EDITORIAL
Symbol of Maya Dentistry
Símbolo de la Odontología Maya
Rodrigo Villalobos Jiménez1
Dean of the School of Dentistry at the Costa Rica Latin University.
Read
4522
Timeswas read the article
844
Total PDF
3678
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S1870199X15000488" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "28" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:e214-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1593 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 54 "HTML" => 1089 "PDF" => 450 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870199X1500049X" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.011" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "29" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:e218-23" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1133 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 32 "HTML" => 721 "PDF" => 380 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL RESEARCH</span>" "titulo" => "Light-polymerization of composite resins through different thicknesses of dental tissue" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e218" "paginaFinal" => "e223" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fotopolimerización de resinas compuestas a través de diversos espesores de tejido dental" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 556 "Ancho" => 929 "Tamanyo" => 32996 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Final values for polymerization-induced shrinking exhibited by all groups.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rossany Orozco Barreto, Carlos Álvarez Gayosso, Jorge Guerrero Ibarra" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rossany Orozco" "apellidos" => "Barreto" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos Álvarez" "apellidos" => "Gayosso" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge Guerrero" "apellidos" => "Ibarra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X1500049X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X1500049X/v1_201511290022/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870199X15000476" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "27" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:263-72" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 4447 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 35 "HTML" => 3801 "PDF" => 611 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CASO CLÍNICO</span>" "titulo" => "Comparación clínica del uso del colgajo de avance coronal e injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial con o sin proteínas derivadas de la matriz del esmalte para la cobertura de recesiones gingivales. Caso clínico" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "272" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Clinical comparison of coronary displaced flap and sub-epithelial connective tissue graft with or without enamel matrix protein derivative for gingival recession coverage. Clinical case presentation" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figura 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1247 "Ancho" => 1367 "Tamanyo" => 240018 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CAC + ITCSE + DME en el cuadrante inferior izquierdo. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(A)</span> Recesiones gingivales previo la cirugía. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(B)</span> Colocación del DME sobre las superficies radiculares. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(C)</span> Adaptación y sutura del injerto. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(D)</span> Sutura del colgajo cubriendo totalmente al injerto. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(E)</span> Cicatrización a los seis meses.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ana Patricia Vargas Casillas, Blanca Itzel Mendoza Espinosa, Socorro Aída Borges Yáñez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Patricia Vargas" "apellidos" => "Casillas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Blanca Itzel Mendoza" "apellidos" => "Espinosa" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Socorro Aída Borges" "apellidos" => "Yáñez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000476?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000476/v1_201511290022/es/main.assets" ] "asociados" => array:1 [ 0 => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1870199X15000397" "issn" => "1870199X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "19" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Rev Odont Mex. 2015;19:218-21" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5098 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 51 "HTML" => 4515 "PDF" => 532 ] ] "es" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">EDITORIAL</span>" "titulo" => "Símbolo de la Odontología Maya" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "218" "paginaFinal" => "221" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Symbol of Maya Dentistry" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 983 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 122668 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fotografía de la pieza de jade.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rodrigo Villalobos Jiménez" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo Villalobos" "apellidos" => "Jiménez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000397?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000397/v1_201511290022/es/main.assets" ] ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">EDITORIAL</span>" "titulo" => "Symbol of Maya Dentistry" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "e214" "paginaFinal" => "e217" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Rodrigo Villalobos Jiménez" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo Villalobos" "apellidos" => "Jiménez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rodrigovill@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Dean of the School of Dentistry at the Costa Rica Latin University." "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Símbolo de la Odontología Maya" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 859 "Ancho" => 985 "Tamanyo" => 143858 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">India ink drawing based on original image.