Light-polymerization of composite resins through different thicknesses of dental tissue

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"autoresLista" => "Rossany Orozco Barreto, Carlos Álvarez Gayosso, Jorge Guerrero Ibarra" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rossany Orozco" "apellidos" => "Barreto" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos Álvarez" "apellidos" => "Gayosso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jorge Guerrero" "apellidos" => "Ibarra" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "guerrero@fo.odonto.unam.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Graduate, Oral Prosthesis Specialty" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Professors at Dental Materials Research Laboratory" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fotopolimerización de resinas compuestas a través de diversos espesores de tejido dental" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 556 "Ancho" => 929 "Tamanyo" => 32996 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Final values for polymerization-induced shrinking exhibited by all groups." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONContraction and general effort generated in dental resins during polymerization are the main problems encountered in adhesive dentistry, since they interfere with the integrity of the restored tooth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>Polymerization of dental composite resins is accompanied by a 1.5 to 5% volumetric contraction, which causes an internal effort.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>Effort concentration is greater in the restorationtooth inter-phase and can be the cause of space formation at the margins, margin discoloration, postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–6</a>In composite resins polymerization, the chemical reaction involves breakage of double links carbon-carbon to form polymeric chains with carbons linked by simple links.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">7,8</a>Contraction caused by monomer polymerization is caused by conversion of inter-molecular forces (called Van der Waals) in simple covalent links during polymerization.Initially, contraction in a cavity is totally compensated by the composite resin flow, nevertheless, within a short time after polymerization begins, there is a decrease in flow and the resins begins to transfer effort to the cavity's walls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a>One way to reduce contraction would be to decrease light intensity, since it has been shown that post-gel contraction as well as residual effort are dependent on the intensity of curing light.To this date, there are few studies assessing light-polymerization alternative methods (varying light transmission) to reduce contraction.Davidson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> found that ramp polymerization caused lesser contraction (approximately 33% of total volumetric contraction) and similar degree of conversion when compared to a continuous light activation.A discontinued light-polymerization does not significantly decrease contraction. A two-step curing technique (lesser light intensity followed by greater intensity) allowed to reduce contraction to 19 and 30% of all total volumetric contraction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">11–13</a>Studies conducted on marginal integrity when using «soft-start» polymerization (polymerization beginning with low intensity to be followed by normal intensity) showed contradictory results.While some studies reported better marginal integrity when non-continuous curing methods were used (ramp polymerized and «soft start»),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14–19</a> other studies did not report significant differences when comparing these techniques with the conventional method. Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that when intensity is decreased, polymerization degree associated to mechanical properties will also decrease and this could impact in a poor clinical performance of the restorations. Use of greater intensity can exert a negative effect on restorations’ marginal integrity since it causes faster polymerization contraction and can increase the magnitude of contraction-associated method. Nevertheless, use of high intensity generally results in higher polymerization degrees, which in turn is associated to improvement of mechanical properties and biocompatibility of composite resins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">20–22</a> The aim of the present research was to determine at which thickness of dental tissue Prime Dent® resin could achieve suitable polymerization with minimum shrinkage, as well as assessing curing depth of said composite resin.The hypothesis to be tested in the present research project was the proposal that there is an existing relationship between thickness of dental tissue through which Prime Dent® resin is polymerized and the degree of shrinkage caused by polymerization.MATERIAL AND METHODSFor the present study molars free of caries and fracture as well as lacking structural defects were selected. Cuts were undertaken in the sagittal plane so as to obtain dental tissue laminae measuring 1, 2, 3, and 4mm depth. 20 laminae were obtained for each thickness. Thickness groups were called A, B, C and D respectively. Cuts were executed with a trimmer (Hamco Machines Inc, Rochester NY).Polymerization was undertaken with Prime Dent A3® resin laminae (Prime Dental Manufacturing Inc., USA).POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED SHRINKAGENon-polymerized resin was extracted from the syringe, weighed and placed in a plastic container in order to prevent polymerization onset caused by environmental light. Weight of the resin sample varied from 0.12 to 0.15 grams. With a spatula used for cements, resin was placed at the center of each dental lamina. After this, a 1.24mm high bronze ring was put into place.A slide cover (22 × 22 × 0.13mm) was placed on the resin, pressure was then exerted with a slide (75 × 25 × 1mm) against the surface of the ring, so as to ensure uniform thickness in the resin sample (1.24mm). Once the slide was removed, the sample was transferred to the contraction-measuring test instrument. This instrument included a metallic base with an 8mm diameter orifice, a transducer (Solatron OD5, Solatron Metrology England) which had a freemoving rod connected to a data capturing equipment (PICO ADC-16, Pico Technology