The importance of riparian habitats for avian communities in a highly human-modified Neotropical landscape

array:23 ["pii" => "S1870345314730040" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43849" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73004" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1217-27" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 877 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 37 "HTML" => 593 "PDF" => 247 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314730052" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44392" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73005" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1228-34" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1188 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 48 "HTML" => 729 "PDF" => 411 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Panbiogeography of the Santa María Amajac area, Hidalgo, Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1228" "paginaFinal" => "1234" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Panbiogeografía del área de Santa María Amajac, Hidalgo, México" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 28" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1125 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 98633 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Generalized tracks and nodes obtained. I, Western North American; II, Central North American; III, Eastern North American; IV, Mesoamerican; V, South American; a, b, c, and d, nodes located in California, Colorado, Santa María Amajac, and Guatemala, respectively." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Arturo Palma-Ramírez, Irene Goyenechea, Jesús M. Castillo-Cerón" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arturo" "apellidos" => "Palma-Ramírez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Goyenechea" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús M." "apellidos" => "Castillo-Cerón" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314730052?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730052/v1_201504220301/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314730039" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43765" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73003" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1206-16" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1676 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 1167 "PDF" => 465 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Ecología de una gran serpiente sudamericana, Hydrodynastes gigas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1206" "paginaFinal" => "1216" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Ecology of the large South American snake, Hydrodynastes gigas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figura 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1187 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 74962 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "Actividad estacional de Hydrodynastes gigas en muestreos sistemáticos en caminos, indicado como número de individuos cada 100km de muestreo (gráfico superior) y número de individuos registrados en la muestra total (gráfico inferior)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alejandro R. Giraudo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Gisela P. Bellini, Carla A. Bessa, María Belén Costanzo" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro R." "apellidos" => "Giraudo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vanesa" "apellidos" => "Arzamendia" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gisela P." "apellidos" => "Bellini" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carla A." "apellidos" => "Bessa" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María" "apellidos" => "Belén Costanzo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314730039?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730039/v1_201504220301/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The importance of riparian habitats for avian communities in a highly human-modified Neotropical landscape" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1217" "paginaFinal" => "1227" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Moisés Elías Domínguez-López, Rubén Ortega-Álvarez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Moisés" "apellidos" => "Elías Domínguez-López" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Rubén" "apellidos" => "Ortega-Álvarez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rubenortega.al@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. Carrera 6 No. 76–103, Córdoba, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Iniciativa para la Conservación de las Aves de América del Norte-México, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur, Núm. 4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Delegación Tlalpan, 14010 México, D. F., Mexico" "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La importancia de los hábitats riparios para las comunidades de aves en un paisaje neotropical altamente modificado por el ser humano" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1685 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 87202 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "a) Estimated bird species richness for surveyed habitats. Comparisons of estimated bird species richness were performed using an abundance cut off point of n=198 (lesser total abundance recorded in riparian habitats). b) Bird abundances for surveyed habitats. Letters above values denote significant differences. Riparian= riparian habitats, grazing= cattle grazing lands, cropfield= crop fields, urban= urban areas." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe socioeconomic changes that occurred during the end of the past century drastically altered natural ecosystems at different scales, resulting in a worldwide reduction of biodiversity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Pimm et al., 1995</a>). In particular, the intensification of agriculture and the exponential growth of urban development resulted in a high rate of land-use change, which is considered to be the main force degrading natural habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Foley et al., 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Hanski, 2005</a>). This scenario has been particularly serious for species-rich countries, where negative impacts of agriculture and human population growth have been profound (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Pimm et al., 1995</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Engelman et al., 2000</a>).Research on human dominated landscapes has increased in the last decades (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Karanth and DeFries, 2010</a>). However, most studies focused on temperate regions and sought to understand the ecology of remnants of natural habitat (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Stouffer and Bierregaard, 1995</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al., 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Beier et al., 2002</a>). As a result, our understanding of human dominated landscapes where natural habitats have been drastically reduced or completely extirpated is limited. In order to enhance the biological value of such landscapes, it is critical to understand their associated ecological patterns and processes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">MacGregor-Fors et al., 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham, 2005</a>). In particular, birds have been widely used as a study group within human dominated landscapes, as they quickly respond to habitat alteration at different scales (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Furness and Greenwood 1993</a>), are sensitive to human related disturbances (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fisher and Peterson, 1997</a>), and exhibit specific habitat preferences for sites with distinct disturbance levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors, 2009</a>).In general, anthropogenic habitats that constitute human dominated landscapes exhibit less diverse and more dominated bird communities than natural habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">McKay, 1980</a>). Nevertheless, bird community responses to distinct anthropogenic habitats (e.g., crop fields, cattle grazing lands, urban settlements) are not completely understood, as current studies have reported contradictory results. For example, crop fields do not always exhibit more diverse and complex bird communities than cattle grazing lands as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Morris (2000)</a>, as this pattern could vary in relation to the remaining vegetation structure and the location of cattle grazing lands across the landscape (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al., 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">MacGregor-Fors and Schondube, 2011</a>). Moreover, urbanization is not consistently more negative for birds than agricultural lands (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">McKay, 1980</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bellocq et al., 2008</a>), as certain cultivation practices could be more detrimental for bird communities than urban development itself (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Faggi et al., 2008</a>). Finally, although riparian habitats have been highlighted as crucial for wildlife species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Naiman et al., 1993</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Woinarski et al., 2000</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Sabo et al., 2005</a>), little is known about their importance for bird communities within extremely human-altered landscapes.In this study, we determined variations in bird communities among anthropogenic and riparian habitats within a highly human-modified Neotropical landscape. For this, we assessed differences in bird community species richness, abundance, structure, and composition (both taxonomic and functional) among crop fields, cattle grazing lands, urban settlements, and riparian habitats in northwestern Colombia. Also, we investigated the similarities of surveyed habitats according to species habitat preferences. According to their vegetation structure, we predicted that riparian habitats would exhibit the richest, most even, and most complex bird communities among all surveyed habitats, followed by cattle grazing lands and crop fields. We expected urban settlements to exhibit the highest bird abundances due to thriving urban exploiter species within these particular habitats. Finally, we presumed that riparian habitats and urban settlements would exhibit unique bird communities according to species habitat preferences, as the former would be more often used by interior forest species, while generalist and disturbed-site species would heavily prefer the latter.Materials and methodsStudy site. Colombia is one of the richest countries in the world for bird species. However, almost 32% of its surface has been transformed into agricultural land, thus posing a serious threat for wildlife (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Etter, 1993</a>). This research was carried out in the montane region of San Jerónimo, Cordoba State, in the Caribbean region of Colombia. The study site is characterized by a biota with Chocoanic-Amazonic-Magdalenic affinity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Hernández-Camacho et al., 1992</a>). The original vegetation type of the region included tropical dry forests; however, this original landscape has been drastically altered since the middle of the last century, mainly for agricultural, logging, and through urbanization (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Etter, 1993</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Henao-Sarmiento et al., 2008</a>). As a result, there has been an important decline in bird diversity in the region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Laurence and Bierregaard, 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Renjifo et al., 2000</a>).Avian surveys. We surveyed resident bird communities from June to July 2010 during peak bird activity (i. e., 06-10h), using 5-min unlimited-radius point-counts (sensu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al., 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Huff et al., 2000</a>). We were careful when defining the location of point-counts and when performing bird surveys in order to avoid registering species using different habitats from those that we were actively surveying. We focused our study on resident<a name="p1219"></a> birds, as they are usually more negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance than migratory species. Pointcounts were separated by a minimum distance of 250 m in order to assure data independence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al., 1996</a>). We surveyed point-counts only once in order to maximize the study area. At each point-count, a single experienced observer who was highly familiarized with local birds (MED-L) registered all seen and heard bird species that were actively using the habitat (e. g., perching, foraging, moving through the vegetation). Although point-counts have been widely used for counting birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al., 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Huff et al., 2000</a>), they do not consider differences in detectability among species and habitats. Thus, their associated results might be