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Anatomy
Anatomical description of the Cortés damselfish Stegastes rectifraenum (Perciformes: Pomacentridae). Key structures for omnivore feeding
Descripción anatómica de la jaqueta de Cortés Stegastes rectifraenum (Perciformes: Pomacentridae). Estructuras clave para la alimentación omnívora
Rosalía Aguilar-Medranoa,
Corresponding author
liabiol@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Abraham Kobelkowskyb, Eduardo Francisco Balartc
a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
b Laboratorio de Peces, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 México D.F., Mexico
c Laboratorio de Necton y Ecología de Arrecifes, y Colección Ictiológica, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23090 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The family Pomacentridae &#40;damselfishes&#41; is a group of marine fishes found in tropical and temperate waters&#46; It is one of the most abundant fish families in rocky substrates and coral reefs&#46; Worldwide&#44; it groups 394 species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Eschmeyer&#44; 2015</a>&#41;&#46; In the Eastern Pacific 7 genera and 24 species have been reported&#44; all endemic to this region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Damselfishes show an extraordinary diversity of habitat&#44; feeding and behavior preferences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano&#44; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich&#44; De Luna&#44; &#38; E&#46; Balart&#44; 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Most of them exhibit aterritorial behavior during the reproductive season&#44; others as the members of the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes</span> are always territorial&#46; The species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes</span> are well known for actively farming and removing unwanted algae growing in its territory &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Horn&#44; 1989&#59; Wilson &#38; Bellwood&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Tropical Eastern Pacific &#40;TEP&#41;&#44; 8 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegates</span> species have been registered &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifraenum</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41; is endemic to the Mexican Pacific coast and is one of the most widely distributed species in the Gulf of California&#46; It is distributed mostly in rocky reefs&#44; at depths between 1 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#44; from north of Magdalena Bay on the west coast of Baja California&#44; Gulf of California&#44; Revillagigedo Islands to Acapulco&#44; Guerrero in the south &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">Allen &#38; Woods&#44; 1980&#59; Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This highly territorial species only leaves its territory for a few seconds to scare intruders or to catch some food&#46; It was first described as a herbivorous species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#44; feeding mainly on fleshy red and green algae &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Montgomery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; in spite of its strong relation with algae&#44; new analyses classified this species as omnivorous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Moreno-S&#225;nchez&#44; Abitia-C&#225;rdenas&#44; Escobar-S&#225;nchez&#44; &#38; Palacios-Salgado&#44; 2011&#59; Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifraenum</span> is an important subject of study since it is locally abundant and widely distributed in the Mexican Pacific coast&#44; representing a high contribution to the biomass of shallow coral reefs&#46; Also&#44; it presents highly specialized feeding habits that determine the type of alga that grow in the reef&#44; regulating the algal community structure and thus the productivity of reefs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">Montgomery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most osteological analyses of damselfishes have focused just in the skull due to its relationship to diet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Ciardelli&#44; 1967&#59; Emery&#44; 1973&#44; 1980&#59; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich&#44; Parmentier&#44; &#38; Vanderwalle&#44; 2006&#59; Gluckmann &#38; Vanderwalle&#44; 1998&#59; Gluckmann&#44; Bussers&#44; Poulicek&#44; &#38; Vandewalle&#44; 1999&#59; Liem&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; since no complete anatomical description of any damselfish has yet been published&#44; in this study&#44; the anatomical arrangement of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> was described through the combination of the skeletal&#44; muscular and digestive systems&#46; Special attention is given to previously cited structures that are related to the diet in damselfishes&#44; to target our main research question&#58; which structures allow <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> to have an omnivorous diet&#63;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyses of other members of Pomacentridae&#44; covering different approaches as external morphology&#44; anatomy&#44; gut content&#44; musculature&#44; digestive tract&#44; were used to discuss our results and present a comparative analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample comprised 9 adult organisms&#44; from 3 museum collections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The analyses of the bone structures&#44; muscle and intestine were carried out by direct observations&#44; observations in stereoscopic microscope and electronic microscope photographs&#46; The osteology was analyzed with 3 techniques&#58; &#40;1&#41; X-rays&#44; &#40;2&#41; fleshing of fresh collected organisms&#44; and &#40;3&#41; clearing and staining technique &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Hollister&#44; 1932</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The terminology used to describe bone structures was based on the analyses of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">Emery &#40;1973&#44; 1980&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fr&#233;d&#233;rich et al&#46; &#40;2006&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Gluckmann and Vanderwalle &#40;1998&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Gluckmann et al&#46; &#40;1999&#41;</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Kobelkowsky &#40;2004&#41;</a>&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Ciardelli &#40;1967&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Galis and Snelderwaard &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Liem &#40;1980&#41;</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Winterbottom &#40;1974&#41;</a>&#44; were used to describe muscles&#44; and finally&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Canan&#44; Silva do Nascimento&#44; Bezerra da Silva&#44; and Chellappa &#40;2012&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Fukusho &#40;1969&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">Kobelkowsky &#40;2002&#44; 2007&#41;</a>&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Kobelkowsky &#38; Pantoja-Escobar &#40;2009&#41;</a> were used to describe the digestive system&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Description of the skeletal pattern</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Neurocranium</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The neurocranium of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> is slightly longer than higher&#44; the supraoccipital crest is high and rounded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#44; b&#41;&#44; representing approximately half of the neurocranium height&#46; The inferior extreme of the basioccipital&#44; the anterior extreme of the vomer and the superior extreme of the supraoccipital crest form an angle of approximately 50&#176; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; The pterotic crest shows a horizontal line of fosses&#46; The posterior edge of the basioccipital coupled with the first vertebrae&#46; The exoccipital and basioccipital mark the dome&#46; In the otic region a wide postemporal fosse is delimited by the pterotic&#44; parietal and epiotic&#46; The parasphenoid form ventrally 2 crests&#59; the posterior one is thinner than the anterior one &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>d&#41;&#46; The vomer is robust and projecting toward the front &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c&#44; d&#41;&#59; the nasal bones are long and curve and do not exceed the vomer &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c&#41;&#46; The anterior and superior orbital region has fosses&#46; The suborbital series group 5 bones&#59; the third is the biggest&#44; the edges are serrated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>e&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Oral jaws and opercular series</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The upper and lower jaws are short and robust&#46; The premaxilla is robust with narrow and truncated ascending process &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#59; the angle between ascending process of the premaxilla and its dentigerous process is equal or less than 90&#176;&#46; The dentigerous area has 1 row of long&#44; sharp-edged teeth whose size gradually decreases from the symphysis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>d&#41;&#46; The maxilla is robust and undulated with 2 processes in the frontal edge&#44; in between of which the maxilla superior edge is located&#44; the posterior edge is rounded &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#59; the lateral surface of the anterior edge is noticeably concave and receives the anterior edge of the palatine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#46; The dentary is robust and does not form a coronoid process &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#59; at its rear portion presents a process where the articulo-angular joint&#59; presents a row of teeth similar to the premaxilla teeth&#46; The articulo-angular is short &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#44; has ample coronoid process and develops a triangular forward process&#44; which is embedded in the dentary&#59; near its posterior edge is the articular fossa&#44; facing upwardly receiving the condyle of the quadrate&#46; The retroarticular is small and joins the articular rear &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Palatine series</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The palatine series is formed by the palatine&#44; ectopterygoid and mesopterygoid bones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#46; The palatine is robust and curved&#59; its anterior edge is wider and joins the maxilla&#44; the rear edge articulates with the ectopterygoid and mesopterygoid&#46; The mesopterygoid is short and laminar&#44; and form a fossa that receives part of the adductor arcus palatini muscle&#46; The ectopterygoid is robust and inverted C-shaped&#59; it joins the mesopterygoid and quadrate&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Mandibular suspension</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mandibular suspension is formed by hyomandibular&#44; metapterygoid&#44; symplectic and quadrate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#46; The hyomandibular is elongated and articulates through the condyles with the sphenoid&#44; pterotic and opercular&#59; on its lateral surface forms a curved lip&#44; which join with the upper part of the preopercular&#59; its free anterior edge is slightly convex&#46; The metapterygoid is elongated and joins widely to the hyomandibular&#46; The symplectic is small and oval&#59; near its junction with the quadrate forms a foramen&#46; The quadrate is relatively large and triangular&#59; in its lower-anterior part bear the condyle that articulates with the articulo-angular&#59; its junction with the ectopterygoid is wide&#59; overlap inferiorly with the preopercular&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Opercular series</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It consists of the preopercular&#44; opercular&#44; subopercular and interopercular bones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a&#41;&#46; The preopercular is elongate&#44; L-shaped&#44; with a wide middle portion and convex leading edge&#59; the anterior edge is thicker than the posterior edge&#59; laterally has the lateral line canal&#59; the posterior edge is serrated&#44; mainly the inferior part of the edge&#46; The opercular is trapezoidal&#44; with an upper edge relatively straight and the posterior edge noticeably concave&#44; while its anterior edge is thick and convex&#46; The interopercular is oval and thin&#44; with a wavy upper edge&#46; The subopercular presents thick and rounded edges&#59; has a triangular portion&#44; concave anterior edge and a triangular anterior upper apophysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Hyoid apparatus</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hyoid apparatus is relatively small and consists of the basihyal and urohyal odd