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The symbol that nationally and internationally identifies Mexican dentistry was initially described by Dr. Samuel Fastlicht, who observed it in a fragment of a polychrome mural known as «Earthly paradise». Said mural is located in Tepantitla, Teotihuacan, and possibly represents the activity of polishing teeth executed by a shaman-dentist; it is a worldwide, widespread image.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In another context, in a different location in time and space, and associated to a culture different from the Teotihuacan culture, in this editorial we will endeavor to study an ancient symbol of Maya dentistry.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A magnificent piece of pre-Colombian art, a pendant made of serpentine jade with Maya writing engravings can be found amongst the great treasures displayed in the Jade Museum (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Museo del Jade</span>), located in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Instituto Nacional de Seguros</span> (National Insurance Institute).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This piece of art was described by the renowned epigraphist and ethnographer, Cambridge University graduate, British archeologist, Eric Thompson, who also was attached to Chicago Natural History Field Museum (USA). He was considered one of the paramount experts of Maya culture during the first half of the XX the century. It was cited by Don Luis Ferrero<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> who showed and described the image of a jade pendant, with glyphs arranged in a cartridge formation, with textual description: «The glyph on the left was interpreted as «bat face», the glyph on the right was named by J Eric Thomson «tooth ache glyph» and was interpreted as a vulture with a bandage to hook it up to the moon». It is worth mentioning that provenance is from Bagaces, Guanacaste at the North Pacifi c section of Costa Rica, Central America.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Countless researchers have arduously worked for many years so as to meet the challenge of deciphering Mesoamerican pre-Colombian writings such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Epi-Olmec, Izapa, Ñuiñe Mixtec, Mexica and Maya.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The starting point for such arduous labor was the text «<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Relación de las cosas de Yucatán</span>» (A narrative of Yucatan-related matters) written by bishop Fray Diego de Landa, who was General Officer of the Inquisition. He destroyed great amounts of preHispanic cultural legacy at the stake, nevertheless, he achieved a detailed description of the state of the region from 1549 until 1579. He completed a general description of native life at that time; he additionally drafted designs of the written linguistic structures, which were the basis for the future Maya writing deciphering project.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Yuri Knórozov, Moscow University, Ukrainian Maya ethnographer, played a key role in the process of Maya writing deciphering. In 1952, he published a text called «<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Drevniaia Pis Mennost Tsentralnoi Amerika</span>» («Central American ancient writings»). In that text, he sustained that the so- called «Landa alphabet» was composed of syllables rather than alphabetical symbols. Knórozov improved his deciphering technique in his 1963 publication of «The writings of the Maya Indians». In his 1975 publication of «Maya hieroglyphic manuscripts» he published translations of Maya manuscripts. In the decade of the sixties, progresses revealed dynastic records of Maya rulers. At the beginnings of the 1980's it was revealed that most previously unknown symbols formed a syllabary; from that moment onwards, advances in Maya writing interpretation achieved greater impetus.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the realm of the Cold War, rivalry was established between Thompson and Knórozov, in addition to differences in philosophical and practical approach to glyph interpretation. Thompson emphasized image interpretation and Knórozov favored syllabic approach. Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Siberian Russian renowned archeologist, epigrapher and illustrator and academically trained in the USA, achieved an intelligent middle ground: she advocated that Maya writings are composed of:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Phonetic signs based on syllables.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ideograms or logograms representing concepts.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morphemes or determinatives which modify the meaning of a word.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proskouriakoff conducted a meticulous and correct interpretation of countless Maya stone stelle and writings, which proposed a relationship with images of rulers and chronicles located within the time of the Maya calendar, with narration of inscriptions and literal reports of concrete facts, with chronological sequences and spatial location of the development of Maya culture in several places. In her book «Maya history» edited by the University of Texas at Austin, 1993 ISBN 0-292-76600-9, in pages 44 and 45, she uses the term «bloodletting» (equivalent for us to the left figure on the glyph present at the Jade Museum in Costa Rica, which Thomson had called «bat man») A similar image can be found in stelle located at the Gran Plaza de Copan (Copan Main Place) Honduras (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Harri Kettunen and Christophe Helmke, wrote «Introduction to Maya hieroglyphics», later translated into Spanish in 2010 by Verónica Amellali Vázquez López and Juan Ignacio Cases Martín. In pages 89 and 133 it reads: «In general a dependent (linked) MORPHEME can be aggregated to a SUBJECT or ROOT, to form a complex and different word (for example the word unusable, prefix is un- and suffix is -ble). In Maya writings, affixes can also function as phonetic complements, or, in the case of infixes, as full words. Differing from standardized linguistic conventions and due to the nature of the writing system, in Maya epigraphy, affixes are subdivided into prefixes (before) super-fixes (on top), sub-fixes (underneath) post-fixes (afterwards) and in-fixes (within)».</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case, the pronominal personal/possessive affix is: u- u- «he, her, that, his» (before consonants and vowels).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering «bloodletting» as bleeding, and with addition of affix u, it could be interpreted as «he who produces bleeding».