Gabriel for providing literature; Rick C. West for initial suggestions and comments. I thank Aubin Alcaraz for the picture of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. female. To the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their critical reading and valuable comments.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres500438" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec522004" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres500437" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec522005" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Description" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Type material" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Diagnosis:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Holotype male CNAN T0086" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Paratype female CNAN T-0087" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Color pattern ontogeny:" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Taxonomic summary" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Etymology:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Natural history:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conservation:" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Remarks" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-02-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-05-07" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec522004" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Mygalomorphae" 1 => "arboreal tarantula" 2 => "taxonomy" 3 => "stridulating organ" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec522005" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Mygalomorphae" 1 => "tarántula arborícola" 2 => "taxonomía" 3 => "órgano estridulante" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A new species of tarantula, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) is described from Veracruz, Mexico. It is the first arboreal species described in Mexico and represents the most northerly known distribution for the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>. A detailed description of the lyra is presented.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se describe una especie nueva de tarántula, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) de Veracruz, México. Es la primera especie arborícola descrita en México y la distribución más al norte conocida hasta ahora para el género <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>. Se presenta una descripción detallada de la lira.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figures 1-11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2320 "Ancho" => 1764 "Tamanyo" => 1030212 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. Holotype male CNAN T-0086 (1-7, 9-10). 1, carapace, dorsal view; 2, prosoma, ventral view; 3, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 4, labial and maxillary cuspules; 5, abdomen, dorsal view; 6, tibial apophyses, ventral view; 7, cheliceral teeth, showing well developed teeth on promargin; 9, metatarsus and tarsus III, ventral view; 10, metatarsus and tarsus IV, ventral view. Paratype female CNAN T-0087 (8, 11); 8, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 11, maxilla, prolateral view, arrow showing the lyra. Scale= 4mm (1-2, 5, 9-10), 2mm (4, 6), 1mm (3, 7-8, 11).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figures 12-17" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 821 "Ancho" => 1866 "Tamanyo" => 395556 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus</span>, maxillary lyra, prolateral view: (12-13) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. 12, holotype male CNAN T-0086; 13, paratype female CNAN T-0087. (14-15) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>; 14, male INB0003535315; 15, female INB0003535240; 16, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span>, male CNAN-Ar003615; 17, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. irminia</span>, male CNAN-Ar003508. Scale= 1mm (12-17).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figures 18-28" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1395 "Ancho" => 1860 "Tamanyo" => 321629 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Left palpal bulb: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov., holotype male. 18, prolateral view; 19, retrolateral view; 20, dorsal view. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span>, male INB0003535315; 21, prolateral view; 22, retrolateral view; 23, dorsal view. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. cambridgei</span>, male CNAN-Ar003615; 24, prolateral view; 25, retrolateral view; 26 dorsal view. Genitalia: 27, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. victori</span> sp. nov. paratype female spermathecae; 28, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. reduncus</span> female INB0003535240 spermathecae. Scale= 1mm (18-28).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figures 29-31" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1403 "Ancho" => 1856 "Tamanyo" => 827463 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus victori</span> sp. nov. habitus. 29, male; 30, female; 31, spiderling. Scale= 10mm (29-31).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Bertani, 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Bertani" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "The Journal of Arachnology" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "42" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Chamberlin, 1940" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New American tarantulas of the family Aviculariidae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.V. Chamberlin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bulletin of the University of Utah" "fecha" => "1940" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "39" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Gabriel, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus reduncus</span> (Karsch, 1880) a theraphosid spider new to Panama" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Gabriel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "112" "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "10" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Locht, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Locht" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Estudio sobre la sistemática y distribución de la familia Theraphosidae (Arachnida, Araneae) en México" "fecha" => "2008" "paginaInicial" => "108" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Platnick, 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The world spider catalog, version 14.5" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "N.I. Platnick" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "The American Museum of Natural History" "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Pérez-Miles, 1994" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tarsal scopula division in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae): Its systematic significance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Pérez-Miles" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "The Journal of Arachnology" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "46" "paginaFinal" => "53" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Pérez-Miles and Locht., 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemirrhagus</span> Simon, 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "F. Pérez-Miles" 1 => "A. Locht" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "365" "paginaFinal" => "375" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Petrunkevitch, 1925" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Arachnida from Panama" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Petrunkevitch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences" "fecha" => "1925" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "87" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Pocock, 