bones&#44; the 2 hyoid bars which in turn consist of the dorsal hipohyal&#44; ventral hipohyal&#44; ceratohyal&#44; epihyal&#44; interhyal and 6 branchiostegal rays &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>e&#44; f&#41;&#46; The 2 hyioid bars join by the disk-shaped interhyal cartilage&#44; which is a type of diarthrosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3e&#44; 4a</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The basihyal is flat shaped in its dorsal view and joins by a diarthrosis to the basibranchial 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>e&#41;&#46; The urohyal is laminar &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>e&#41; with triangular appearance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3f&#44; 4a</a>&#41;&#59; its anterior edge is thick and convex&#44; the posterior is concave and the upper shows a condylar structure&#59; at its anterior edge forms 2 lateral processes&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The elements of each hyoid bar are relatively short &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>e&#44; f&#41;&#46; The hipohyales are short&#46; The ceratohyal supports the 6 branchiostegal rays and strongly join the epihyal&#46; The epihyal is rounded and dorsally supports the interhyal&#44; which is small and pyramidal&#46; The branchiostegal rays are 6 elements which gradually increasing in length backwards&#46; The more anterior positioned branchiostegal rays are shorter and thinner&#44; while the others are flat and relatively wide &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>f&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Branchiocranium</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first pharyngobranchial keeps the branchial apparatus suspended in the otic region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>d&#41;&#46; The ceratobranchials are longest than the epibranchials&#44; externally present a groove for the branchial arteries and internally present 2 rows of gill rakers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#44; e&#41;&#46; The 11&#8211;12 gill rakers of the first branchial arch are long and setiform&#44; with 2 series of small and thing teeth &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>b&#41;&#59; the internal row of the branchial arch and 2 rows from the second to the fourth present small gill rakers with setiform teeth in the tip &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>c&#41;&#46; The hyobranchials are 3 thick bones&#59; the second is rectangular&#59; the ceratobranchials and basibranchials fuse to these bones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#44; d&#41;&#46; The basibranchials are 3 bones&#44; the 2 first are thin and the third is thick &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>d&#44; e&#41;&#46; The glosohyal in thin in the base and it gradually thickens toward the center resembling a shovel&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lower pharyngeal jaw is elongated&#44; Y-shaped&#59; the anterior edge is thin and toothless&#44; most pharyngeal teeth are in the mesial position &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3f&#44; 4a&#44; b</a>&#41;&#46; Mesial teeth are robust and unicuspid&#44; the teeth close to the edges of the plate are thin&#44; with 1 cuspid resembling a hook with a flat base &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>a&#44; b&#41;&#46; The upper pharyngeal jaw is composed by 4 bones&#44; the 2 largest are thick semi-elliptical plates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3g&#44; 4c&#44; d</a>&#41;&#44; it presents 2 types of teeth&#44; thick unicuspid teeth in the mesial&#44; and thinner and hook shape teeth in the edges&#46; The 2 smaller plates are triangular with only thin&#44; hook shape teeth &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>c&#44; d&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Axial skeleton</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vertebral column presents&#58; 3 predorsal bones&#44; 11 precaudal vertebrae&#44; 14 caudal vertebrae and the urostyle&#46; Nine pleural ribs are present from the third vertebra&#46; It presents 27 dorsal pterygiophores&#44; the first 12 join the 12 dorsal fin spines and the next 15 join the 16 dorsal fin rays&#46; The last 2 rays of the dorsal fin are spliced in the base&#44; the last one show a thin base which lay on the base of the penultimate&#44; both rays laid on 15th pterygiophores&#46; The 15th pterygiophore is reduced in size and U-shaped&#46; There are 3 supraneural bones between the supraoccipital crest and the first dorsal pterygiophore&#46; The anal fin is composed by 14 pterygiophores&#44; the first receive the 2 anal spines and the next 13 receive the 14 rays of the anal fin&#46; As in the dorsal fin&#44; the last 2 rays laid in the 13th pterygiophore which is reduced in size and U shaped &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>a&#41;&#46; The caudal complex present 3 epurals&#44; 5 hypurals&#59; the parhypural is thick in the base&#44; tapering to the tip&#59; the ural centrum is thick and the uroneurals 1 and 2 show a long and angular tip &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>b&#41;&#46; The caudal fin presents 25 rays&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Appendicular skeleton</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The postemporal join the pectoral girdle to the neurocranium&#46; The 4 radials and the condyle of the scapula support the pectoral fin&#46; The supracleitrum is triangular&#44; laminar&#44; elongated&#44; with the interior edge thick&#59; articulates to the postemporal and cleithrum&#46; The cleithrum is curve with an angular&#44; laminar superior edge and rounded&#44; thick inferior edge&#46; The superior postcleithrum is laminar&#44; thick and elongated&#46; The inferior postcleithrum is laminar&#44; elongated with thick posterior edge&#46; The scapula is small with a central foramen&#46; The coracoid is thin and laminar&#59; the inferior edge joins the inferior edge of the cleithrum&#44; but do not exceed it&#46; The size of the radials increases from the first to the fourth&#59; are thinner in the center&#44; the posterior edge is thicker than the anterior which join the scapula&#46; The radials articulate with 19&#8211;21 pectoral rays&#46; The pelvic girdle presents a triangular&#44; thick and angular basipterygium&#44; which join to 2 spines and 5 pelvic rays &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>c&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Visceral musculature</span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Mandibular