useful, but should be interpreted with caution. Since tree and shrub vegetation components have been pinpointed as crucial for bird communities in anthropogenic habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>), we measured the following traits within a circle (25 m radius) at the center of each point-count as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al. (1996)</a> to characterize surveyed habitats:1) maximum tree diameter at breast height (DBH); 2) minimum tree diameter at breast height; 3) tree cover; 4) shrub cover; 5) tree species richness; 6) shrub species richness; 7) tree density, and 8) maximum tree height.To contrast bird communities between those characteristic habitats that comprised the focal human dominated landscape, we conducted bird surveys at anthropogenic (i. e., crop fields, cattle grazing lands, urban settlements) and riparian habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Since forest remnants are scarce in the region and those left are occupied by illegal armed groups, we excluded these from our surveys. In order to account for a representative sample of bird communities, we conducted 30 independent point-counts at each habitat. Riparian habitats (∼40 ha) were characterized by the presence of native vegetation located along rivers, with the Pink Trumpet-tree (Tabebuia rosea) and the Kapoktree (Ceiba pentandra) as dominant species. Although human activities have altered the original structure of the vegetation, a complex vertical structure still defines these habitats. Cattle grazing lands (∼170 ha) retained large native trees (i. e., Royal Poinciana, Delonix regia, Yellow Mombin, Spondias mombin) and were usually covered by a complex herbaceous stratum grazed by cattle. Within crop fields (∼80 ha), low native plant cover persisted, as only cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) and corn(Zea mays) are cultivated throughout the region. Finally, urban areas (∼120 ha) were represented by heavily built sites with high levels of human activity. Surveys were specifically performed at green, residential, and commercial sites within the city of Monteria, which occupies a surface of 3 117km2 and contains approximately 409 500 people (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Negrete-Barrera and Garces-Pretel, 2010</a>). From their closest border, anthropogenic habitats were located at similar distances from riparian habitats (cattle grazing lands, 1.1km; crop fields, 1km: urban areas, 0.9km).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Data analysis. To compare bird species richness among surveyed habitats, we calculated average species richness (Sobs Mao Tau) and 95% confidence intervals using EstimateS (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Colwell, 2005</a>). To determine differences in bird abundance between habitats, we first transformed bird abundance values (log10) to fit a normal distribution and then performed an ANOVA. In addition, 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each average abundance value. Following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Payton et al. (2003)</a>, we assessed statistical differences among calculated bird species richness and mean abundance values with a α<0.01 when confidence intervals did not overlap. In order to contrast bird community structures among habitats, we used rankabundance plots (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran, 2004</a>). Then, we performed an ANCOVA to determine statistical differences among resultant slopes.We compared the taxonomic composition of surveyed habitats by calculating the ecological distances of bird communities using Biodiversity R as an extension for R (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe, 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">R Development Core Team, 2010</a>). Ecological distances summarize the variation in species composition among communities by calculating a single<a name="p1220"></a> distance statistic and displaying the resultant matrix in a dendrogram constructed by clustering methods (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe, 2005</a>). In order to account for differences in the taxonomic composition of bird communities due to species abundances, we calculated ecological distances from both an abundance-based (Bray-Curtis ecological distance) and an incidence-based approach (Jaccard ecological distance). To determine functional similarity of bird communities, we compared bird abundances with different feeding preferences among habitats. For this, we classified each recorded species into trophic groups according to its primary feeding resource, which was determined bibliographically (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Howell and Webb, 1995</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Schulenberg et al., 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Hilty and Brown, 2009</a>). Then, we performed a Bray-Curtis ecological distance analysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe, 2005</a>) to compare the functional composition of surveyed land-uses.We evaluated the similarity of bird communities in relation to species habitat preferences. For this we classified each recorded species in one of 5 different categories: 1) interior forest species (species associated with the core of original habitats); 2) edge forest species (species associated with original habitats but mainly abundant at their limits); 3) disturbed site species (species associated with altered habitats); 4) disturbed edge species (species associated with altered habitats but mainly abundant at their limits), and 5) generalist species (species present at both original and altered habitats). Categories used to classify species in relation to their habitat preferences were determined based on personal observations and the information provided by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Hilty and Brown (2009)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Howell and Webb (1995)</a>, and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Schulenberg et al. (2007)</a>. Finally, we performed a Bray-Curtis ecological distance analysis to determine bird community similarity between habitats in relation to the abundance of species with different habitat preferences (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe, 2005</a>).ResultsRiparian habitats showed a complex vegetation structure mainly related to the tree component, as wide, tall, and abundant trees of different species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) mostly covered these habitats. Although within cattle grazing lands trees were less abundant than in riparian habitats, medium-width tall trees were scattered amongst them. Moreover, cattle grazing lands contained an important shrub cover of different type of species. Crop fields were found to be very poor with regard to their vegetation traits, as only the shrub component was present and covered a small part of these habitats. Finally, urban areas contained a small number of short medium-width trees. In addition, the shrub component was widely undeveloped within urban areas.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>We recorded a total of 57 bird species among surveyed habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, all recorded species are classified under the “least concern” category (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">IUCN, 2011</a>). Riparian habitats contained the highest number of bird species (55 spp.), followed by cattle grazing lands (42 spp.), crop fields (29 spp.), and urban areas (23 spp.). Recorded bird species were classified into 8 different groups according to their feeding preferences, with insectivores comprising the majority of recorded species (37%), followed by granivores (19%), omnivores (16%), frugivores (12%), carnivores (5%), scavengers (5%), nectarivores (4%), and piscivores (2%). In relation to species’ habitat preferences, 28% of the total number of recorded species were generalist species, 23% were disturbed site species, 19% were disturbed edge species, 19% were interior forest species, and 11% were edge forest species.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Species richness, abundance, and the structure of bird communities. Rarefaction analysis revealed differences in bird species richness among surveyed habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2a</a>). Riparian habitats had the highest estimated bird species richness, followed by cattle grazing lands. Crop fields and urban areas did not differ in relation to their estimated number of bird species. Bird abundances also differed between habitats (F3, 114=12.3, p<0.001), being highest in crop fields, urban areas, and cattle grazing lands (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2b</a>). Among all habitats, riparian habitats had the lowest bird abundance. The structure of bird communities and<a name="p1221"></a><a name="p1222"></a> dominant bird species varied between surveyed habitats (F4, 144=99.5, p<0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The riparian bird community was the most even of all, followed by the community found in cattle grazing lands. Crop fields and urban areas bird communities exhibited a similar structure (Newman-Keuls: p=0.095), and were highly dominated by a few species.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Similarity of bird communities. Jaccard ecological distance showed that cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats contained very similar bird communities in relation to their taxonomic compositions (77% similarity), followed by crop fields (50% similarity), and by urban areas (36% similarity) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4a</a>). Bray-Curtis ecological distance also suggested that cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats shared taxonomically similar bird communities (69% similarity) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4b</a>). However, under this approach, crop fields and urban areas comprised a separate cluster (68% similarity), which was very different to that associated with cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats (46% similarity).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands had the most functionally similar bird communities (83% similarity), followed by crop fields (68% similarity), and by urban areas (67% similarity). In particular, riparian habitats contained species from all trophic groups, with insectivores and granivores the most abundant (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>). Cattle grazing lands were dominated by insectivore and omnivore species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>). With regard to crop fields, insectivores were widely dominant, followed by granivore species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>). Nectarivores, carnivores, and piscivores were absent from urban areas, while omnivores and insectivores dominated the community (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>According to the species’ habitat preferences analysis, surveyed habitats were separated into 2 different clusters that had a similarity value of 66%. The first cluster consisted of riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands (89% similarity), while the second was formed of crop fields and urban areas (83% similarity). Forest interior species were mainly recorded in riparian habitats and cattle grazing<a name="p1223"></a> lands (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>). Riparian habitats were highly used by generalist and disturbed edge species, while cattle grazing lands were dominated by disturbed sites and generalist species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>). Crop fields and urban areas were dominated by disturbed site species, followed by disturbed edge species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>).DiscussionRiparian habitats were very important within the modified landscape, as they contained the highest estimated number of bird species among all surveyed habitats. Although riparian habitats have also been subjected to different negative anthropogenic impacts at the study site, they still contain a heterogeneous understory and canopy cover, which might enhance microhabitat segregation, benefiting a vast array of breeding bird species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Deschênes et al., 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham, 2005</a>). Cattle grazing lands also contained a high number of avian species, which may have been attracted from adjacent riparian habitats by their remaining tall trees and abundant shrub cover (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit, 1992</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>). As crop field vegetation was only composed of an herbaceous stratum dominated by a few crop species (i. e., Cotton, Corn), only a reduced number of bird species might be able to fulfill their habitat requirements within them (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Benton et al., 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Berges et al., 2010</a>). For urban areas, high levels of human related disturbances (e.g., pedestrians, cars), reduced vegetation cover, and the presence of exotic (i. e., Rock Pigeon – Columba livia) and brood parasite urban exploiter species (i. e., Shiny Cowbird – Molothrus bonariensis) could have caused the low species richness values for these habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Miller et al., 1998</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors, 2009</a>).Within crop fields, the availability of a limited number of feeding resources (i. e., grain, crop insects) could have promoted the over-dominance of particular gregarious species that are tolerant to human related disturbances (i. e., Shiny Cowbird, Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Dhindsa and Saini, 1994</a>). In the case of urban areas, urban exploiter species (i. e., Rock Pigeon, Shiny Cowbird) biased the increase of bird abundance values for the entire community (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors, 2009</a>). These species thrive in urban systems because of a high availability of human related feeding resources, a decrease in competition with native species, and a reduction in predatory pressures (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Shochat, 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Shochat et al., 2010</a>). The more even bird community found in cattle grazing lands suggest that the presence of a greater variety of bird species contributed to the increase in bird abundances (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran, 2004</a>). In this way, cattle grazing lands might offer a wider array of conditions and resources that are more evenly distributed among different bird species than within crop fields and urban areas. Finally, bird abundance values for riparian habitats were reduced, probably because of the complex and heterogeneous conditions and resources that occur within these habitats, which benefit no particular species and thus promote evenness in the community (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran, 2004</a>).Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands had taxonomically similar bird communities. Proximity<a name="p1224"></a> between cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats, as well as the presence of tall trees and a complex shrub stratum within cattle grazing lands, might facilitate the utilization of these 2 habitats by a similar number of taxonomically-related birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">MacGregor-Fors and Schondube, 2011</a>). Incidence-based analysis showed that urban areas were taxonomically different from the rest of the surveyed habitats, which could be a result of the presence of urban exploiter species (i. e., Rock Pigeon, Black Vulture - Coragyps atratus) and the exclusion of a large number of native bird species (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">van Rensburg et al., 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">MacGregor-Fors and Ortega-Álvarez, 2011</a>). Nevertheless, the abundance-based analysis revealed a high similarity between urban areas and crop fields. This suggests that, although urban habitats and crop fields do not exactly contain the same type of bird species, they might promote high population numbers in some of those species shared (e. g., Shiny Cowbird, Smooth-billed Ani, Crotophaga ani; Cattle Tyrant, Machetornis rixosa; Ruddy Ground-dove, Columbina talpacoti). Such species could benefit from the reduction in competitive interactions with other species that are intolerant to the new conditions imposed by urban areas and crop fields (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Khoury and Al-Shamlih, 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Shochat et al., 2010</a>).Insectivores were found to be very successful in all studied habitats. As human-modified ecosystems tend to contain large open areas, insectivore bird species with high visibility-dependent foraging strategies could have improved hunting success, and thus increased their population numbers (i. e., Tropical Kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit, 1992</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Hulme, 2007</a>). Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands were used by bird species with similar feeding preferences. This supports the idea that both habitats offer equivalent resources to birds as a result of their heterogeneous properties, which are mainly related to their vegetation structure (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">MacArthur and MacArthur, 1961</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">MacArthur et al., 1962</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Martin et al., 2006</a>). Although feeding resources can be found in large quantities within urban systems, only a small fraction of bird species can exploit them (e. g., omnivores, insectivores) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Shochat, 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors, 2011a</a>). Hence, it is not surprising that urban areas had the most dissimilar bird communities among all the surveyed habitats. As suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Dhindsa and Saini (1994)</a>, crop fields may offer concentrated amounts of food but only for particular groups of birds (i. e., granivores), which might result in the reduction of the functional heterogeneity of bird communities. However, our results suggest that crop fields still support bird communities that are functionally more heterogeneous than those present in urban areas.Although landscape modification has reduced the abundance of interior forest species throughout the study site (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Renjifo et al., 2000</a>), some of these species were still recorded, mainly within riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands. The complex canopy cover of riparian habitats and the abundant understory cover present within cattle grazing lands may have been important for supporting interior forest species, as these offer different foraging,<a name="p1225"></a> sheltering, and nesting sites (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">MacArthur et al., 1962</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit, 1992</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Scott et al., 2003</a>). Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands were also important for generalist species, which might have benefited from the presence of both the original and disturbed conditions that prevail in these habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Cerezo et al., 2009</a>). High levels of human disturbance and the reduction of vegetation complexity, both characteristic of crop fields and urban areas, might have created conditions where the species that increase the most are the ones tolerant to continuous habitat disturbance.Human dominated landscapes can still maintain high levels of biodiversity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Nowak and Nowak, 2006</a>). As an increasing human population depends on these proliferating landscapes, there is an urgent need to understand related ecological patterns and processes in order to foster management and conservation activities focused on supporting wildlife and human welfare (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Benton et al., 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham, 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Berges et al., 2010</a>). Although the short duration of our study might hamper the understanding of the annual variability of focal bird communities, our results represent a valuable instant frame that captures the shifts on bird community values among surveyed habitats, supporting and complementing those findings provided by previous studies from other regions of the globe. According to our results, riparian habitats play a fundamental role for avian communities in human dominated landscapes, as they maintain diverse and complex bird communities. Moreover, their protection and restoration is essential, as they may be important in supporting forest interior bird species and promoting heterogeneous bird communities in nearby habitats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al., 1999</a>). Despite the fact that cattle grazing lands have been identified as detrimental for bird communities, the enhancement of tree and shrub cover could increase bird diversity values within these sites (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit, 1992</a>). To benefit birds, we recommend increasing the complexity of vegetation structure within crop fields, either by promoting multi-species crops or by incorporating live fences (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al., 1997</a>). The promotion of vegetation complexity within urban areas, mainly related to the tree and shrub component, could favor more diverse bird communities by reducing suitable foraging habitats for urban exploiters (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Ortega-Álvarez and MacGregor-Fors, 2011b</a>), increasing the refuges against human disturbance for native birds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Fernández-Juricic et al., 2001</a>), and promoting microhabitat diversification." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479583" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501903" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479584" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501904" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack147155" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-05-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501903" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "agriculture" 1 => "birds" 2 => "cattle grazing lands" 3 => "cities" 4 => "Colombia" 5 => "rivers" 6 => "urbanization" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501904" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "agricultura" 1 => "aves" 2 => "potreros" 3 => "ciudades" 4 => "Colombia" 5 => "ríos" 6 => "urbanización" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Intensification of agriculture and urban development are the main forces degrading natural ecosystems, particularly within species-rich countries. In this study, we determined the variation in bird communities between anthropogenic (i. e., cattle grazing lands, crop fields, urban areas) and riparian habitats within a highly humanmodified landscape in northwestern Colombia. For this purpose, we assessed differences in bird community diversity, structure, and composition among studied habitats. We also investigated similarities of surveyed habitats according to the habitat preferences of species. Results showed that riparian habitats play a fundamental role in human-dominated landscapes, as they maintain diverse and complex bird communities, support interior forest bird species, and might promote heterogeneous bird communities in nearby habitats. Cattle grazing lands also exhibited heterogeneous bird communities, which might be a result of the presence of tall trees, abundant shrub cover, and proximity of riparian habitats. Few species were over dominant within crop fields and urban areas due to a simple vegetation structure, leading to homogeneous avian communities where disturbed-site species thrive. Given that increasing human population depends on agricultural and urban ecosystems worldwide, there is an urgent need to foster management and conservation activities within such ecosystems to support wildlife and enhance human welfare." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo urbano son los principales factores de degradación de los ecosistemas naturales, particularmente en los países ricos en especies. En este estudio determinamos la variación de las comunidades de aves entre sistemas antropogénicos (i. e., potreros, cultivos, áreas urbanas) y riparios en un paisaje altamente modificado por el ser humano al noroeste de Colombia. Para ello, evaluamos las diferencias en la diversidad, estructura y composición de las comunidades de aves de los sistemas estudiados. Asimismo, analizamos la similitud entre los sistemas de acuerdo a la preferencia de hábitat de las especies registradas. Nuestros resultados muestran que los sistemas riparios juegan un papel fundamental en el paisaje antropogénico, ya que mantienen comunidades de aves diversas y complejas, alojan especies asociadas al interior de bosques y podrían estar favoreciendo la prevalencia de comunidades de aves heterogéneas en los sistemas adyacentes. Los potreros también exhibieron comunidades de aves heterogéneas, lo cual pudo deberse a la presencia de árboles altos, una alta cobertura arbustiva y la proximidad de los sistemas riparios. Pocas especies fueron sobre-dominantes en los campos de cultivo y las áreas urbanas puesto que estos sistemas presentan una estructura de la vegetación simple, lo cual propicia que las comunidades de aves sean homogéneas y dominadas por especies asociadas a sitios perturbados. Dado que mundialmente la creciente población humana depende de los ecosistemas agrícolas y urbanos, es imperante desarrollar actividades de manejo y conservación asociadas a este tipo de sistemas, de tal manera que sea posible conservar la vida silvestre y mejorar la calidad de vida del ser humano.<a name="p1218"></a>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1066 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 100628 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of surveyed habitats nearby Monteria City, Cordoba State, Colombia. R= riparian habitats, C= crop fields, G= cattle grazing lands, U= urban areas." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1685 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 87202 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "a) Estimated bird species richness for surveyed habitats. Comparisons of estimated bird species richness were performed using an abundance cut off point of n=198 (lesser total abundance recorded in riparian habitats). b) Bird abundances for surveyed habitats. Letters above values denote significant differences. Riparian= riparian habitats, grazing= cattle grazing lands, cropfield= crop fields, urban= urban areas." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 880 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 56825 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Rank-abundance plots of surveyed habitats. Dominant bird species for each surveyed habitat include: i) Tyrannus melancholicus and Leptotila verreauxi for riparian habitats; ii) Tyrannus melancholicus and Pitangus sulphuratus for cattle grazing lands; iii) Bubulcus ibis and Molothrus bonariensis for crop fields, and iv) Columba livia and Molothrus bonariensis for urban areas. Riparian= riparian habitats, grazing= cattle grazing lands, cropfield= crop fields, urban= urban areas." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 482 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 38909 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Taxonomic similarity of bird communities between habitats. a) Jaccard ecological distance dendrogram. b) Bray-Curtis ecological distance dendrogram. Urban = urban areas, Cropfield = crop fields, Riparian = riparian habitats, Grazing = cattle grazing lands." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vegetation traits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riparian habitats \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cattle grazing lands \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crop fields \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Urban areas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Maximum DBH (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">101.2±76.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">56.2±18.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">58.5±38.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Minimum DBH (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">12.9±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">13.1±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6.9±4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree cover (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">84.2±19.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">29.3±21.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">10.5±12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Shrub cover (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">8.3±7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">41.5±23.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">20.8±31.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">3±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree species richness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">8.6±4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">2.8±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">2.6±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Shrub species richness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">4.4±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6.2±2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.3±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0.5±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree density \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">21.7±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6.2±2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">5.9±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Maximum tree height (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">10.7±3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">9.1±2.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">5.4±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab758003.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Vegetation traits of surveyed habitats (average ± SD)" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riparian habitats \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cattle grazing lands \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crop fields \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Urban areas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feeding preference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Habitat preference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Bubulcus ibis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Cathartes aura \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Coragyps atratus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Busarellus nigricollis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Geranospiza caerulescens \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Buteogallus meridionalis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Buteo nitidus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Milvago chimachima \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Columbina minuta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Columbina talpacoti \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Columba livia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Zenaida auriculata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Leptotila verreauxi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Aratinga pertinax \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Forpus conspicillatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Brotogeris jugularis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Amazona ochrocephala \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Coccyzus lansbergi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Crotophaga major \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Crotophaga ani \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Anthracothorax nigricollis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Lepidopyga goudoti \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Hypnelus ruficollis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Melanerpes rubricapillus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Colaptes punctigula \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dryocopus lineatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Campephilus melanoleucos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Furnarius leucopus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Dendroplex picus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Elaenia flavogaster \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Todirostrum cinereum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Fluvicola pica \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Machetornis rixosa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Myiozetetes similis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Pitangus sulphuratus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Myiodynastes maculatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tyrannus melancholicus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tyrannus savana \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Tyrannus dominicensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Troglodytes aedon \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Campylorhynchus griseus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Turdus grayi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Ramphocelus dimidiatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Thraupis episcopus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Coereba flaveola \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Saltator coerulescens \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Volatinia jacarina \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Sporophila intermedia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Sporophila minuta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Icterus icterus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Icterus auricapillus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Icterus nigrogularis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Chrysomus icterocephalus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">f–i \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Molothrus bonariensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Sturnella militaris \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Euphonia trinitatis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">F \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d–e \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Lonchura malacca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">• \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">G \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab758002.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Bird species recorded in riparian habitats, cattle grazing lands, crop fields, and urban areas. Feeding and habitat preferences are given for each species. I= insectivore, G= granivore, O= omnivore, F= frugivore, C= carnivore, S= scavenger, N= nectarivore, P= piscivore, f-i= forest interior species, f-e= forest edge species, d= disturbed site species, d-e= disturbed edge species, g= generalist species" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">a) Trophic group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Riparian habitats \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cattle grazing lands \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Crop fields \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Urban areas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Carnivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Frugivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Granivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Insectivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">219 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Nectarivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Scavengers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Omnivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">119 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Piscivores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">b) Habitat preference categories \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">Riparian habitats \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">Cattle grazing lands \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">Crop fields \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">Urban areas \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Forest interior species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Forest edge species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Disturbed edge species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">110 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Disturbed site species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">185 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Generalist species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] 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La importancia de los hábitats riparios para las comunidades de aves en un paisaje neotropical altamente modificado por el ser humano

Moisés Elías Domínguez-López1, Rubén Ortega-Álvarez2

1 Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia. Carrera 6 No. 76–103, Córdoba, Colombia

2 Iniciativa para la Conservación de las Aves de América del Norte-México, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur, Núm. 4903, Col. Parques del Pedregal, Delegación Tlalpan, 14010 México, D. F., Mexico

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a&#41; Estimated bird species richness for surveyed habitats&#46; Comparisons of estimated bird species richness were performed using an abundance cut off point of n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>198 &#40;lesser total abundance recorded in riparian habitats&#41;&#46; b&#41; Bird abundances for surveyed habitats&#46; Letters above values denote significant differences&#46; Riparian&#61; riparian habitats&#44; grazing&#61; cattle grazing lands&#44; cropfield&#61; crop fields&#44; urban&#61; urban areas&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The socioeconomic changes that occurred during the end of the past century drastically altered natural ecosystems at different scales&#44; resulting in a worldwide reduction of biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Pimm et al&#46;&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; In particular&#44; the intensification of agriculture and the exponential growth of urban development resulted in a high rate of land-use change&#44; which is considered to be the main force degrading natural habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Foley et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Hanski&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; This scenario has been particularly serious for species-rich countries&#44; where negative impacts of agriculture and human population growth have been profound &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Pimm et al&#46;&#44; 1995</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Engelman et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research on human dominated landscapes has increased in the last decades &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Karanth and DeFries&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; most studies focused on temperate regions and sought to understand the ecology of remnants of natural habitat &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">Stouffer and Bierregaard&#44; 1995</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Beier et al&#46;&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; As a result&#44; our understanding of human dominated landscapes where natural habitats have been drastically