Ltd, Hardwick, Cambridge UK).All samples were polymerized for 60seconds through the dental lamina (according to manufacturer's instructions for A3 shade). Using a light-polymerization lamp (Visilux 2, Dental Products 3M, St Paul MN, USA) which provided light output of 400 mW/cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>, light intensity was measured with a curing radiometer (Demetron, Model 100, Demetron Research Corp, Danbury, CT USA).Polymerization-induced shrinkage was calculated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> in each sample during 600seconds (60seconds of light irradiation and 540 with no irradiation).As a control group, resin samples were polymerized substituting dental laminae with glass slide covers, which were reported as 0mm thick.CALCULATION OF CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGETransducer calibrationA conversion factor was required in order to transform voltage data captured by PICO ADC-16 and transform them to a longitude measure. Voltage values in function of a micrometer (Mitutoyo, Japan) displacement (distance) were expressed in a graph, the relationship between both values represented the conversion factor which we called K. K was calculated through a linear regression (r2 = 0.9996) and was registered as 17.46mV/μm.The fact of converting voltage values into displacement values allowed the calculation of polymerization-induced contraction as well as shrinkage using the following mathematical expressions:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Where Lo is the initial thickness (thickness of the bronze ring) with a value of 1.24mm and Lt is the thickness at different times.Lt was calculated when relating exit voltage with K calibration factor such as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Where Vt is voltage at different times and Vt 0 is voltage at the beginning of the test.Shrinking percentage (S) was calculated in function of time, such as:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>These equations allowed to obtain the graph %S-timeCuring depthA metal mold (6mm high, 4mm diameter) was placed on a polystyrene clear film (Mylar), the mold was then filled with resin care being exerted not to trap any air bubbles. With use of resin, the upper limit of the mold was exceeded, placing a second clear film. Pressure was exerted on the mold and the bands located between slides so as to allow flow of excess material. The upper slide was removed, and the corresponding dental tissue lamina was placed. All specimens were irradiated by placing the tip of the lamp against the surface of the dental tissue, according to manufacturer's instructions.After exposition to light, samples were removed from the mold with a plastic spatula, non-polymerized material was removed and the height of the cured material cylinder was measured with a micrometer (Fowler & NSK Japan.) Obtained value was divided by two according to ADA norm 27 requirements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> This figure was recorded as curing depth. Test of curing dept in light-polymerized resin samples without interposition of dental tissue was conducted (control group).Statistical analysisStatistical analysis was conducted using Sigma-Stat 2.03 (SPSS Science). One way ANOVA with Tukey test with statistical significance of 99.9% (p < 0.001) was used to execute comparisons among groups.RESULTSPolymerization-induced shrinkageMean shrinking values obtained as well as their standard deviations are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table I</a>and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a>. With exception of groups B and C all groups presented polymerization-induced shrinkage with statistically significant differences.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Curing depth<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>and<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> show average values of curing depth as well as their standard deviations. Multiple comparisons executed with Tukey test revealed statistically significant differences for all groups.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figures 1 and 2</a> show linear behavior between shrinking and curing depth values. This would indicate that thickness is directly proportional to both properties.DISCUSSIONIn the present study, it was found that as dental lamina thickness increased (lamina interposed between light source and resin sample) shrinkage decreased from 10 to 46% (10, 21, 27 and 46% respectively) with respect to control group. This could be due to lesser passage of light as dental tissue thickness increases, since the tooth absorbs energy originating from the light-polymerizing lamp. This absorption can vary in direct relation with the chemical composition of the tooth. Therefore, patient age is another importantly influencing factor; to greater age, greater mineralization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> When the resin is placed in a cavity, polymerization-induced contraction can be decreased by placing the material in small increments, while combining this with a modified light-polymerization technique.When conducting a comparison with other light-polymerization techniques, the present study revealed a shrinkage decrease of 10 to 46% when compared to the technique of not polymerizing through the tooth. These results are similar to those obtained when using «soft start» polymerization technique used by Lim<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> (19-30%).Obici<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> using Z100 and P60 resins, conducted a comparative study using continuous irradiation technique and «soft start» technique. He found that Z100 exhibited 36% reduction and P60 a 25% reduction when comparing «soft start» technique with the continuous method. Both the aforementioned resins possessed Bis-GMA as main component of their formula, such is the case of Prime-Dent® resin, used in the present study, therefore there is a common point between Obici's study and the present one.Polymerization through the tooth is presented as an alternative which offers significant shrinkage reductions which are similar to those reported in other research projects that used the «soft start» technique.Light-polymerization through the tooth is affected by the thickness of the cavity wall, therefore it is necessary to use an intra-oral gauge in order to ensure that minimum thickness is at least 2-3mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the influence of dental tissue thickness, in it, it can be seen that group D exhibited lesser contraction (4mm) followed by group C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows that control group was the group with greater curing depth (with no interposed dental lamina); it was followed by group A (1mm thickness). Nevertheless, these groups exhibited the greatest contraction (2.553 and 2.301%).When relating both properties and trying to find a balance between them (lesser contraction and greater curing depth) the following was found:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">1.According to ADA's norm 27,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> the minimum acceptable value for curing depth is 1mm. Therefore, groups A, B and C met this requirement.