musculature</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The more complex muscle of the mandible is the adductor mandibulae&#44; which is divided in the A1&#44; A2&#44; A3 and Aw sections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#41;&#46; Its origin is in several areas of the mandibular suspension and preopercular&#44; and its insertion is in the dentary and premaxilla&#46; The levator arcus palatini muscle is long&#44; originating from a lateral sphenotic area and inserted into the lateral surface of the hyomandibular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#44; d&#41;&#46; The adductor hyomandibulae &#40;not shown&#41; is the antagonist muscle&#46; The adductor arcus palatini muscle originates from the parasphenoid and is widely inserted into endopterygoid&#44; metapterygoid&#44; and part of the hyomandibular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#44; d&#41;&#46; The intermandibularis muscle is narrow and joins the inner surface of both dentary and articular bones&#44; near the mandibular symphysis&#46; It is dorsal and ventral covered by protractor hyoideus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Hyoid musculature</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The left and right protractor hyoideus muscles originate from the corresponding ceratohyal&#44; above the third branchiostegal ray &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>a&#41;&#46; Both muscles merge in its anterior portion and are attached to the internal part of the dentary&#44; covering the mandibular symphysis&#46; The dilatator operculi muscle is robust&#44; it originates from the lateral surface of sphenotic and inserted in the anterodorsal process of the opercular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#41;&#46; It is largely covered by the levator arcus palatini&#46; The anterior levator operculi muscle &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#41; originates in the pterotic and it is inserted in the front surface portion&#44; near the top edge of the opercular&#46; The levator operculi posterior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>b&#44; c&#41; originates in the postemporal and inserted in the upper edge of the operculum&#44; in a posterior position than the anterior levator operculi&#46; The antagonist muscle to these 2 muscles is the adductor operculi &#40;not shown&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Gill musculature</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The externi levatores muscle originates in the sphenotic and is attached in the dorsal process of the 4 epibranchial ridge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46; More internally are located the levatores interni &#40;not shown&#41;&#46; The retractor dorsalis muscle originates in the lateral surface of the first vertebra and is attached to the posterior edge of the pharingobranchial 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46; The rectus communis muscle originates in the lateral process of the lower pharyngeal jaws and is inserted into the upper edge of the urohyal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sternohyoideus muscle is strong &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#44; it originates from the anterior surface of the inferior portion of cleitrum and is inserted into the lateral and posterior surfaces of the urohyal&#46; The pharyngoclavicularis externus muscle is laminar&#59; it originates in the middle anterior part of the cleitrum and it is inserted into the ventral surface of the lower pharyngeal bone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46; The pharyngoclavicularis internus muscle is laminar&#44; it originates in a higher position of the medium-anterior surface of the cleitrum and is inserted into the ventral surface of the lower pharyngeal bone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Visceral cavity</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The visceral cavity is bounded by the precaudal vertebrae&#44; the first hemal arch&#44; first anal pterygiophore&#44; the infracarinalis medius muscles&#44; the pelvic girdle&#44; interior infracarinalis muscles&#44; the scapular girdle&#44; the pleural ribs and axial muscles&#46; Approximately one third of the volume of the visceral cavity is occupied by the mesonephric kidneys and gas bladder&#46; The rest of the cavity is occupied by the digestive tract&#44; liver&#44; spleen and gonads&#46; The kidney shapes 2 lateral lobes&#44; from which the left contact the liver&#46; The gaseous bladder contacts the dorsal part of the stomach and gonads&#46; The gonads develop between the gas bladder and bowel&#44; reaching highest volume the mature ovaries&#44; than the mature testicles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>a&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Digestive channel</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immediately behind the upper and lower pharyngeal plates the short esophagus starts&#46; The stomach shows 2 cardiac portions&#44; pyloric and stomach caecum&#44; which are medium sized &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>a-d&#41;&#46; Three pyloric caeca are developed&#44; oriented backwards&#46; One caecum is dorsolateral to the stomach&#44; while the remainders are ventral &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>d&#41;&#46; The intestine is of medium length&#46; Its curl involves the formation of some arcs&#44; after which its trajectory is straight and of ventral position &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>a&#44; b&#44; c&#41;&#46; The anus is bordered with numerous lobules &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>e&#41; and is partially covered by scales in females &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>e&#44; f&#41; and totally in males &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>g&#41;&#46; Immediately behind the anus is the urogenital papilla in both sexes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Gland attached to the digestive channel</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The liver show 2 short anterior lobes&#44; 2 long posterior lobes and some recesses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>d&#41;&#46; The left posterior hepatic lobe is the broader and partially covers the stomach and pyloric caeca &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>a&#41;&#46; The right hepatic lobe develops lesser extent &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>b&#44; d&#41;&#46; The gallbladder is elongated and slender&#44; and is attached to the posterior edge of the right hepatic lobe &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>a&#41;&#46;</p></span></span></span></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our analysis is the first presenting a complete description of the skeletal&#44; muscle and digestive systems of a damselfish species&#46; Although&#44; damselfishes appear similar in their external morphology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Allen&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#44; our detailed anatomical examination and the analysis of the literature allow us to observe differences among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> and other damselfish species&#46; According to our revision&#44; the key to have a wider diet is related to a peculiar anatomical pattern&#44; combining structures observed in herbivorous&#44; omnivorous and zooplanktivorous species&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cephalic region of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> shows diagnostic characters of the genus&#44; as serrate margins of the preopercular and suborbital bones&#46; The cranium is high and compact&#44; the pieces are in general thick and the supraoccipital crest is high and rounded&#46; In contrast&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lepidozygus tapeinosoma</span> &#40;Bleeker&#44; 1856&#41; shows a low and long cranium&#44; the pieces are thin and the supraoccipital crest is low and small &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Emery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; These morphological differences are related to the general shape pattern&#44; which is more hydrodynamic in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; tapeinosoma</span> than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Is interesting to notice that the urohyal bone of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span>&#44; with its triangular appearance&#44; is highly similar to that of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microspathodon chrysurus</span> &#40;Cuvier&#44; 1838&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">Ciardelli&#44; 1967&#59; Emery&#44; 1973</a>&#41;&#44; and different from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; tapeinosoma</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Emery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#44; and some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis</span> species&#44; which present elongated urohyal bones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Emery&#44; 1973</a>&#41;&#46; This character&#44; as well as the general shape of the cranium&#44; might be related to the general shape of the species&#59; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegates</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microspathodon</span> are deep-bodied species&#44; the members of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lepidozygus</span> and some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis</span> species are elongated&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegates rectifraenum</span> presents 3 predorsal bones as most damselfish species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Emery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; The number&#44; shape and relation of the dorsal fin and neural spines are generally consistent within species but diverge between species&#44; genera or families &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Kendall&#44; 1976</a>&#41;&#46; For example&#44; in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> the first predorsal is wider&#44; while the other 2 are thinner and all its superior-lateral processes are forward inclined&#46; In contrast&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; tapeinosoma</span> predorsal bones are about as wide&#44; just the first and third present superior-lateral processes and each is inclined in opposite direction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Emery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another character that shows differences among species is the caudal complex&#46; The caudal complex has been used to help in the classification of fish groups and provide useful information about swimming &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">Collette &#38; Russo&#44; 1984&#59; Laidig &#38; Adams&#44; 1991&#59; Schultze &#38; Arratia&#44; 1989</a>&#41;&#46; Among this complex&#44; the presence of 5 hypurals has been recognized as a character of advanced teleosts&#44; however in some fish groups as the mackerel and tunas the hypurals fuse to form a hypural plate&#44; while in others as the scombrids&#44; hypurals 1&#8211;2 and 3&#8211;4 are united &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Helfman&#44; Collette&#44; Facey&#44; &#38; Bowen&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; Damselfishes might be highly variable in this character&#44; since <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> present 5 hypurals&#44; non-united and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; tapeinosoma</span> present the hypurals 1&#8211;2 and 3&#8211;4 united &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Emery&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Trophic tendencies</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifrenum</span> presents 1 row of premaxillar teeth&#44; a character related to herbivorous species as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chrysurus</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">Emery&#44; 1973&#59; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich et al&#46;&#44; 2006&#59; Gluckmann &#38; Vanderwalle&#44; 1998</a>&#41; and the mandibular arch has thick and compact pieces&#44; character related to grazer damselfish species as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus</span> &#40;Quoy &#38; Gaimard&#44; 1825&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Fr&#233;d&#233;rich et al&#46;&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also&#44; it presents characters related to omnivorous species with preference for algae as some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dascyllus</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chrysiptera</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pomacentrus</span> species&#58; the dentary is almost flat and the retroarticular is long and thin&#59; the premaxillar and dentary present incisor teeth&#59; the teeth of the dentary are shorter than the premaxillar teeth&#59; the anterior teeth are longer than the laterals&#59; the angle of the ascending process of the premaxilla and the dentate area form an angle 90&#176; approximately&#59; and