reduced or completely extirpated is limited&#46; In order to enhance the biological value of such landscapes&#44; it is critical to understand their associated ecological patterns and processes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">MacGregor-Fors et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; In particular&#44; birds have been widely used as a study group within human dominated landscapes&#44; as they quickly respond to habitat alteration at different scales &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Furness and Greenwood 1993</a>&#41;&#44; are sensitive to human related disturbances &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fisher and Peterson&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#44; and exhibit specific habitat preferences for sites with distinct disturbance levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-&#193;lvarez and MacGregor-Fors&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; anthropogenic habitats that constitute human dominated landscapes exhibit less diverse and more dominated bird communities than natural habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">McKay&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; bird community responses to distinct anthropogenic habitats &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; crop fields&#44; cattle grazing lands&#44; urban settlements&#41; are not completely understood&#44; as current studies have reported contradictory results&#46; For example&#44; crop fields do not always exhibit more diverse and complex bird communities than cattle grazing lands as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Morris &#40;2000&#41;</a>&#44; as this pattern could vary in relation to the remaining vegetation structure and the location of cattle grazing lands across the landscape &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">MacGregor-Fors and Schondube&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; urbanization is not consistently more negative for birds than agricultural lands &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">McKay&#44; 1980</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Bellocq et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#44; as certain cultivation practices could be more detrimental for bird communities than urban development itself &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Faggi et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; although riparian habitats have been highlighted as crucial for wildlife species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Naiman et al&#46;&#44; 1993</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">Woinarski et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">Sabo et al&#46;&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#44; little is known about their importance for bird communities within extremely human-altered landscapes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we determined variations in bird communities among anthropogenic and riparian habitats within a highly human-modified Neotropical landscape&#46; For this&#44; we assessed differences in bird community species richness&#44; abundance&#44; structure&#44; and composition &#40;both taxonomic and functional&#41; among crop fields&#44; cattle grazing lands&#44; urban settlements&#44; and riparian habitats in northwestern Colombia&#46; Also&#44; we investigated the similarities of surveyed habitats according to species habitat preferences&#46; According to their vegetation structure&#44; we predicted that riparian habitats would exhibit the richest&#44; most even&#44; and most complex bird communities among all surveyed habitats&#44; followed by cattle grazing lands and crop fields&#46; We expected urban settlements to exhibit the highest bird abundances due to thriving urban exploiter species within these particular habitats&#46; Finally&#44; we presumed that riparian habitats and urban settlements would exhibit unique bird communities according to species habitat preferences&#44; as the former would be more often used by interior forest species&#44; while generalist and disturbed-site species would heavily prefer the latter&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study site</span>&#46; Colombia is one of the richest countries in the world for bird species&#46; However&#44; almost 32&#37; of its surface has been transformed into agricultural land&#44; thus posing a serious threat for wildlife &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Etter&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#46; This research was carried out in the montane region of San Jer&#243;nimo&#44; Cordoba State&#44; in the Caribbean region of Colombia&#46; The study site is characterized by a biota with Chocoanic-Amazonic-Magdalenic affinity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Hern&#225;ndez-Camacho et al&#46;&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46; The original vegetation type of the region included tropical dry forests&#59; however&#44; this original landscape has been drastically altered since the middle of the last century&#44; mainly for agricultural&#44; logging&#44; and through urbanization &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Etter&#44; 1993</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Henao-Sarmiento et al&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46; As a result&#44; there has been an important decline in bird diversity in the region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Laurence and Bierregaard&#44; 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Renjifo et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Avian surveys</span>&#46; We surveyed resident bird communities from June to July 2010 during peak bird activity &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; 06-10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; using 5-min unlimited-radius point-counts <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;sensu</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Huff et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#46; We were careful when defining the location of point-counts and when performing bird surveys in order to avoid registering species using different habitats from those that we were actively surveying&#46; We focused our study on resident<a name="p1219"></a> birds&#44; as they are usually more negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbance than migratory species&#46; Pointcounts were separated by a minimum distance of 250 m in order to assure data independence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46; We surveyed point-counts only once in order to maximize the study area&#46; At each point-count&#44; a single experienced observer who was highly familiarized with local birds &#40;MED-L&#41; registered all seen and heard bird species that were actively using the habitat &#40;e&#46; g&#46;&#44; perching&#44; foraging&#44; moving through the vegetation&#41;&#46; Although point-counts have been widely used for counting birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al&#46;&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Huff et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; they do not consider differences in detectability among species and habitats&#46; Thus&#44; their associated results might be useful&#44; but should be interpreted with caution&#46; Since tree and shrub vegetation components have been pinpointed as crucial for bird communities in anthropogenic habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#44; we measured the following traits within a circle &#40;25 m radius&#41; at the center of each point-count as suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">Ralph et al&#46; &#40;1996&#41;</a> to characterize surveyed habitats&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> maximum tree diameter at breast height &#40;DBH&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> minimum tree diameter at breast height&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> tree cover&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> shrub cover&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#41;</span> tree species richness&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#41;</span> shrub species richness&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#41;</span> tree density&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#41;</span> maximum tree height&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To contrast bird communities between those characteristic habitats that comprised the focal human dominated landscape&#44; we conducted bird surveys at anthropogenic &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; crop fields&#44; cattle grazing lands&#44; urban settlements&#41; and riparian habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Since forest remnants are scarce in the region and those left are occupied by illegal armed groups&#44; we excluded these from our surveys&#46; In order to account for a representative sample of bird communities&#44; we conducted 30 independent point-counts at each habitat&#46; Riparian habitats &#40;&#8764;40 ha&#41; were characterized by the presence of native vegetation located along rivers&#44; with the Pink Trumpet-tree <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Tabebuia rosea&#41;</span> and the Kapoktree <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Ceiba pentandra&#41;</span> as dominant species&#46; Although human activities have altered the original structure of the vegetation&#44; a complex vertical structure still defines these habitats&#46; Cattle grazing lands &#40;&#8764;170 ha&#41; retained large native trees &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Royal Poinciana&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Delonix regia</span>&#44; Yellow Mombin&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spondias mombin&#41;</span> and were usually covered by a complex herbaceous stratum grazed by cattle&#46; Within crop fields &#40;&#8764;80 ha&#41;&#44; low native plant cover persisted&#44; as only cotton <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Gossypium herbaceum&#41;</span> and corn<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Zea mays&#41;</span> are cultivated throughout the region&#46; Finally&#44; urban areas &#40;&#8764;120 ha&#41; were represented by heavily built sites with high levels of human activity&#46; Surveys were specifically performed at green&#44; residential&#44; and commercial sites within the city of Monteria&#44; which occupies a surface of 3 117<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and contains approximately 409 500 people &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Negrete-Barrera and Garces-Pretel&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; From their closest border&#44; anthropogenic habitats were located at similar distances from riparian habitats &#40;cattle grazing lands&#44; 1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#59; crop fields&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#58; urban areas&#44; 0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0900" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Data analysis</span>&#46; To compare bird species richness among surveyed habitats&#44; we calculated average species richness &#40;Sobs Mao Tau&#41; and 95&#37; confidence intervals using EstimateS &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Colwell&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; To determine differences in bird abundance between habitats&#44; we first transformed bird abundance values &#40;log<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span>&#41; to fit a normal distribution and then performed an ANOVA&#46; In addition&#44; 95&#37; confidence intervals were calculated for each average abundance value&#46; Following <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Payton et al&#46; &#40;2003&#41;</a>&#44; we assessed statistical differences among calculated bird species richness and mean abundance values with a &#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 when confidence intervals did not overlap&#46; In order to contrast bird community structures among habitats&#44; we used rankabundance plots &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; Then&#44; we performed an ANCOVA to determine statistical differences among resultant slopes&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We compared the taxonomic composition of surveyed habitats by calculating the ecological distances of bird communities using Biodiversity R as an extension for R &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">R Development Core Team&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Ecological distances summarize the variation in species composition among communities by calculating a single<a name="p1220"></a> distance statistic and displaying the resultant matrix in a dendrogram constructed by clustering methods &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; In order to account for differences in the taxonomic composition of bird communities due to species abundances&#44; we calculated ecological distances from both an abundance-based &#40;Bray-Curtis ecological distance&#41; and an incidence-based approach &#40;Jaccard ecological distance&#41;&#46; To determine functional similarity of bird communities&#44; we compared bird abundances with different feeding preferences among habitats&#46; For this&#44; we classified each recorded species into trophic groups according to its primary feeding resource&#44; which was determined