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">2.When comparing groups A, B and C, Group C (3mm thick) exhibited the lesser shrinkage.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">3.Group C exhibited 27% shrinkage reduction when compared to direct resin polymerization technique.</li></ul>Nevertheless, shrinkage reduction decreasing intensity or time of irradiation can result in lesser chain cross-linking and therefore affect the polymer's mechanical properties.Davidson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> found that when using high light intensity in light-polymerization procedures, mechanic properties and conversion degree are increased, even though once the gelation point is reached, relationship between light intensity and conversion degree is no longer linear.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> Furthermore, relationship between intensity and post-gel chain shrinking is indeed linear. Therefore, high intensities produce greater efforts but not necessarily greater conversion degrees.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">18,19,25</a>In other words, there is a limit where greater levels of energy do not correspond to significant increments in the conversion degree or in mechanical properties.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> Mehl17 reported that when decreasing distance between the point of the lamp and the resin (increasing intensity) resistance to flexion was increased to a maximum point, to then decrease. Nevertheless, at all points in time it met with requirements established in the ADA 27 norm, which states that minimum value for flexion resistance must be 50MPa.The aforementioned reasons underline the existing need to conduct additional studies, where all normspecified properties are included in order to ascertain the influence exerted by the thickness of the cavity wall.It is equally important to keep in mind that resin overexposure to light activation increases the risk of losing marginal adhesion or causing tooth over-heating.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">26–33</a>CONCLUSIONSBased on the aforementioned results obtained in the present research work, it can be inferred that we can polymerize Prime Dent® resin through a 2 to 3mm dental wall, by naturally decreasing light intensity (using the tooth as a material that absorbs energy without modifying the strength of the lamp). This produces a curing depth which is accepted by the norm and exhibits low shrinkage values, which in turn decrease post-operative sensitivity in the patient.Nevertheless, it is necessary to undertake additional studies such as physical, mechanical and onversion degree studies in order to be able to analyze the infl uence exerted by light intensity on the behavior of the material, and, as a secondary objective, conduct the same studies in other resins in order to ascertain whether they might exhibit the same behavior.Graduate and Research School, National School of Dentistry, National University of Mexico (UNAM)." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres583720" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599909" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres583719" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599908" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED SHRINKAGE" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "CALCULATION OF CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGE" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Transducer calibration" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Curing depth" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "RESULTS" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Polymerization-induced shrinkage" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Curing depth" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2007-02-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-05-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599909" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Polymerization contraction" 1 => "shrinkage" 2 => "curing depth" 3 => "light-curing resin" 4 => "thickness of dental lamina" 5 => "polymerization." ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec599908" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Contracción de polimerización" 1 => "encogimiento" 2 => "profundidad de curado" 3 => "resina fotocurable" 4 => "espesor de lámina dental" 5 => "polimerización." ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo determine the thickness of dental tissue through which Prime Dent Resin® might exhibit light-polymerization with minimum shrinkage and suitable curing depth. Method80 laminae measuring 1, 2, 3 and 4mm thickness were obtained from molars (20 laminae per group). Contraction was measured and resin shrinkage was calculated by polymerization (Visilux 2, 3M) though each lamina (60 s, 400 mW/cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>). Bonded-disk technique was used. Depth of curing tests were undertaken by measuring the thickness of polymerized resin according to ADA's specification number 27. A control group without dental tissue was prepared for both properties. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey test (p < 0.001). ResultsCuring depth: curing depth decreased as thickness increased. All groups revealed statistically significant differences. The thickness that exhibited lesser shrinkage nonetheless meeting with suitable curing depth (ADA establishes minimum value of 1mm) was the 3mm group. Shrinkage: as thickness increased, shrinkage decreased; no statistically significant difference was reported for groups 2 and 3mm. ConclusionsAccording to obtained results, it is possible to polymerize through a 3mm thickness, therefore polymerization is not recommended through a 4mm depth. It will be necessary to obtain further mechanical properties using different thicknesses of dental tissue." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivosDeterminar el espesor de tejido dental a través del cual se presente la fotopolimerización de la resina Prime Dent® con mínimo encogimiento y profundidad de curado adecuada. MétodoSe obtuvieron 80 láminas de molares de 1, 2, 3 y 4mm de espesor (20 por grupo). Se midió la contracción y se calculó el encogimiento de la resina polimerizando (Visilux 2, 3M) a través de cada lámina (60 s, 400 mW/cm2). Se utilizó la técnica de bonded-disc. Se realizaron pruebas de profundidad de curado, midiendo el espesor de resina polimerizada de acuerdo con la especificación No. 27 ADA. Un grupo control sin tejido dental fue preparado para ambas propiedades. Los datos fueron analizados usando ANOVA con prueba de Tukey (p < 0.001). ResultadosProfundidad de curado: a medida que aumentó el espesor, ésta disminuyó, existiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en todos los grupos. El espesor que mostró menor encogimiento, cumpliendo con una profundidad de curado adecuada (ADA marca como valor mínimo, 1mm) fue de 3mm. Encogimiento: a medida que aumentó el espesor, éste disminuyó, no existiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de 2 y 3mm. ConclusionesDe acuerdo con los resultados, es posible polimerizar a través de un espesor de 3mm, por lo que no se recomienda polimerizar a través de un espesor de 4mm. Es necesario obtener más propiedades mecánicas utilizando diferentes espesores de tejido dental." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "This article can be read in its full version in the following page: http://www.medigraphic.com/facultadodontologiaunam" "identificador" => "fn1" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 556 "Ancho" => 929 "Tamanyo" => 32996 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Final values for polymerization-induced shrinking exhibited by all groups." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 579 "Ancho" => 916 "Tamanyo" => 41611 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Curing depth values for all studied groups." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Shrinkage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">%</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.553 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.148 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.301 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.152 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.253 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.868 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.265 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.372 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.214 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab952280.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Polymerization shrinkage values for all five studied groups." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table II" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Curing depth \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">mm</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab952279.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Curing depth values for different thicknesses." ] ] 4 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "ΔL0-Lt" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 557 "Alto" => 14 "Ancho" => 46 ] ] 5 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "etiqueta" => "(2)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Lt=(Vt-Vt=0)/K" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1149 "Alto" => 16 "Ancho" => 128 ] ] 6 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "etiqueta" => "(3)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "S=100 ΔL/L0" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 953 "Alto" => 15 "Ancho" => 98 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling of the viscoelastic behavior of dental light-activated composites during curing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.S. 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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Fotopolimerización de resinas compuestas a través de diversos espesores de tejido dental

Rossany Orozco Barretoa,*, Carlos Álvarez Gayossob, Jorge Guerrero Ibarrab,1

a Graduate, Oral Prosthesis Specialty

b Professors at Dental Materials Research Laboratory

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contraction and general effort generated in dental resins during polymerization are the main problems encountered in adhesive dentistry&#44; since they interfere with the integrity of the restored tooth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymerization of dental composite resins is accompanied by a 1&#46;5 to 5&#37; volumetric contraction&#44; which causes an internal effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Effort concentration is greater in the restorationtooth inter-phase and can be the cause of space formation at the margins&#44; margin discoloration&#44; postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In composite resins polymerization&#44; the chemical reaction involves breakage of double links carbon-carbon to form polymeric chains with carbons linked by simple links&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contraction caused by monomer polymerization is caused by conversion of inter-molecular forces &#40;called Van der Waals&#41; in simple covalent links during polymerization&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially&#44; contraction in a cavity is totally compensated by the composite resin flow&#44; nevertheless&#44; within a short time after polymerization begins&#44; there is a decrease in flow and the resins begins to transfer effort to the cavity&#39;s walls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One way to reduce contraction would be to decrease light intensity&#44; since it has been shown that post-gel contraction as well as residual effort are dependent on the intensity of curing light&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To this date&#44; there are few studies assessing light-polymerization alternative methods &#40;varying light transmission&#41; to reduce contraction&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Davidson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that ramp