the connection between the metapterigoides and quadrate is thin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">Fr&#233;d&#233;rich et al&#46;&#44; 2006&#59; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich&#44; Pilet&#44; Parmentier&#44; &#38; Vanderwalle&#44; 2008&#59; Gluckmann &#38; Vanderwalle&#44; 1998&#59; Norman &#38; Greenwood&#44; 1963</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The levator arcus palatine is long in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> and short in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chrysurus</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Ciardelli&#44; 1967</a>&#41; both are approximately the same width&#46; The main function of this muscle is to raise the hyomandibular&#44; participating in complex movements of swallowing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Emery&#44; 1973</a>&#41;&#46; Strong&#44; thick mandibular muscles are a character related to herbivorous &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Vial &#38; Ojeda&#44; 1990</a>&#41;&#44; thus&#44; this character in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> might be related to an omnivorous feeding behavior&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the internal organs in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> are similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chrysurus</span>&#44; as the left lobe of the liver is longest&#44; the gall bladder is located dorsomedially in the right lobe of the liver&#59; 3 pyloric caeca&#44; etc&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Ciardelli&#44; 1967</a>&#41;&#44; however the intestine of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chrysurus</span> occupied more space in the visceral cavity than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> intestine&#46; The size of the intestine is a character strongly attributable to diet&#59; generally speaking&#44; herbivorous species have long intestines &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">Canan&#44; Silva do Nascimento&#44; Bezerra da Silva&#44; &#38; Chellappa&#44; 2012&#59; Elliott &#38; Bellwood&#44; 2003&#59; Emery&#44; 1973&#59; Emery &#38; Thresher&#44; 1980&#59; Horn&#44; 1989</a>&#41;&#46; It is clear that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> presents shortest intestine than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chrysurus</span>&#44; and also&#44; the intestinal convolutions of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> show strong relation to zooplanktivorous species as some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abudefduf</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chrysiptera</span> species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Fukusho&#44; 1969</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pharyngeal teeth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> are similar to those in pelagic feeders as some <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chromis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abudefduf</span> species &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Emery&#44; 1973</a>&#41;&#46; These highly efficient teeth&#44; can effectively grind&#44; fasten and tear&#44; and might be the key character that allows <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> to use a wider range of resources&#44; avoiding or decreasing competition when a specific resource is limited in the environment&#46; Finally&#44; through the complete anatomical analyses we classify <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> as grazer&#44; omnivorous&#44; with preference for algae&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ecological implications</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also when the consumption of algae of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> just represents half of its diet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Moreno-S&#225;nchez et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#44; this species spends the full day aggressively protecting the territory from intruders &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">Aguilar-Medrano&#44; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich&#44; Balart&#44; &#38; De Luna&#44; 2013&#59; Ceccarelli&#44; 2007&#59; Lobel&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; the algae in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> territory might play different roles as&#58; &#40;1&#41; food &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Moreno-S&#225;nchez et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Robertson &#38; Allen&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; a substrate that accumulates debris&#44; which is part of its diet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011&#59; Wilson &#38; Bellwood&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#59; and &#40;3&#41; attracting small benthic invertebrates&#44; since approximately 50&#37; of its diet is composed of invertebrates and other animals&#46; Since <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> barely leaves its territory&#44; then the territory must attract the prey&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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        6 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Description of the skeletal pattern"
              "secciones" => array:10 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0025"
                  "titulo" => "Neurocranium"
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                1 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0030"
                  "titulo" => "Oral jaws and opercular series"
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                2 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0035"
                  "titulo" => "Palatine series"
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                3 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0040"
                  "titulo" => "Mandibular suspension"
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                4 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0045"
                  "titulo" => "Opercular series"
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                5 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0050"
                  "titulo" => "Hyoid apparatus"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0055"
                  "titulo" => "Branchiocranium"
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                7 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0060"
