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array:23 [ "pii" => "S1870345314730052" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.44392" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73005" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1228-34" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1188 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 48 "HTML" => 729 "PDF" => 411 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314730064" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43747" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73006" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1235-48" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1465 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 31 "HTML" => 1043 "PDF" => 391 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Estatus actual de conservación de seis especies de peces dulceacuícolas de la península de Baja California, México" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1235" "paginaFinal" => "1248" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Current conservation status of six freshwater fish species from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figura 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1168 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 158557 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A) Registros de distribución históricos y actuales de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cyprinodon macularius</span> y B) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</span> en la península de Baja California, México (ver Apéndice 2 para número de localidad y toponimia).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Gorgonio Ruiz-Campos, Faustino Camarena-Rosales, Adrián F. González-Acosta, Alejandro M. Maeda-Martinez, Francisco J. García de León, Alejandro Varela-Romero, Asunción Andreu-Soler" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gorgonio" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Campos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Faustino" "apellidos" => "Camarena-Rosales" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adrián F." "apellidos" => "González-Acosta" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro M." "apellidos" => "Maeda-Martinez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco J." "apellidos" => "García de León" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Varela-Romero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Asunción" "apellidos" => "Andreu-Soler" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314730064?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730064/v1_201504220301/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870345314730040" "issn" => "18703453" "doi" => "10.7550/rmb.43849" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-12-01" "aid" => "73004" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 2014;85:1217-27" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 877 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 37 "HTML" => 593 "PDF" => 247 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The importance of riparian habitats for avian communities in a highly human-modified Neotropical landscape" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1217" "paginaFinal" => "1227" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La importancia de los hábitats riparios para las comunidades de aves en un paisaje neotropical altamente modificado por el ser humano" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1685 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 87202 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a) Estimated bird species richness for surveyed habitats. Comparisons of estimated bird species richness were performed using an abundance cut off point of n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>198 (lesser total abundance recorded in riparian habitats). b) Bird abundances for surveyed habitats. Letters above values denote significant differences. Riparian= riparian habitats, grazing= cattle grazing lands, cropfield= crop fields, urban= urban areas.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Moisés Elías Domínguez-López, Rubén Ortega-Álvarez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Moisés" "apellidos" => "Elías Domínguez-López" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rubén" "apellidos" => "Ortega-Álvarez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314730040?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730040/v1_201504220301/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Panbiogeography of the Santa María Amajac area, Hidalgo, Mexico" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1228" "paginaFinal" => "1234" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Arturo Palma-Ramírez, Irene Goyenechea, Jesús M. Castillo-Cerón" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Arturo" "apellidos" => "Palma-Ramírez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Goyenechea" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ireneg28@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jesús M." "apellidos" => "Castillo-Cerón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Léxico Estratigráfico, Servicio Geológico Mexicano. Av. Mariano Jiménez 465, 78280 San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Ciudad Universitaria, Carretera Pachuca Tulancingo s/n Km. 4.5, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "2" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Museo de Paleontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Ciudad Universitaria, Carretera Pachuca Tulancingo s/n Km. 4.5, 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "3" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Panbiogeografía del área de Santa María Amajac, Hidalgo, México" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 28" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1125 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 98633 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Generalized tracks and nodes obtained. I, Western North American; II, Central North American; III, Eastern North American; IV, Mesoamerican; V, South American; a, b, c, and d, nodes located in California, Colorado, Santa María Amajac, and Guatemala, respectively.