bibliographically &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Howell and Webb&#44; 1995</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Schulenberg et al&#46;&#44; 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Hilty and Brown&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Then&#44; we performed a Bray-Curtis ecological distance analysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe&#44; 2005</a>&#41; to compare the functional composition of surveyed land-uses&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We evaluated the similarity of bird communities in relation to species habitat preferences&#46; For this we classified each recorded species in one of 5 different categories&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> interior forest species &#40;species associated with the core of original habitats&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> edge forest species &#40;species associated with original habitats but mainly abundant at their limits&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> disturbed site species &#40;species associated with altered habitats&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> disturbed edge species &#40;species associated with altered habitats but mainly abundant at their limits&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#41;</span> generalist species &#40;species present at both original and altered habitats&#41;&#46; Categories used to classify species in relation to their habitat preferences were determined based on personal observations and the information provided by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Hilty and Brown &#40;2009&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Howell and Webb &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">Schulenberg et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;</a>&#46; Finally&#44; we performed a Bray-Curtis ecological distance analysis to determine bird community similarity between habitats in relation to the abundance of species with different habitat preferences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Kindt and Coe&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Riparian habitats showed a complex vegetation structure mainly related to the tree component&#44; as wide&#44; tall&#44; and abundant trees of different species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; mostly covered these habitats&#46; Although within cattle grazing lands trees were less abundant than in riparian habitats&#44; medium-width tall trees were scattered amongst them&#46; Moreover&#44; cattle grazing lands contained an important shrub cover of different type of species&#46; Crop fields were found to be very poor with regard to their vegetation traits&#44; as only the shrub component was present and covered a small part of these habitats&#46; Finally&#44; urban areas contained a small number of short medium-width trees&#46; In addition&#44; the shrub component was widely undeveloped within urban areas&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recorded a total of 57 bird species among surveyed habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&#44; all recorded species are classified under the &#8220;least concern&#8221; category &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">IUCN&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Riparian habitats contained the highest number of bird species &#40;55 spp&#46;&#41;&#44; followed by cattle grazing lands &#40;42 spp&#46;&#41;&#44; crop fields &#40;29 spp&#46;&#41;&#44; and urban areas &#40;23 spp&#46;&#41;&#46; Recorded bird species were classified into 8 different groups according to their feeding preferences&#44; with insectivores comprising the majority of recorded species &#40;37&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by granivores &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; omnivores &#40;16&#37;&#41;&#44; frugivores &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#44; carnivores &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#44; scavengers &#40;5&#37;&#41;&#44; nectarivores &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; and piscivores &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46; In relation to species&#8217; habitat preferences&#44; 28&#37; of the total number of recorded species were generalist species&#44; 23&#37; were disturbed site species&#44; 19&#37; were disturbed edge species&#44; 19&#37; were interior forest species&#44; and 11&#37; were edge forest species&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Species richness&#44; abundance&#44; and the structure of bird communities</span>&#46; Rarefaction analysis revealed differences in bird species richness among surveyed habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2a</a>&#41;&#46; Riparian habitats had the highest estimated bird species richness&#44; followed by cattle grazing lands&#46; Crop fields and urban areas did not differ in relation to their estimated number of bird species&#46; Bird abundances also differed between habitats &#40;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3&#44; 114</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;3&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; being highest in crop fields&#44; urban areas&#44; and cattle grazing lands &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2b</a>&#41;&#46; Among all habitats&#44; riparian habitats had the lowest bird abundance&#46; The structure of bird communities and<a name="p1221"></a><a name="p1222"></a> dominant bird species varied between surveyed habitats &#40;F<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4&#44; 144</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>99&#46;5&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The riparian bird community was the most even of all&#44; followed by the community found in cattle grazing lands&#46; Crop fields and urban areas bird communities exhibited a similar structure &#40;Newman-Keuls&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;095&#41;&#44; and were highly dominated by a few species&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Similarity of bird communities</span>&#46; Jaccard ecological distance showed that cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats contained very similar bird communities in relation to their taxonomic compositions &#40;77&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; followed by crop fields &#40;50&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; and by urban areas &#40;36&#37; similarity&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4a</a>&#41;&#46; Bray-Curtis ecological distance also suggested that cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats shared taxonomically similar bird communities &#40;69&#37; similarity&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4b</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; under this approach&#44; crop fields and urban areas comprised a separate cluster &#40;68&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; which was very different to that associated with cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats &#40;46&#37; similarity&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands had the most functionally similar bird communities &#40;83&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; followed by crop fields &#40;68&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; and by urban areas &#40;67&#37; similarity&#41;&#46; In particular&#44; riparian habitats contained species from all trophic groups&#44; with insectivores and granivores the most abundant &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>&#41;&#46; Cattle grazing lands were dominated by insectivore and omnivore species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>&#41;&#46; With regard to crop fields&#44; insectivores were widely dominant&#44; followed by granivore species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>&#41;&#46; Nectarivores&#44; carnivores&#44; and piscivores were absent from urban areas&#44; while omnivores and insectivores dominated the community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3a</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the species&#8217; habitat preferences analysis&#44; surveyed habitats were separated into 2 different clusters that had a similarity value of 66&#37;&#46; The first cluster consisted of riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands &#40;89&#37; similarity&#41;&#44; while the second was formed of crop fields and urban areas &#40;83&#37; similarity&#41;&#46; Forest interior species were mainly recorded in riparian habitats and cattle grazing<a name="p1223"></a> lands &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>&#41;&#46; Riparian habitats were highly used by generalist and disturbed edge species&#44; while cattle grazing lands were dominated by disturbed sites and generalist species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>&#41;&#46; Crop fields and urban areas were dominated by disturbed site species&#44; followed by disturbed edge species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3b</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Riparian habitats were very important within the modified landscape&#44; as they contained the highest estimated number of bird species among all surveyed habitats&#46; Although riparian habitats have also been subjected to different negative anthropogenic impacts at the study site&#44; they still contain a heterogeneous understory and canopy cover&#44; which might enhance microhabitat segregation&#44; benefiting a vast array of breeding bird species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Desch&#234;nes et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham&#44; 2005</a>&#41;&#46; Cattle grazing lands also contained a high number of avian species&#44; which may have been attracted from adjacent riparian habitats by their remaining tall trees and abundant shrub cover &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit&#44; 1992</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; As crop field vegetation was only composed of an herbaceous stratum dominated by a few crop species &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Cotton&#44; Corn&#41;&#44; only a reduced number of bird species might be able to fulfill their habitat requirements within them &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Benton et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Berges et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; For urban areas&#44; high levels of human related disturbances &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; pedestrians&#44; cars&#41;&#44; reduced vegetation cover&#44; and the presence of exotic &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Rock Pigeon &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columba livia</span>&#41; and brood parasite urban exploiter species &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Shiny Cowbird &#8211; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Molothrus bonariensis&#41;</span> could have caused the low species richness values for these habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Miller et al&#46;&#44; 1998</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-&#193;lvarez and MacGregor-Fors&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within crop fields&#44; the availability of a limited number of feeding resources &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; grain&#44; crop insects&#41; could have promoted the over-dominance of particular gregarious species that are tolerant to human related disturbances &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Shiny Cowbird&#44; Cattle Egret - <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bubulcus ibis</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Dhindsa and Saini&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46; In the case of urban areas&#44; urban exploiter species &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Rock Pigeon&#44; Shiny Cowbird&#41; biased the increase of bird abundance values for the entire community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Ortega-&#193;lvarez and MacGregor-Fors&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; These species thrive in urban systems because of a high availability of human related feeding resources&#44; a decrease in competition with native species&#44; and a reduction in predatory pressures &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Shochat&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Shochat et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The more even bird community found in cattle grazing lands suggest that the presence of a greater variety of bird species contributed to the increase in bird abundances &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46; In this way&#44; cattle grazing lands might offer a wider array of conditions and resources that are more evenly distributed among different bird species than within crop fields and urban areas&#46; Finally&#44; bird abundance values for riparian habitats were reduced&#44; probably because of the complex and heterogeneous conditions and resources that occur within these habitats&#44; which benefit no particular species and thus promote evenness in the community &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Magurran&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands had taxonomically similar bird communities&#46; Proximity<a name="p1224"></a> between cattle grazing lands and riparian habitats&#44; as well as the presence of tall trees and