                  "titulo" => "Axial skeleton"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0065"
                  "titulo" => "Appendicular skeleton"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0070"
                  "titulo" => "Visceral musculature"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0075"
                      "titulo" => "Mandibular musculature"
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                    1 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0080"
                      "titulo" => "Hyoid musculature"
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                    2 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0085"
                      "titulo" => "Gill musculature"
                    ]
                    3 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0090"
                      "titulo" => "Visceral cavity"
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                    4 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0095"
                      "titulo" => "Digestive channel"
                    ]
                    5 => array:2 [
                      "identificador" => "sec0100"
                      "titulo" => "Gland attached to the digestive channel"
                    ]
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          "identificador" => "sec0105"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0110"
              "titulo" => "Trophic tendencies"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0115"
              "titulo" => "Ecological implications"
            ]
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        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack196111"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-01-14"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-26"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Damselfishes"
            1 => "Muscular system"
            2 => "Osteology"
            3 => "Digestive systems"
            4 => "Diet"
          ]
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      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599354"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Peces damisela"
            1 => "Sistema muscular"
            2 => "Osteolog&#237;a"
            3 => "Sistema digestivo"
            4 => "Dieta"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pomacentridae is one of the most abundant fish families in coral and rocky reefs of tropical and temperate waters&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifraenum</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41;&#44; as other members of the genus&#44; is territorial and actively farm algae on its territory&#44; helping in the regulation of the algal community structure and the reef productivity&#46; It is endemic and one of the most abundant species along the Mexican Pacific coast&#46; Even with its strong relationship with algae&#44; this species is omnivorous&#46; In this analysis&#44; we present the first complete anatomical description of a species of Pomacentridae&#44; focusing in one research question&#58; which structures allow <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> to have an omnivorous diet&#63; Through the analysis of the skeletal&#44; muscular and digestive systems&#44; the anatomy of the species was described&#46; The complex anatomy of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> shows a set of characters previously described for grazers &#40;mandibular muscles&#41;&#44; herbivorous &#40;mandibular teeth&#41;&#44; omnivorous with preference for algae &#40;general skull osteology&#41; and zooplanktivorous species &#40;intestine shape and pharyngeal teeth&#41;&#46; According to our results&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> is a grazer&#44; omnivorous with preference for algae&#46; Finally&#44; the key character that facilitates <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> access to a wider range of resources is the shape of the pharyngeal teeth&#44; which can effectively grind&#44; fasten and tear&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pomacentridae es una de las familias de peces m&#225;s abundantes en arrecifes de coral y rocosos de aguas tropicales y templadas&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes rectifraenum</span> &#40;Gill&#44; 1862&#41;&#44; como los miembros del genero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes</span>&#44; es territorial y activamente cultiva algas en su territorio&#44; ayudando en la regulaci&#243;n de la estructura de la comunidad algal y productividad del arrecife&#46; Es end&#233;mica y una de las especies m&#225;s abundantes de la costa del Pac&#237;fico mexicano&#46; Aun con su fuerte relaci&#243;n con las comunidades algales&#44; esta especie es omn&#237;vora&#46; En este an&#225;lisis presentamos la primera descripci&#243;n anat&#243;mica completa de un pomac&#233;ntrido&#44; enfoc&#225;ndonos en una pregunta&#58; &#191;qu&#233; estructuras le permiten a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> acceder a una dieta omn&#237;vora&#63; A trav&#233;s del an&#225;lisis de los sistemas &#243;seo&#44; muscular y digestivo&#44; la anatom&#237;a de la especie fue descrita&#46; La compleja anatom&#237;a de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> muestra un conjunto de caracteres previamente descrito para especies ramoneadoras &#40;m&#250;sculos mandibulares&#41;&#44; herb&#237;voras &#40;dientes mandibulares&#41;&#44; omn&#237;voras con preferencia por alga &#40;osteolog&#237;a cef&#225;lica general&#41; y zooplanct&#237;voras &#40;forma del intestino y dientes far&#237;ngeos&#41;&#46; De acuerdo con nuestros resultados&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> es ramoneadora&#44; omn&#237;vora con preferencia por algas&#46; Finalmente&#44; el car&#225;cter clave que le facilita a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; rectifraenum</span> el acceso a un amplio rango de recursos es la forma de los dientes far&#237;ngeos&#44; los cuales pueden moler&#44; sujetar y desgarrar eficazmente&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer Review under the responsibility of Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mandibular musculature&#58; &#40;a&#41; ventral view of the gular muscles&#59; &#40;b&#41; left side view of the adductor mandibulae muscle&#59; &#40;c&#41; the adductor mandibulae with the sections A1 and A2 proyected&#59; and &#40;d&#41; left side view of the palatal muscles&#46;</p>"