1895" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.I. Pocock" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History" "fecha" => "1895" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "165" "paginaFinal" => "184" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Pocock, 1903" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "On some genera and species of South American Aviculariidae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.I. Pocock" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "The Annals and Magazine of Natural History" "fecha" => "1903" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "81" "paginaFinal" => "115" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Raven, 1985" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.J. Raven" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" "fecha" => "1985" "volumen" => "182" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "180" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Raven, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A new tarantula species from northern Australia (Araneae, Theraphosidae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.J. Raven" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "1004" "paginaInicial" => "15" "paginaFinal" => "28" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Reichling, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.B. Reichling" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Tarantulas of Belize" "fecha" => "2003" "editorial" => "Krieger Publishing Company" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Malabar, Florida" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Samm R. and Schmidt, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psalmopoeinae subfamilia nov.- eineneue Unterfamilie der Theraphosidae (Araneae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G. Samm" 1 => "R. Schmidt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Tarantulas of the World" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "142" "paginaInicial" => "35" "paginaFinal" => "41" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Strand, 1907" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aviculariidae und Atypidae des Kgl. Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E. Strand" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Jahreshefte des Vereinsfürvaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg" "fecha" => "1907" "volumen" => "63" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "100" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Valerio, 1979" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Arañas terafósidas de Costa Rica (Araneae: Theraphosidae). II. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus reduncus</span>, redescripción, distribución y el problema de dispersión en terafósidas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C.E. Valerio" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Biología Tropical" "fecha" => "1979" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "301" "paginaFinal" => "308" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "West, et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ephebopus</span> Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.C. West" 1 => "S.D. Marshall" 2 => "C.S. Fukushima" 3 => "R. Bertani" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Zootaxa" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "1849" "paginaInicial" => "35" "paginaFinal" => "58" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Witt, 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Eineneue Psalmopoeus-Species aus Belize <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psalmopoeus maya</span> sp.n. (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G. Witt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arachnologisches Magazin" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "14" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000003/v2_201505090927/S1870345314701770/v2_201505090927/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008500000003/v2_201505090927/S1870345314701770/v2_201505090927/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314701770?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2024 October | 68 | 1 | 69 |
| 2024 September | 64 | 6 | 70 |
| 2024 August | 69 | 7 | 76 |
| 2024 July | 60 | 5 | 65 |
| 2024 June | 39 | 4 | 43 |
| 2024 May | 56 | 3 | 59 |
| 2024 April | 47 | 3 | 50 |
| 2024 March | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2024 February | 70 | 9 | 79 |
| 2024 January | 118 | 16 | 134 |
| 2023 December | 124 | 8 | 132 |
| 2023 November | 136 | 3 | 139 |
| 2023 October | 185 | 13 | 198 |
| 2023 September | 116 | 4 | 120 |
| 2023 August | 76 | 5 | 81 |
| 2023 July | 122 | 5 | 127 |
| 2023 June | 115 | 6 | 121 |
| 2023 May | 187 | 8 | 195 |
| 2023 April | 158 | 13 | 171 |
| 2023 March | 156 | 27 | 183 |
| 2023 February | 123 | 18 | 141 |
| 2023 January | 94 | 14 | 108 |
| 2022 December | 62 | 23 | 85 |
| 2022 November | 74 | 23 | 97 |
| 2022 October | 71 | 16 | 87 |
| 2022 September | 107 | 13 | 120 |
| 2022 August | 68 | 23 | 91 |
| 2022 July | 63 | 18 | 81 |
| 2022 June | 52 | 21 | 73 |
| 2022 May | 67 | 31 | 98 |
| 2022 April | 42 | 41 | 83 |
| 2022 March | 76 | 31 | 107 |
| 2022 February | 62 | 19 | 81 |
| 2022 January | 78 | 38 | 116 |
| 2021 December | 51 | 20 | 71 |
| 2021 November | 44 | 12 | 56 |
| 2021 October | 64 | 25 | 89 |
| 2021 September | 63 | 14 | 77 |
| 2021 August | 74 | 12 | 86 |
| 2021 July | 38 | 11 | 49 |
| 2021 June | 54 | 8 | 62 |
| 2021 May | 61 | 9 | 70 |
| 2021 April | 119 | 21 | 140 |
| 2021 March | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2021 February | 54 | 6 | 60 |
| 2021 January | 59 | 8 | 67 |
| 2020 December | 69 | 20 | 89 |
| 2020 November | 65 | 8 | 73 |
| 2020 October | 33 | 10 | 43 |
| 2020 September | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2020 August | 53 | 13 | 66 |
| 2020 July | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2020 June | 31 | 2 | 33 |
| 2020 May | 37 | 7 | 44 |
| 2020 April | 39 | 1 | 40 |
| 2020 March | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2020 February | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2020 January | 31 | 7 | 38 |
| 2019 December | 31 | 3 | 34 |
| 2019 November | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2019 October | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2019 August | 28 | 2 | 30 |
| 2019 July | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2019 June | 98 | 32 | 130 |
| 2019 May | 172 | 70 | 242 |
| 2019 April | 81 | 15 | 96 |
| 2019 March | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2019 February | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2019 January | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2018 December | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2018 November | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2018 October | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2018 September | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2018 August | 32 | 8 | 40 |
| 2018 July | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2018 June | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2018 May | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2018 April | 29 | 1 | 30 |
| 2018 March | 43 | 3 | 46 |
| 2018 February | 21 | 1 | 22 |
| 2018 January | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2017 December | 13 | 14 | 27 |
| 2017 November | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2017 October | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2017 September | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2017 August | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2017 July | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2017 June | 35 | 15 | 50 |
| 2017 May | 40 | 17 | 57 |
| 2017 April | 55 | 2 | 57 |
| 2017 March | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2017 February | 33 | 3 | 36 |
| 2017 January | 41 | 3 | 44 |
| 2016 December | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2016 November | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2016 October | 33 | 10 | 43 |
| 2016 September | 40 | 6 | 46 |
| 2016 August | 47 | 5 | 52 |
| 2016 July | 19 | 6 | 25 |
Show all