polymerization caused lesser contraction &#40;approximately 33&#37; of total volumetric contraction&#41; and similar degree of conversion when compared to a continuous light activation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A discontinued light-polymerization does not significantly decrease contraction&#46; A two-step curing technique &#40;lesser light intensity followed by greater intensity&#41; allowed to reduce contraction to 19 and 30&#37; of all total volumetric contraction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies conducted on marginal integrity when using &#171;soft-start&#187; polymerization &#40;polymerization beginning with low intensity to be followed by normal intensity&#41; showed contradictory results&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While some studies reported better marginal integrity when non-continuous curing methods were used &#40;ramp polymerized and &#171;soft start&#187;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a> other studies did not report significant differences when comparing these techniques with the conventional method&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it must be taken into account that when intensity is decreased&#44; polymerization degree associated to mechanical properties will also decrease and this could impact in a poor clinical performance of the restorations&#46; Use of greater intensity can exert a negative effect on restorations&#8217; marginal integrity since it causes faster polymerization contraction and can increase the magnitude of contraction-associated method&#46; Nevertheless&#44; use of high intensity generally results in higher polymerization degrees&#44; which in turn is associated to improvement of mechanical properties and biocompatibility of composite resins&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a> The aim of the present research was to determine at which thickness of dental tissue Prime Dent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> resin could achieve suitable polymerization with minimum shrinkage&#44; as well as assessing curing depth of said composite resin&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hypothesis to be tested in the present research project was the proposal that there is an existing relationship between thickness of dental tissue through which Prime Dent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> resin is polymerized and the degree of shrinkage caused by polymerization&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">MATERIAL AND METHODS</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the present study molars free of caries and fracture as well as lacking structural defects were selected&#46; Cuts were undertaken in the sagittal plane so as to obtain dental tissue laminae measuring 1&#44; 2&#44; 3&#44; and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm depth&#46; 20 laminae were obtained for each thickness&#46; Thickness groups were called A&#44; B&#44; C and D respectively&#46; Cuts were executed with a trimmer &#40;Hamco Machines Inc&#44; Rochester NY&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymerization was undertaken with Prime Dent A3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> resin laminae &#40;Prime Dental Manufacturing Inc&#46;&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED SHRINKAGE</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-polymerized resin was extracted from the syringe&#44; weighed and placed in a plastic container in order to prevent polymerization onset caused by environmental light&#46; Weight of the resin sample varied from 0&#46;12 to 0&#46;15 grams&#46; With a spatula used for cements&#44; resin was placed at the center of each dental lamina&#46; After this&#44; a 1&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm high bronze ring was put into place&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A slide cover &#40;22 &#215; 22 &#215; 0&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; was placed on the resin&#44; pressure was then exerted with a slide &#40;75 &#215; 25 &#215; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; against the surface of the ring&#44; so as to ensure uniform thickness in the resin sample &#40;1&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; Once the slide was removed&#44; the sample was transferred to the contraction-measuring test instrument&#46; This instrument included a metallic base with an 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter orifice&#44; a transducer &#40;Solatron OD5&#44; Solatron Metrology England&#41; which had a freemoving rod connected to a data capturing equipment &#40;PICO ADC-16&#44; Pico Technology Ltd&#44; Hardwick&#44; Cambridge UK&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All samples were polymerized for 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds through the dental lamina &#40;according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions for A3 shade&#41;&#46; Using a light-polymerization lamp &#40;Visilux 2&#44; Dental Products 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; St Paul MN&#44; USA&#41; which provided light output of 400 mW&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; light intensity was measured with a curing radiometer &#40;Demetron&#44; Model 100&#44; Demetron Research Corp&#44; Danbury&#44; CT USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymerization-induced shrinkage was calculated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> in each sample during 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds &#40;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds of light irradiation and 540 with no irradiation&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a control group&#44; resin samples were polymerized substituting dental laminae with glass slide covers&#44; which were reported as 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thick&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">CALCULATION OF CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGE</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Transducer calibration</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A conversion factor was required in order to transform voltage data captured by PICO ADC-16 and transform them to a longitude measure&#46; Voltage values in function of a micrometer &#40;Mitutoyo&#44; Japan&#41; displacement &#40;distance&#41; were expressed in a graph&#44; the relationship between both values represented the