a complex shrub stratum within cattle grazing lands&#44; might facilitate the utilization of these 2 habitats by a similar number of taxonomically-related birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">MacGregor-Fors and Schondube&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Incidence-based analysis showed that urban areas were taxonomically different from the rest of the surveyed habitats&#44; which could be a result of the presence of urban exploiter species &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Rock Pigeon&#44; Black Vulture - <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coragyps atratus&#41;</span> and the exclusion of a large number of native bird species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">van Rensburg et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">MacGregor-Fors and Ortega-&#193;lvarez&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the abundance-based analysis revealed a high similarity between urban areas and crop fields&#46; This suggests that&#44; although urban habitats and crop fields do not exactly contain the same type of bird species&#44; they might promote high population numbers in some of those species shared &#40;e&#46; g&#46;&#44; Shiny Cowbird&#44; Smooth-billed Ani&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crotophaga ani&#59;</span> Cattle Tyrant&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Machetornis rixosa</span>&#59; Ruddy Ground-dove&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columbina talpacoti&#41;</span>&#46; Such species could benefit from the reduction in competitive interactions with other species that are intolerant to the new conditions imposed by urban areas and crop fields &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Khoury and Al-Shamlih&#44; 2009</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">Shochat et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Insectivores were found to be very successful in all studied habitats&#46; As human-modified ecosystems tend to contain large open areas&#44; insectivore bird species with high visibility-dependent foraging strategies could have improved hunting success&#44; and thus increased their population numbers &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; Tropical Kingbird&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus melancholicus</span>&#44; Great Kiskadee&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pitangus sulphuratus&#41;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit&#44; 1992</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Hulme&#44; 2007</a>&#41;&#46; Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands were used by bird species with similar feeding preferences&#46; This supports the idea that both habitats offer equivalent resources to birds as a result of their heterogeneous properties&#44; which are mainly related to their vegetation structure &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">MacArthur and MacArthur&#44; 1961</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">MacArthur et al&#46;&#44; 1962</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Martin et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Although feeding resources can be found in large quantities within urban systems&#44; only a small fraction of bird species can exploit them &#40;e&#46; g&#46;&#44; omnivores&#44; insectivores&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">Shochat&#44; 2004</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Ortega-&#193;lvarez and MacGregor-Fors&#44; 2011a</a>&#41;&#46; Hence&#44; it is not surprising that urban areas had the most dissimilar bird communities among all the surveyed habitats&#46; As suggested by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Dhindsa and Saini &#40;1994&#41;</a>&#44; crop fields may offer concentrated amounts of food but only for particular groups of birds &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; granivores&#41;&#44; which might result in the reduction of the functional heterogeneity of bird communities&#46; However&#44; our results suggest that crop fields still support bird communities that are functionally more heterogeneous than those present in urban areas&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although landscape modification has reduced the abundance of interior forest species throughout the study site &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">Renjifo et al&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; some of these species were still recorded&#44; mainly within riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands&#46; The complex canopy cover of riparian habitats and the abundant understory cover present within cattle grazing lands may have been important for supporting interior forest species&#44; as these offer different foraging&#44;<a name="p1225"></a> sheltering&#44; and nesting sites &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">MacArthur et al&#46;&#44; 1962</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit&#44; 1992</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">Scott et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#41;&#46; Riparian habitats and cattle grazing lands were also important for generalist species&#44; which might have benefited from the presence of both the original and disturbed conditions that prevail in these habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Cerezo et al&#46;&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; High levels of human disturbance and the reduction of vegetation complexity&#44; both characteristic of crop fields and urban areas&#44; might have created conditions where the species that increase the most are the ones tolerant to continuous habitat disturbance&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human dominated landscapes can still maintain high levels of biodiversity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Nowak and Nowak&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; As an increasing human population depends on these proliferating landscapes&#44; there is an urgent need to understand related ecological patterns and processes in order to foster management and conservation activities focused on supporting wildlife and human welfare &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Benton et al&#46;&#44; 2003</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martin and Possingham&#44; 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Berges et al&#46;&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Although the short duration of our study might hamper the understanding of the annual variability of focal bird communities&#44; our results represent a valuable instant frame that captures the shifts on bird community values among surveyed habitats&#44; supporting and complementing those findings provided by previous studies from other regions of the globe&#46; According to our results&#44; riparian habitats play a fundamental role for avian communities in human dominated landscapes&#44; as they maintain diverse and complex bird communities&#46; Moreover&#44; their protection and restoration is essential&#44; as they may be important in supporting forest interior bird species and promoting heterogeneous bird communities in nearby habitats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Petit et al&#46;&#44; 1999</a>&#41;&#46; Despite the fact that cattle grazing lands have been identified as detrimental for bird communities&#44; the enhancement of tree and shrub cover could increase bird diversity values within these sites &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">Saab and Petit&#44; 1992</a>&#41;&#46; To benefit birds&#44; we recommend increasing the complexity of vegetation structure within crop fields&#44; either by promoting multi-species crops or by incorporating live fences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Estrada et al&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; The promotion of vegetation complexity within urban areas&#44; mainly related to the tree and shrub component&#44; could favor more diverse bird communities by reducing suitable foraging habitats for urban exploiters &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Ortega-&#193;lvarez and MacGregor-Fors&#44; 2011b</a>&#41;&#44; increasing the refuges against human disturbance for native birds &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Fern&#225;ndez-Juricic et al&#46;&#44; 2001</a>&#41;&#44; and promoting microhabitat diversification&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres479583"
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          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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        6 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "xack147155"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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          "titulo" => "Literature cited"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-09"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-05-26"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "agriculture"
            1 => "birds"
            2 => "cattle grazing lands"
            3 => "cities"
            4 => "Colombia"
            5 => "rivers"
            6 => "urbanization"
          ]
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        0 => array:4 [
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          "palabras" => array:7 [
            0 => "agricultura"
            1 => "aves"
            2 => "potreros"
            3 => "ciudades"
            4 => "Colombia"
            5 => "r&#237;os"
            6 => "urbanizaci&#243;n"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intensification of agriculture and urban development are the main forces degrading natural ecosystems&#44; particularly within species-rich countries&#46; In this study&#44; we determined the variation in bird communities between anthropogenic &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; cattle grazing lands&#44; crop fields&#44; urban areas&#41; and riparian habitats within a highly humanmodified landscape in northwestern Colombia&#46; For this purpose&#44; we assessed differences in bird community diversity&#44; structure&#44; and composition among studied habitats&#46; We also investigated similarities of surveyed habitats according to the habitat preferences of species&#46; Results showed that riparian habitats play a fundamental role in human-dominated landscapes&#44; as they maintain diverse and complex bird communities&#44; support interior forest bird species&#44; and might promote heterogeneous bird communities in nearby habitats&#46; Cattle grazing lands also exhibited heterogeneous bird communities&#44; which might be a result of the presence of tall trees&#44; abundant shrub cover&#44; and proximity of riparian habitats&#46; Few species were over dominant within crop fields and urban areas due to a simple vegetation structure&#44; leading to homogeneous avian communities where disturbed-site species thrive&#46; Given that increasing human population depends on agricultural and urban ecosystems worldwide&#44; there is an urgent need to foster management and conservation activities within such ecosystems to support wildlife and enhance human welfare&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La intensificaci&#243;n de la agricultura y el desarrollo urbano son los principales factores de degradaci&#243;n de los ecosistemas naturales&#44; particularmente en los pa&#237;ses ricos en especies&#46; En este estudio determinamos la variaci&#243;n de las comunidades de aves entre sistemas antropog&#233;nicos &#40;i&#46; e&#46;&#44; potreros&#44; cultivos&#44; &#225;reas urbanas&#41; y riparios en un paisaje altamente modificado por el ser humano al noroeste de Colombia&#46; Para ello&#44; evaluamos las diferencias en la diversidad&#44; estructura y composici&#243;n de las comunidades de aves de los sistemas estudiados&#46; Asimismo&#44; analizamos la similitud entre los sistemas de acuerdo a la preferencia de h&#225;bitat de las especies registradas&#46; Nuestros resultados muestran que los sistemas riparios juegan un papel fundamental en el paisaje antropog&#233;nico&#44; ya que mantienen comunidades de aves diversas y complejas&#44; alojan especies asociadas al interior de bosques y podr&#237;an estar favoreciendo la prevalencia de comunidades de aves heterog&#233;neas en los sistemas adyacentes&#46; Los potreros tambi&#233;n exhibieron comunidades de aves heterog&#233;neas&#44; lo cual pudo deberse a la presencia de &#225;rboles altos&#44; una alta cobertura arbustiva y la proximidad de los sistemas riparios&#46; Pocas especies fueron sobre-dominantes en los campos de cultivo y las &#225;reas urbanas puesto que estos sistemas presentan una estructura de la vegetaci&#243;n simple&#44; lo cual propicia que las comunidades de aves sean homog&#233;neas y dominadas por especies asociadas a sitios perturbados&#46; Dado que mundialmente la creciente poblaci&#243;n humana depende de los ecosistemas agr&#237;colas y urbanos&#44; es imperante desarrollar actividades de manejo y conservaci&#243;n asociadas a este tipo de sistemas&#44; de tal manera que sea posible conservar la vida silvestre y mejorar la calidad de vida del ser humano&#46;<a name="p1218"></a></p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of surveyed habitats nearby Monteria City&#44; Cordoba State&#44; Colombia&#46; R&#61; riparian habitats&#44; C&#61; crop fields&#44; G&#61; cattle grazing lands&#44; U&#61; urban areas&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a&#41; Estimated bird species