</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proskouriakoff also mentioned in her books the «toothache» glyph, found in a Maya stele in the city of Piedras Negras, located at the west of Peten in Sierra Lacandon, Guatemala, in that stelle, the toothache glyph is represented, and it is associated to the ascension to power of a ruler. It also mentions that it is present at the Yaxchilan archeological site (Chiapas, Mexico) as the Jaguar King ascension.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">John Montgomery, in his «Dictionary of Maya hieroglyphs» 2006, second edition, Hippocrene Books New York, ISBN 0-7818-0862-6, page 119, presented and translated the toothache glyph as «ascension» «emerging» and thus confirms the use of the «toothache glyph» for important events.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the cultural tradition of the Great Nicoya, base on the chorotega-mangue ethnic group, with a vision that could be generalized to the rest of Mesoamerica, the shaman was able to transform into whatever animal was deemed necessary to exert his function in the religious-magical ritual, as an influence of nahualism in which he generally used jade ornaments, animal furs, bird feathers and masks. In the Nicoya tribes religious traditions, jaguars, crocodiles, bats, snakes and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">guacamayas</span> (macaws) were considered sacred animals.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a close association between jade and magic-medicinal uses. For example, nephrite, the other jade variety, along with jadeite (unavailable in Mesoamerica) takes its name from «kidney stone», which is a term given by ancient Romans in Europe, related to nephrology (nephrite), it is thought due to its healing properties,natives used this stone as a amulet (charm) against kidney diseases.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the ancient serpentine jade piece (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>) we are analyzing, the following characteristics can be observed:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The glyph is enclosed within three circles which define direct association between both images shaman-dentist and his patient.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thomson describes the image on the left as the batman. Proskouriakoff translates it as the bleeding man. It could well be considered that a possible interpretation would be that of a shaman reaching out to the patient. Moreover, it presents an almost friendly. positive facial expression.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The image on the right is described as «a vulture with a dressing tied to the head». It is the toothache glyph, a patient with the mien of pain or distress in his facial expression.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Located between both hieroglyphs and close to the patient's face the partial representation of a flower with petals can be observed. This could well be the representation of a medicinal plant used for dental treatment as a sedative-analgesic-narcotic. In Mesoamerica, there are great amounts of medicinal plants with very active alkaloids and a long-standing tradition of their use among the population.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studied piece of jade counts with three perforations and was used as a pendant which could herald the position of the person wearing it.</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It must be considered that possibly, the glyph in this image be the representation of a process of dental care, since in Mesoamerican cultures there is ample evidence of multiple dental treatments, wears, «mutilations» and dental restorations. In the whole Maya world, from the south of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, including the Northern part of Costa Rica, in their respective museums, there is a great amount of tangible evidence showing dental and bone remains, of treatments performed in subjects; these treatments purported the aim of healing, improving esthetics or identifying hierarchy.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Popol Vuh, the sacred Maya book, written in Quiche language, and which narrates the creation of the world, there is a depiction of the wondrous twins, Junajpu and Ixb’alanke, who attack their rival Wuqub’K’aqix with their cerbatanas (blowguns) and they «dislocate his jaw». After this, the twins accompany their grandparents who are shamanhealers, and are described as «those subjects who have the trade of extracting the worm that causes toothache». The aforementioned offer to alleviate the pain of the wounded man. Wuqub’K’aqix manifests that «<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">teeth hurt night and day, and he can’t eat or sleep</span>».</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">«Dentists» are described as people with graying hair and hunched body. The old man called SakiNimAk’ and the old woman called SaqiNimaTz’I’. manifest the following: «<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">we are looking for work because we are healers, these are our grandchildren and we feed them what we can get</span>». They offer to dispel the pain by «eliminating teeth and setting others in their place». They achieved this by placing white corn kernels to replace extracted teeth, which thus lost their shine, power and strength and this allowed the twins to defeat the enemy, according to the designs of Heaven's Heart which is the name given to God in Maya culture.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Popol Vuh there are also references to the use of insignia to identify subjects according to their rank and trade. When considering that this piece of jade possesses three perforations in order to be worn as a necklace, it can be equated to the modern illuminated signs that dentists hang in their offices to advertise and offer dental health, professional services, or the identification tag that dentists wear on their coats to provide identification in hospitals or universities.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are many questions still to be answered. Could there be any relationship between the Teotihuacan Mexican symbol of dentistry and the Maya dentistry sign in Costa Rica?