conversion factor which we called K&#46; K was calculated through a linear regression &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#61; 0&#46;9996&#41; and was registered as 17&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mV&#47;&#956;m&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fact of converting voltage values into displacement values allowed the calculation of polymerization-induced contraction as well as shrinkage using the following mathematical expressions&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Where L<span class="elsevierStyleInf">o</span> is the initial thickness &#40;thickness of the bronze ring&#41; with a value of 1&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and L<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> is the thickness at different times&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">L<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> was calculated when relating exit voltage with K calibration factor such as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Where V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span> is voltage at different times and V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">t <span class="elsevierStyleGlyphqbnd"></span> 0</span> is voltage at the beginning of the test&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shrinking percentage &#40;S&#41; was calculated in function of time&#44; such as&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These equations allowed to obtain the graph &#37;S-time</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Curing depth</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A metal mold &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm high&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm diameter&#41; was placed on a polystyrene clear film &#40;Mylar&#41;&#44; the mold was then filled with resin care being exerted not to trap any air bubbles&#46; With use of resin&#44; the upper limit of the mold was exceeded&#44; placing a second clear film&#46; Pressure was exerted on the mold and the bands located between slides so as to allow flow of excess material&#46; The upper slide was removed&#44; and the corresponding dental tissue lamina was placed&#46; All specimens were irradiated by placing the tip of the lamp against the surface of the dental tissue&#44; according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After exposition to light&#44; samples were removed from the mold with a plastic spatula&#44; non-polymerized material was removed and the height of the cured material cylinder was measured with a micrometer &#40;Fowler &#38; NSK Japan&#46;&#41; Obtained value was divided by two according to ADA norm 27 requirements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> This figure was recorded as curing depth&#46; Test of curing dept in light-polymerized resin samples without interposition of dental tissue was conducted &#40;control group&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was conducted using Sigma-Stat 2&#46;03 &#40;SPSS Science&#41;&#46; One way ANOVA with Tukey test with statistical significance of 99&#46;9&#37; &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41; was used to execute comparisons among groups&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">RESULTS</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Polymerization-induced shrinkage</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean shrinking values obtained as well as their standard deviations are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">table I</a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figure 1</a>&#46; With exception of groups B and C all groups presented polymerization-induced shrinkage with statistically significant differences&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Curing depth</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">and</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> show average values of curing depth as well as their standard deviations&#46; Multiple comparisons executed with Tukey test revealed statistically significant differences for all groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figures 1 and 2</span></a> show linear behavior between shrinking and curing depth values&#46; This would indicate that thickness is directly proportional to both properties&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">DISCUSSION</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; it was found that as dental lamina thickness increased &#40;lamina interposed between light source and resin sample&#41; shrinkage decreased from 10 to 46&#37; &#40;10&#44; 21&#44; 27 and 46&#37; respectively&#41; with respect to control group&#46; This could be due to lesser passage of light as dental tissue thickness increases&#44; since the tooth absorbs energy originating from the light-polymerizing lamp&#46; This absorption can vary in direct relation with the chemical composition of the tooth&#46; Therefore&#44; patient age is another importantly influencing factor&#59; to greater age&#44; greater mineralization&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> When the resin is placed in a cavity&#44; polymerization-induced contraction can be decreased by placing the material in small increments&#44; while combining this with a modified light-polymerization technique&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When conducting a comparison with other light-polymerization techniques&#44; the present study revealed a shrinkage decrease of 10 to 46&#37; when compared to the technique of not polymerizing through the tooth&#46; These results are similar to those obtained when using &#171;soft start&#187; polymerization technique used by Lim<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> &#40;19-30&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obici<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> using Z100 and P60 resins&#44; conducted a comparative study using continuous irradiation technique and &#171;soft start&#187; technique&#46; He found that Z100 exhibited 36&#37; reduction and P60 a 25&#37; reduction when comparing &#171;soft start&#187; technique with the continuous method&#46; Both the aforementioned resins possessed Bis-GMA as main component of their formula&#44; such is the case of Prime-Dent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> resin&#44; used in the present study&#44; therefore there is a common point between Obici&#39;s study and the present