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traditionally, panbiogeographic studies have had a neontological approach. The underestimation or exclusion of the fossil record in this research program has been pointed out by different authors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Crisci and Morrone, 1992</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Cox and Moore, 1993</a>). Nevertheless, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Craw et al. (1999)</a> mentioned that fossils are important in panbiogeography because they could extend the distributional area of taxa, and represent the minimal age of a group, which is not necessarily equivalent to the time of the phylogenetic origin of that group. This contrasts with the traditional dispersalist point of view, where biogeographic hypotheses are based upon the place of first occurrence of a group in the fossil record (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Candela and Morrone, 2003</a>). In Mexico, the fossil record is abundant and there are localities ranging from the Precambrian (541<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>million years ago) to the Holocene (Recent). However, given the geological history of the country and the nature of the fossil record, some periods and environments are represented more frequently than others, and some biological groups are widely documented, while in others the information is scarce or absent (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2008</a>). Lacustrine environments are distinct because their biota could be preserved in the fossil record (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2008</a>). In Mexico, there is no marine<a name="p1229"></a> or terrestrial fossil record revealing the total biological richness of a specific place as a reference to understanding current diversity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2008</a>). The Santa María Amajac paleolake is located in the central part of Hidalgo, and the paleofauna has been the subject of several studies. Its fossils include plants, ostracods, gastropods, fishes, amphibians, and mammals, among other groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Aguilar and Ortiz, 2000</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Aguilar et al., 2002</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Aguilar-Aguilar and Contreras-Medina, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Martínez-Becerra, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Hernández-López, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Martínez-Martínez and Velasco de León, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Flores-Camargo et al., 2009</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Palma-Ramírez, 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">Zayas-Ocelotl, 2013</a>).</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to determine distributional patterns of different taxa making up the paleobiota in the Santa María Amajac paleolake through a panbiogeographic approach. This work represents the first analysis of its kind in Mexico that uses a significant number of fossil taxa under a panbiogeographical approach. The panbiogeographic method was originally proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Leon Croizat (1958)</a> with the statement “Earth and Life evolve together”, meaning that there is a correlated history among 3 factors working as one: space, time, and form (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Morrone, 2001</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). Panbiogeography emphasizes the spatial or geographical dimension of biodiversity, which allows a better understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Craw et al., 1999</a>). Also, it highlights the importance of geographical distribution in maps (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). This method identifies spatial homologies, which indicate the preexistence of ancestral biotas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Grehan, 2001</a>), clarifying the interrelationships between biogeographic areas, and also recognizing transition zones (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">Ruggiero and Ezcurra, 2003</a>).</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Panbiogeography allows the possibility of recognizing whether certain areas have a complex origin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Morrone, 2001</a>), suggesting localities for future cladistic biogeographic analyses (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Contreras-Medina and Eliosa-León, 2001</a>). Additionally, this method is especially useful in paleontology, where phylogenetic data of most of the groups is dubious or even incomplete (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Gallo et al., 2013</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An exhaustive search for fossil distributional records in America from the taxa identified in the area of Santa María Amajac was conducted. The data analyzed corresponded to the ages determined according to the chronology based on the presence of North American land mammals (NALMA), proposed by different authors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Castillo-Cerón et al., 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Carranza-Castañeda, 2006</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">Palma-Ramírez, 2012</a>): Blancan (Late Pliocene), Irvingtonian (Late Pliocene- Early Pleistocene), and Rancholabrean (Late Pleistocene). Geographic distributions were obtained from the literature (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kurtén and Anderson, 1980</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Carranza-Castañeda, 1991</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Castillo-Cerón et al., 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Edmund, 1996</a>), and supplemented by the available records of online databases of several scientific institutions, as well as the website: The Paleobiology Database (<a href="http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl">http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl</a>). Taxa were used at the taxonomic level of genus, as in many cases a specific identification was not possible. If fossils were considered at the specific level, the number of records gathered would diminish considerably.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Track analysis</span>. Panbiogeography involves 3 principal concepts: individual track, generalized or standard track, and node (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). An individual track represents the spatial coordinates of a species or group of related species in space (Liria, 1999; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). Operationally, individual tracks are line graphs drawn on a map of connected localities or distributional areas, according to geographical proximity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). Spatially congruent individual tracks of unrelated taxa constitute a generalized track, which provides a spatial criterion for biogeographic homology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Morrone and Crisci, 1995</a>), and suggest shared histories within biotas (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Torres-Miranda and Luna-Vega, 2006</a>). When 2 or more generalized tracks converge or overlap in an area, a biogeographic node is identified. A node is considered