richness for surveyed habitats&#46; Comparisons of estimated bird species richness were performed using an abundance cut off point of n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>198 &#40;lesser total abundance recorded in riparian habitats&#41;&#46; b&#41; Bird abundances for surveyed habitats&#46; Letters above values denote significant differences&#46; Riparian&#61; riparian habitats&#44; grazing&#61; cattle grazing lands&#44; cropfield&#61; crop fields&#44; urban&#61; urban areas&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rank-abundance plots of surveyed habitats&#46; Dominant bird species for each surveyed habitat include&#58; i&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus melancholicus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leptotila verreauxi</span> for riparian habitats&#59; ii&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus melancholicus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pitangus sulphuratus</span> for cattle grazing lands&#59; iii&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bubulcus ibis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Molothrus bonariensis</span> for crop fields&#44; and iv&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columba livia</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Molothrus bonariensis</span> for urban areas&#46; Riparian&#61; riparian habitats&#44; grazing&#61; cattle grazing lands&#44; cropfield&#61; crop fields&#44; urban&#61; urban areas&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxonomic similarity of bird communities between habitats&#46; a&#41; Jaccard ecological distance dendrogram&#46; b&#41; Bray-Curtis ecological distance dendrogram&#46; Urban &#61; urban areas&#44; Cropfield &#61; crop fields&#44; Riparian &#61; riparian habitats&#44; Grazing &#61; cattle grazing lands&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vegetation traits</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riparian habitats</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cattle grazing lands</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crop fields</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urban areas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Maximum DBH &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">101&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">56&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">58&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Minimum DBH &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">12&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">13&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree cover &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">84&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">29&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">10&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Shrub cover &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">8&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">41&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">20&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree species richness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">2&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Shrub species richness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">4&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Tree density&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">21&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">5&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Maximum tree height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">10&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">9&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vegetation traits of surveyed habitats &#40;average &#177; SD&#41;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Species</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riparian habitats</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cattle grazing lands</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crop fields</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urban areas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Feeding preference</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Habitat preference</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bubulcus ibis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cathartes aura</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coragyps atratus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Busarellus nigricollis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Geranospiza caerulescens</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buteogallus meridionalis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Buteo nitidus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Milvago chimachima</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columbina minuta</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columbina talpacoti</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Columba livia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zenaida auriculata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leptotila verreauxi</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aratinga pertinax</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Forpus conspicillatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brotogeris jugularis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amazona ochrocephala</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coccyzus lansbergi</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crotophaga major</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crotophaga ani</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anthracothorax nigricollis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lepidopyga goudoti</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hypnelus ruficollis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Melanerpes rubricapillus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colaptes punctigula</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dryocopus lineatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campephilus melanoleucos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Furnarius leucopus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dendroplex picus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Elaenia flavogaster</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Todirostrum cinereum</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fluvicola pica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Machetornis rixosa</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myiozetetes similis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pitangus sulphuratus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Myiodynastes maculatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus melancholicus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus savana</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tyrannus dominicensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Troglodytes aedon</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylorhynchus griseus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">I&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Turdus grayi</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ramphocelus dimidiatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thraupis episcopus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coereba flaveola</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saltator coerulescens</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Volatinia jacarina</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporophila intermedia</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sporophila minuta</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Icterus icterus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Icterus auricapillus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Icterus nigrogularis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chrysomus icterocephalus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">f&#8211;i&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Molothrus bonariensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sturnella militaris</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&#8211;e&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">&#8226;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">d&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Bird species recorded in riparian habitats&#44; cattle grazing lands&#44; crop fields&#44; and urban areas&#46; Feeding and habitat preferences are given for each species&#46; I&#61; insectivore&#44; G&#61; granivore&#44; O&#61; omnivore&#44; F&#61; frugivore&#44; C&#61; carnivore&#44; S&#61; scavenger&#44; N&#61; nectarivore&#44; P&#61; piscivore&#44; f-i&#61; forest interior species&#44; f-e&#61; forest edge species&#44; d&#61; disturbed site species&#44; d-e&#61; disturbed edge species&#44; g&#61; generalist species</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41; Trophic group</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riparian habitats</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cattle grazing lands</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crop fields</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Urban areas</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Carnivores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">219&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">118&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Forest interior species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Forest edge species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Disturbed edge species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">110&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Disturbed site species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">185&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">154&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Generalist species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="bottom">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abundance of a&#41; trophic groups and b&#41; species habitat preference categories among surveyed habitats&#46; Reported values represent the sum of all recorded individuals for each group</p>"
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                      ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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              "etiqueta" => "Benton et al&#46;&#44; 2003"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Farmland biodiversity&#58; is habitat heterogeneity the key&#63;"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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              "etiqueta" => "Berges et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
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                      "titulo" => "Bird species diversity in riparian buffers&#44; row crop fields&#44; and grazed pastures within agriculturally dominated watersheds"
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                      "titulo" => "Uso de h&#225;bitats modificados por aves dependientes de bosque tropical en la regi&#243;n caribe&#241;a de Guatemala"
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Article information

ISSN: 18703453
Original language: English

DOI:10.7550/rmb.43849

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2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	9	2	11
2024 September	7	10	17
2024 August	10	7	17
2024 July	6	3	9
2024 June	10	5	15
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2024 April	13	5	18
2024 March	13	4	17
2024 February	13	3	16
2024 January	20	5	25
2023 December	10	6	16
2023 November	5	8	13
2023 October	12	8	20
2023 September	16	0	16
2023 August	2	2	4
2023 July	5	2	7
2023 June	9	12	21
2023 May	35	2	37
2023 April	58	2	60
2023 March	53	5	58
2023 February	20	4	24
2023 January	19	3	22
2022 December	10	6	16
2022 November	17	4	21
2022 October	17	4	21
2022 September	12	11	23
2022 August	18	12	30
2022 July	16	6	22
2022 June	14	5	19
2022 May	17	5	22
2022 April	42	7	49
2022 March	18	5	23
2022 February	10	6	16
2022 January	17	9	26
2021 December	18	5	23
2021 November	26	5	31
2021 October	24	9	33
2021 September	10	14	24
2021 August	8	3	11
2021 July	23	7	30
2021 June	14	9	23
2021 May	9	3	12
2021 April	16	11	27
2021 March	9	7	16
2021 February	18	11	29
2021 January	12	7	19
2020 December	7	11	18
2020 November	12	5	17
2020 October	9	3	12
2020 September	6	4	10
2020 August	17	6	23
2020 July	20	13	33
2020 June	18	7	25
2020 May	13	10	23
2020 April	12	10	22
2020 March	9	2	11
2020 February	13	10	23
2020 January	9	5	14
2019 December	9	2	11
2019 November	14	16	30
2019 October	12	3	15
2019 September	33	4	37
2019 August	8	1	9
2019 July	11	0	11
2019 June	37	7	44
2019 May	93	11	104
2019 April	37	4	41
2019 March	4	4	8
2019 February	2	4	6
2019 January	7	3	10
2018 December	4	2	6
2018 November	10	1	11
2018 October	5	17	22
2018 September	24	8	32
2018 August	6	6	12
2018 July	5	2	7
2018 June	5	0	5
2018 May	1	10	11
2018 April	12	0	12
2018 March	0	2	2
2018 February	3	2	5
2018 January	9	1	10
2017 December	4	0	4
2017 November	12	1	13
2017 October	11	4	15
2017 September	7	7	14
2017 August	6	10	16
2017 July	7	7	14
2017 June	14	14	28
2017 May	18	3	21
2017 April	17	11	28
2017 March	10	38	48
2017 February	7	4	11
2017 January	6	2	8
2016 December	9	3	12
2016 November	19	4	23
2016 October	30	6	36
2016 September	26	6	32
2016 August	14	9	23
2016 July	8	0	8

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