one&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymerization through the tooth is presented as an alternative which offers significant shrinkage reductions which are similar to those reported in other research projects that used the &#171;soft start&#187; technique&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Light-polymerization through the tooth is affected by the thickness of the cavity wall&#44; therefore it is necessary to use an intra-oral gauge in order to ensure that minimum thickness is at least 2-3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 1</span></a> shows the influence of dental tissue thickness&#44; in it&#44; it can be seen that group D exhibited lesser contraction &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; followed by group C&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Figure 2</span></a> shows that control group was the group with greater curing depth &#40;with no interposed dental lamina&#41;&#59; it was followed by group A &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thickness&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; these groups exhibited the greatest contraction &#40;2&#46;553 and 2&#46;301&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When relating both properties and trying to find a balance between them &#40;lesser contraction and greater curing depth&#41; the following was found&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to ADA&#39;s norm 27&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the minimum acceptable value for curing depth is 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Therefore&#44; groups A&#44; B and C met this requirement&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When comparing groups A&#44; B and C&#44; Group C &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thick&#41; exhibited the lesser shrinkage&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Group C exhibited 27&#37; shrinkage reduction when compared to direct resin polymerization technique&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; shrinkage reduction decreasing intensity or time of irradiation can result in lesser chain cross-linking and therefore affect the polymer&#39;s mechanical properties&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Davidson<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that when using high light intensity in light-polymerization procedures&#44; mechanic properties and conversion degree are increased&#44; even though once the gelation point is reached&#44; relationship between light intensity and conversion degree is no longer linear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Furthermore&#44; relationship between intensity and post-gel chain shrinking is indeed linear&#46; Therefore&#44; high intensities produce greater efforts but not necessarily greater conversion degrees&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19&#44;25</span></a>In other words&#44; there is a limit where greater levels of energy do not correspond to significant increments in the conversion degree or in mechanical properties&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Mehl17 reported that when decreasing distance between the point of the lamp and the resin &#40;increasing intensity&#41; resistance to flexion was increased to a maximum point&#44; to then decrease&#46; Nevertheless&#44; at all points in time it met with requirements established in the ADA 27 norm&#44; which states that minimum value for flexion resistance must be 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aforementioned reasons underline the existing need to conduct additional studies&#44; where all normspecified properties are included in order to ascertain the influence exerted by the thickness of the cavity wall&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is equally important to keep in mind that resin overexposure to light activation increases the risk of losing marginal adhesion or causing tooth over-heating&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;33</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the aforementioned results obtained in the present research work&#44; it can be inferred that we can polymerize Prime Dent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> resin through a 2 to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm dental wall&#44; by naturally decreasing light intensity &#40;using the tooth as a material that absorbs energy without modifying the strength of the lamp&#41;&#46; This produces a curing depth which is accepted by the norm and exhibits low shrinkage values&#44; which in turn decrease post-operative sensitivity in the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; it is necessary to undertake additional studies such as physical&#44; mechanical and onversion degree studies in order to be able to analyze the infl uence exerted by light intensity on the behavior of the material&#44; and&#44; as a secondary objective&#44; conduct the same studies in other resins in order to ascertain whether they might exhibit the same behavior&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Graduate and Research School&#44; National School of Dentistry&#44; National University of Mexico &#40;UNAM&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS"
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          "titulo" => "POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED SHRINKAGE"
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          "titulo" => "CALCULATION OF CONTRACTION AND SHRINKAGE"
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            0 => "Polymerization contraction"
            1 => "shrinkage"
            2 => "curing depth"
            3 => "light-curing resin"
            4 => "thickness of dental lamina"
            5 => "polymerization&#46;"
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            0 => "Contracci&#243;n de polimerizaci&#243;n"
            1 => "encogimiento"
            2 => "profundidad de curado"
            3 => "resina fotocurable"
            4 => "espesor de l&#225;mina dental"