a complex area. This means that different ancestral biotic and geologic fragments interrelate in spacetime, as a consequence of terrane collision, docking, or suturing (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Morrone and Crisci, 1995</a>). Nodes are dynamic biogeographic boundaries where remnant fragments of different ancestral biotas came into contact (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Crisci et al., 2003</a>). In this work, we constructed individual tracks for those taxa distributed in the Amajac paleolake (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>): 12 plants (11 terrestrial and 1 aquatic), 3 ostracods, 1 gastropod, 2 amphibians, and 9 mammals. Individual tracks were obtained by plotting localities of each taxon on present-day American continent maps, employing ArcView 3.3 software (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">ESRI, 2002</a>), and connecting them by minimum spanning trees using the Trazos2004 extension (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Rojas-Parra, 2004</a>). Generalized tracks and biogeographic nodes were drawn by hand. Due to the scale used in this research, individual tracks were not oriented, as has been done in other panbiogeographic studies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Morrone, 2004</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">2009)</a>. Generalized tracks were obtained by superimposing the 27 individual tracks for each genus that correspond to the 27 genera included. Generalized tracks were outlined where 2 or more individual tracks overlap (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Croizat, 1958</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Grehan, 2001</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Morrone, 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Torres-Miranda and Luna-Vega, 2006</a>). Once the generalized tracks were delimited, nodes were identified in places where 2 or more of these tracks converged.<a name="p1230"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We constructed 27 individual tracks for the analyzed taxa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figures 1–27</a>). Overlapping of individual tracks allowed the identification of 5 generalized tracks and 4 nodes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 28</a>). Four of the generalized tracks are located in northern Mexico and northern and central North America. The fifth generalized track extends from southern Mexico to Central America, and southwestern South America. We list the taxa that support the 5 generalized tracks in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">table 2</a>. The Western North American generalized track (track I) extends from the northwestern United States to California, where it overlaps with one of the edges of the Central North American generalized track (track II); where the Western North American generalized track turns to Colorado, it reaches Mexico through the Sierra Madre Oriental, and reaches the east-central portion of the Mexican Transvolcanic Belt (MTB), where it overlaps with generalized tracks II, III, and IV. Both edges of the generalized track II overlie the generalized tracks I, III, and IV in the east-central portion of the MTB. One branch of the generalized track II, extends from southern California, and passes through the west coast of Mexico, while the other edge descends from the northeastern United States across the Gulf of Mexico. The Eastern North American generalized track (track III) comes from the central part of the United States, where it overlies one of the branches<a name="p1231"></a> of the generalized track I, and reaches the central part of Mexico overlapping with the generalized tracks I, II, and IV. The Mesoamerican generalized track (track IV) extends from the southeastern United States and descends to the west-central portion of the MTB; it moves to the east-central part of the MTB, where it overlaps with generalized tracks I, II, and III. Track IV runs to Central America, where it overlies the eastern edge of the South American generalized track (track V). The latter extends to the Andes, where it bifurcates to the Amazon basin on one side, and to the Andes mountain range on the other. We identified 4 nodes. The first is located in California, United States. The second is situated in the west-central United States, in Colorado. The third is located in the Santa María Amajac area, in Hidalgo, in the east-central MTB. The fourth is situated in Central America, in Guatemala.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four of the 5 generalized tracks retrieved by the analysis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 28</a>) display an east-west distribution pattern that agrees with a previous hypothesis of an Atlantic-Pacific division along the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Corona et al., 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Escalante et al., 2007</a>; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">León-Paniagua et al., 2007</a>). The fifth generalized track (South American) is the only generalized track that resembles the Great American Biotic Interchange between North and South America during the late Cenozoic, where 2 of the fossil mammals that support the track are Holarctic taxa, while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pampatherium mexicanum</span> is a Neotropical taxon.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 5 generalized tracks retrieved by the analysis coincide partially with those proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Contreras-Medina and Eliosa-León (2001)</a> for the distribution of extant gymnosperms, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects. The Western North American generalized track is congruent with the track that <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martínez-Martínez (2008)</a> recovered with fossil records of 3 genera of aquatic plants <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(Nymphaea, Scirpus</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Typha</span>). This track extends from the western United States to the Santa María Amajac area, in western Mexico. The Mesoamerican generalized track has been retrieved before and partially coincides with the Southern Mesoamerican track proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Márquez and Morrone (2003)</a> and with the Mesoamerican track proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">Toledo et al. (2007)</a>. The South American generalized track agrees in its Central American portion with the track proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Asiain et al. (2010)</a> based on beetles, with the track proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Martínez-Martínez (2008)</a> for aquatic plants, and with the track that <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Escalante et al. (2011)</a> recovered with nematodes and rodents. The<a name="p1232"></a> latter coincides with the South American generalized track as well, but only as far as Colombia.