</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the time being, while these questions are answered, we have the satisfaction of stating that globally, Mesoamerican dentistry finds in this artistic representation an example of meticulous detail; it is delicately achieved without the help of modern tools, and executed, by an unknown master artisan, in an extremely hard surface such as jade. We might not know the artisan's name, but we can recognize his skill and ability in an ancestral image which indicates and highlights the exercise of a profession dedicated to solve oral health situations which have plighted humanity from immemorial times.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">This article can be read in its full version in the following page: http://www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam</p>" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 859 "Ancho" => 985 "Tamanyo" => 143858 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">India ink drawing based on original image.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 983 "Ancho" => 750 "Tamanyo" => 117064 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Jade piece photograph.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reference" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Costa Rica precolombina" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L. Ferrero" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "1979" "paginaInicial" => "87" "editorial" => "Editorial Costa Rica" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Costa Rica" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000488/v1_201511290022/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "42066" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/1870199X/0000001900000004/v1_201511290022/S1870199X15000488/v1_201511290022/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X15000488?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2024 October | 64 | 3 | 67 |
| 2024 September | 93 | 9 | 102 |
| 2024 August | 55 | 4 | 59 |
| 2024 July | 39 | 2 | 41 |
| 2024 June | 75 | 3 | 78 |
| 2024 May | 65 | 0 | 65 |
| 2024 April | 46 | 5 | 51 |
| 2024 March | 58 | 1 | 59 |
| 2024 February | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2024 January | 63 | 1 | 64 |
| 2023 December | 67 | 10 | 77 |
| 2023 November | 61 | 10 | 71 |
| 2023 October | 67 | 7 | 74 |
| 2023 September | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2023 August | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2023 July | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2023 June | 30 | 9 | 39 |
| 2023 May | 58 | 4 | 62 |
| 2023 April | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2023 March | 56 | 1 | 57 |
| 2023 February | 43 | 1 | 44 |
| 2023 January | 49 | 1 | 50 |
| 2022 December | 72 | 8 | 80 |
| 2022 November | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2022 October | 51 | 7 | 58 |
| 2022 September | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2022 August | 40 | 10 | 50 |
| 2022 July | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2022 June | 40 | 4 | 44 |
| 2022 May | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2022 April | 25 | 16 | 41 |
| 2022 March | 53 | 13 | 66 |
| 2022 February | 35 | 7 | 42 |
| 2022 January | 60 | 14 | 74 |
| 2021 December | 57 | 7 | 64 |
| 2021 November | 50 | 5 | 55 |
| 2021 October | 55 | 9 | 64 |
| 2021 September | 39 | 19 | 58 |
| 2021 August | 49 | 5 | 54 |
| 2021 July | 50 | 9 | 59 |
| 2021 June | 36 | 5 | 41 |
| 2021 May | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2021 April | 71 | 30 | 101 |
| 2021 March | 54 | 8 | 62 |
| 2021 February | 28 | 6 | 34 |
| 2021 January | 42 | 9 | 51 |
| 2020 December | 34 | 1 | 35 |
| 2020 November | 51 | 5 | 56 |
| 2020 October | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2020 September | 29 | 14 | 43 |
| 2020 August | 41 | 9 | 50 |
| 2020 July | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2020 June | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2020 May | 41 | 6 | 47 |
| 2020 April | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2020 March | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2020 February | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2020 January | 33 | 3 | 36 |
| 2019 December | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2019 November | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2019 October | 28 | 2 | 30 |
| 2019 September | 42 | 4 | 46 |
| 2019 August | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2019 July | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2019 June | 45 | 23 | 68 |
| 2019 May | 107 | 33 | 140 |
| 2019 April | 60 | 7 | 67 |
| 2019 March | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2019 February | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2019 January | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2018 December | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2018 November | 17 | 2 | 19 |
| 2018 October | 15 | 17 | 32 |
| 2018 September | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 2018 August | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2018 July | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2018 June | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2018 April | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2018 March | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2018 February | 6 | 19 | 25 |
| 2018 January | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2017 December | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 November | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2017 October | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2017 September | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2017 August | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2017 June | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2017 May | 22 | 11 | 33 |
| 2017 April | 6 | 8 | 14 |
| 2017 March | 17 | 35 | 52 |
| 2017 February | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2017 January | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2016 December | 15 | 6 | 21 |
| 2016 November | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2016 October | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2016 September | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2016 August | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2016 July | 23 | 1 | 24 |
| 2016 June | 27 | 11 | 38 |
| 2016 May | 31 | 12 | 43 |
| 2016 April | 33 | 27 | 60 |
| 2016 March | 57 | 18 | 75 |
| 2016 February | 33 | 20 | 53 |
| 2016 January | 23 | 22 | 45 |
| 2015 December | 24 | 14 | 38 |
| 2015 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Show all