            5 => "polimerizaci&#243;n&#46;"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the thickness of dental tissue through which Prime Dent Resin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> might exhibit light-polymerization with minimum shrinkage and suitable curing depth&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">80 laminae measuring 1&#44; 2&#44; 3 and 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thickness were obtained from molars &#40;20 laminae per group&#41;&#46; Contraction was measured and resin shrinkage was calculated by polymerization &#40;Visilux 2&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#41; though each lamina &#40;60 s&#44; 400 mW&#47;cm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#41;&#46; Bonded-disk technique was used&#46; Depth of curing tests were undertaken by measuring the thickness of polymerized resin according to ADA&#39;s specification number 27&#46; A control group without dental tissue was prepared for both properties&#46; Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey test &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Curing depth&#58; curing depth decreased as thickness increased&#46; All groups revealed statistically significant differences&#46; The thickness that exhibited lesser shrinkage nonetheless meeting with suitable curing depth &#40;ADA establishes minimum value of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; was the 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm group&#46; Shrinkage&#58; as thickness increased&#44; shrinkage decreased&#59; no statistically significant difference was reported for groups 2 and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">According to obtained results&#44; it is possible to polymerize through a 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thickness&#44; therefore polymerization is not recommended through a 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm depth&#46; It will be necessary to obtain further mechanical properties using different thicknesses of dental tissue&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar el espesor de tejido dental a trav&#233;s del cual se presente la fotopolimerizaci&#243;n de la resina Prime Dent<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> con m&#237;nimo encogimiento y profundidad de curado adecuada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron 80 l&#225;minas de molares de 1&#44; 2&#44; 3 y 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de espesor &#40;20 por grupo&#41;&#46; Se midi&#243; la contracci&#243;n y se calcul&#243; el encogimiento de la resina polimerizando &#40;Visilux 2&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#41; a trav&#233;s de cada l&#225;mina &#40;60 s&#44; 400 mW&#47;cm2&#41;&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la t&#233;cnica de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bonded-disc</span>&#46; Se realizaron pruebas de profundidad de curado&#44; midiendo el espesor de resina polimerizada de acuerdo con la especificaci&#243;n No&#46; 27 ADA&#46; Un grupo control sin tejido dental fue preparado para ambas propiedades&#46; Los datos fueron analizados usando ANOVA con prueba de Tukey &#40;p &#60; 0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Profundidad de curado&#58; a medida que aument&#243; el espesor&#44; &#233;sta disminuy&#243;&#44; existiendo diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en todos los grupos&#46; El espesor que mostr&#243; menor encogimiento&#44; cumpliendo con una profundidad de curado adecuada &#40;ADA marca como valor m&#237;nimo&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; fue de 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Encogimiento&#58; a medida que aument&#243; el espesor&#44; &#233;ste disminuy&#243;&#44; no existiendo diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa entre los grupos de 2 y 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con los resultados&#44; es posible polimerizar a trav&#233;s de un espesor de 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; por lo que no se recomienda polimerizar a trav&#233;s de un espesor de 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Es necesario obtener m&#225;s propiedades mec&#225;nicas utilizando diferentes espesores de tejido dental&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Shrinkage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;553&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;148&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1870199X1500049X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 1870199X
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rodmex.2015.10.011

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	11	0	11
2024 October	46	10	56
2024 September	74	7	81
2024 August	51	9	60
2024 July	42	1	43
2024 June	50	6	56
2024 May	46	6	52
2024 April	44	5	49
2024 March	48	7	55
2024 February	115	5	120
2024 January	136	10	146
2023 December	72	9	81
2023 November	87	11	98
2023 October	88	5	93
2023 September	62	5	67
2023 August	69	6	75
2023 July	57	2	59
2023 June	92	4	96
2023 May	119	4	123
2023 April	105	6	111
2023 March	109	7	116
2023 February	56	1	57
2023 January	78	8	86
2022 December	53	4	57
2022 November	41	8	49
2022 October	37	7	44
2022 September	22	11	33
2022 August	38	16	54
2022 July	32	5	37
2022 June	28	12	40
2022 May	27	14	41
2022 April	16	16	32
2022 March	21	9	30
2022 February	14	9	23
2022 January	21	12	33
2021 December	22	12	34
2021 November	16	6	22
2021 October	27	10	37
2021 September	27	6	33
2021 August	14	10	24
2021 July	10	7	17
2021 June	13	9	22
2021 May	12	4	16
2021 April	20	49	69
2021 March	14	7	21
2021 February	7	9	16
2021 January	13	13	26
2020 December	9	10	19
2020 November	7	3	10
2020 October	15	9	24
2020 September	11	7	18
2020 August	14	9	23
2020 July	13	9	22
2020 June	7	8	15
2020 May	10	6	16
2020 April	6	4	10
2020 March	6	6	12
2020 February	10	5	15
2020 January	6	11	17
2019 December	11	11	22
2019 November	8	12	20
2019 October	8	3	11
2019 September	15	9	24
2019 August	6	1	7
2019 July	6	6	12
2019 June	45	24	69
2019 May	99	29	128
2019 April	41	12	53
2019 March	6	8	14
2019 February	11	6	17
2019 January	9	2	11
2018 December	4	2	6
2018 November	4	4	8
2018 October	5	14	19
2018 September	2	2	4
2018 August	5	0	5
2018 July	2	3	5
2018 June	0	0	0
2018 May	3	3	6
2018 April	0	2	2
2018 March	5	2	7
2018 February	3	0	3
2018 January	6	0	6
2017 December	2	2	4
2017 November	15	0	15
2017 October	13	1	14
2017 September	4	4	8
2017 August	12	2	14
2017 July	8	7	15
2017 June	5	2	7
2017 May	8	4	12
2017 April	3	2	5
2017 March	4	45	49
2017 February	14	1	15
2017 January	16	3	19
2016 December	12	10	22
2016 November	22	7	29
2016 October	30	2	32
2016 September	13	2	15
2016 August	19	4	23
2016 July	13	3	16
2016 June	33	6	39
2016 May	19	18	37
2016 April	30	10	40
2016 March	50	23	73
2016 February	25	20	45
2016 January	17	21	38
2015 December	21	11	32

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