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the nodes retrieved by the analysis, overlapping tracks III and IV, is located within the Mexican Transition zone proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Halffter (1978</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">1987)</a> and delimited by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Morrone (2006)</a> using the distribution of extant taxa. These authors proposed the Mexican Transition zone as an area where Nearctic and Neotropical elements from the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America overlap. Other authors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Aguayo and Trápaga, 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">Torres-Miranda and Luna-Vega, 2006</a>) have already recovered nodes in the MTB.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The biogeographic affinity of the Mexican biota has been discussed previously from a paleontological viewpoint by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Carranza-Castañeda and Ferrusquía-Villafranca, (1978)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Carranza-Castañeda, (2006)</a>, as well as from a neontological perspective (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">Rzedowski, 1978</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Contreras-Medina and Eliosa-León, 2001</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Morrone, 2010</a>). The generalized tracks identified in our analysis support the idea of a combined origin of the Mexican biota relating Laurasian and Gondwanan components in the central portion of the country. Mexico's topographic and geographical characteristics have promoted a great variety of ecosystems and one of the highest levels of biodiversity worldwide (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Flores-Villela and Gérez, 1989</a>). In the central portion of the country the ecological and geological diversity is shown along with evidence of the integration of different organisms, mainly mammals, from the Nearctic region with immigrants from South America. Tracks obtained with the fossil biota of Santa María Amajac resemble those discovered with extant biotas, suggesting that distribution patterns have prevailed since late Pliocene (Blancan), because Mexico's geological configuration experienced minimal changes in the last 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>million years, and those changes shown in the central portion of the country are due to climatic variations more than geological modifications (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Kurtén and Anderson, 1980</a>).</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479594" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501913" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres479593" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501914" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack147157" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-02-07" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501913" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "paleolake" 1 => "track analysis" 2 => "node" 3 => "birds" 4 => "mammals" 5 => "fossils" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec501914" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "paleolago" 1 => "análisis de trazos" 2 => "nodo" 3 => "aves" 4 => "mamíferos" 5 => "fósiles" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Santa María Amajac paleolake is located in the central portion of Hidalgo, Mexico. Twenty-seven fossil taxa of aquatic and terrestrial plants, gastropods, ostracods, amphibians, and mammals identified previously in the area of the paleolake were selected and their distribution in America during the Late Pliocene- Pleistocene was analyzed using the panbiogeographic method. As a result of the overlap of 27 individual tracks, 5 generalized tracks were obtained: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I)</span> Western North American, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">II)</span> Central North American, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">III)</span> Eastern North American, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IV)</span> Mesoamerican, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V)</span> South American. The generalized tracks are consistent with previous proposals for extant gymnosperms, amphibians, sauropsids, birds, mammals, aquatic plants, insects, beetles, and nematodes, suggesting that distribution patterns have prevailed since the late Pliocene (Blancan). Four biogeographic nodes were identified, 2 situated in North America, in California and Colorado, the third located in the Santa María Amajac area in central Mexico, and the fourth located in Central America.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El paleolago de Santa María Amajac se ubica en la parte central del estado de Hidalgo, México. Se seleccionaron 27 taxones fósiles pertenecientes a plantas acuáticas y terrestres, gasterópodos, ostrácodos, anfibios y mamíferos que habían sido previamente identificados en el área del paleolago, y se analizó su distribución en América durante el Plioceno Tardío-Pleistoceno a través del método panbiogeográfico. Como resultado de la superposición de los 27 trazos individuales se obtuvieron 5 trazos generalizados: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">I)</span> norteamericano occidental, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">II)</span> norteamericano central, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">III)</span> norteamerciano oriental, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IV)</span> mesoamericano y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V)</span> sudamericano. Los trazos generalizados coinciden con los propuestos para gimnospermas, anfibios, saurópsidos, aves, mamíferos, plantas acuáticas, insectos, coleópteros y nemátodos recientes; lo que indica que los patrones de distribución han prevalecido desde el Plioceno tardío (Blancano). Se identificaron 4 nodos; 2 localizados en Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, en California y Colorado, otro localizado en el área de Santa María Amajac, en la parte central del país y el último en Centroamérica.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figures 1-9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 879 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 111108 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Individual tracks. 1, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amelanchier</span> sp.; 2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cercocarpus</span> sp.; 3, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crataegus</span> sp.; 4, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platanus</span> sp.; 5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prunus</span> sp.; 6, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhus</span> sp.; 7, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salix</span> sp.; 8, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Populus</span> sp.; 9, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candona</span> sp.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figures 10-18" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 851 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 117096 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Individual tracks. 10, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hyla</span> sp.; 11, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tremarctos</span> sp.; 12, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Limnocythere</span> sp.; 13, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ambystoma</span> sp.; 14, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Juniperus</span> sp.; 15, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Typha</span> sp.; 16, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Planorbis</span> sp., 17, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Darwinula</span> sp.; 18, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pinus</span> sp.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figures 19-27" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 905 "Ancho" => 973 "Tamanyo" => 122124 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">19, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quercus</span> sp.; 20, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paramylodon</span> sp.; 21, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mammuthus</span> sp.; 22, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pampatherium</span> sp.; 23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuvieronius</span> sp.; 24, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sylvilagus</span> sp.; 25, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Equus</span> sp.; 26, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platygonus</span> sp.;27, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhynchotherium</span> sp.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 28" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1125 "Ancho" => 972 "Tamanyo" => 98633 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Generalized tracks and nodes obtained. I, Western North American; II, Central North American; III, Eastern North American; IV, Mesoamerican; V, South American; a, b, c, and d, nodes located in California, Colorado, Santa María Amajac, and Guatemala, respectively.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Taxa</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Genera</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Terrestrial plants</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amelanchier</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cercocarpus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Crataegus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Juniperus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pinus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platanus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Populus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prunus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quercus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salix</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Aquatic plants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Typha</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Gasteropods \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Planorbis</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Ostracods \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candona</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Darwinula</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Limnocythere</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Amphibians \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ambystoma</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hyla</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Mammals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pampatherium</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paramylodon</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cuvieronius</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mammuthus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhynchotherium</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sylvilagus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Equus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Platygonus</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tremarctos</span> sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab758005.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxa considered in the panbiogeographic analysis</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tracks</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Genera</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Amelanchier, Cercocarpus, Crataegus, Platanus, Prunus, Rhus, Salix</span>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Populus, Candona, Limnocythere, Ambystoma, Hyla, Tremarctos</span>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">III \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Juniperus, Thypa Planorbis, Darwinula</span>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">IV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pinus, Quercus, Paramylodon, Mammuthus</span>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">V \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="bottom"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pampatherium, Cuvieronius, Sylvilagus, Equus, Platygonus</span>. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab758006.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genera that support the generalized tracks identified</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Literature cited" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:49 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Aguayo and Trápaga, 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.E. 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We thank referees for their comments, which significantly contributed to improving this publication.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730052/v1_201504220301/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18703453/0000008500000004/v1_201504220301/S1870345314730052/v1_201504220301/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870345314730052?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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