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Branchial musculature&#44; left side view of the cephalic region after removing the left mandibular and hyoid skeleton&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 8"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Digestive tract&#58; &#40;a&#41; left side view of the visceral cavity after removing the body wall&#59; &#40;b&#41; right side view of the digestive tract and liver&#59; &#40;c&#41; left side view of the digestive tract&#59; and &#40;d&#41; ventral view of the liver&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Digestive tract&#58; &#40;a&#41; dorsal view of the digestive tract and liver&#59; &#40;b&#41; dorsal view of the esophagus&#44; stomach&#44; and pyloric caeca&#59; &#40;c&#41; ventral view of the stomach and pyloric caeca&#59; &#40;d&#41; left side view of the stomach and pyloric caeca&#59; &#40;e&#41; ventral view of the female perianal region&#59; &#40;f&#41; sagittal section of the rectus and urogenital papilla of the female&#59; and &#40;g&#41; ventral view of the male perianal region&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Locality&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Collection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Catalog number&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SL &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">XR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isla San Idelfonso&#44; Baja California&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">SIO&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#8211;330&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isla Coronado&#44; Loreto&#44; Baja California Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CIBNOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isla Coronado&#44; Loreto&#44; Baja California Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CIBNOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isla Coronado&#44; Loreto&#44; Baja California Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CIBNOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bah&#237;a de La Paz&#44; Baja California Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CIBNOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Bah&#237;a de La Paz&#44; Baja California Sur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CIBNOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Panama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">USNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50449&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Panama&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">USNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50449&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Isla Nalasco&#44; Golfo de California&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">USNM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">321243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">List of the biological material revised from museum collection&#58; &#40;1&#41; Colecci&#243;n de Peces del Centro de Investigaciones Biol&#243;gicas del Noroeste &#40;CIBNOR&#41;&#44; La Paz&#44; B&#46;C&#46;S&#46;&#44; Mexico&#59; &#40;2&#41; Collection of marine vertebrates&#44; Scripps Institution of Oceanography &#40;SIO&#41;&#44; San Diego&#44; California&#44; USA&#59; and &#40;3&#41; Fish collection of the National Museum of Natural History&#44; Smithsonian&#44; &#40;USNM&#41;&#44; Washington&#44; Columbia District&#44; USA&#46; XR&#58; X-ray&#59; CS&#58; clearing and staining technique&#59; F&#58; fleshing&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:38 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diversification of the pectoral fin shape in Damselfishes &#40;Perciformes&#44; Pomacentridae&#41; of the Eastern Pacific"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            3 => "E&#46; De Luna"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Zoomorphology"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "132"
                        "paginaInicial" => "197"
                        "paginaFinal" => "213"
                      ]
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                  ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Aguilar-Medrano et al&#46;&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patterns of morphological evolution of the cephalic region in damselfishes &#40;Perciformes&#44; Pomacentridae&#41; of the Eastern Pacific"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "B&#46; Fr&#233;d&#233;rich"
                            2 => "E&#46; De Luna"
                            3 => "E&#46; Balart"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "593"
                        "paginaFinal" => "613"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Allen&#44; 1991"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Damselfishes of the world"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46;R&#46; Allen"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "editorial" => "Mergus Publishers"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Melle&#44; Germany"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Allen and Woods&#44; 1980"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of the damselfish genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes</span> from the Eastern Pacific with description of a new species"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46;R&#46; Allen"
                            1 => "L&#46;P&#46; Woods"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Records of the South Australian Museum"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "171"
                        "paginaFinal" => "198"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Canan et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Morphohistology of the digestive tract of the Damsel fish <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stegastes fuscus</span> &#40;Osteichthyes&#58; Pomacentridae&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Canan"
                            1 => "W&#46; Silva do Nascimento"
                            2 => "N&#46; Bezerra da Silva"
                            3 => "S&#46; Chellappa"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1100/tsw.2010.13"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Scientific World Journal"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20062947"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Ceccarelli&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modification of benthic communities by territorial damselfish&#58; A multi-species comparison"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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