covid
Buscar en
Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología
Toda la web
Inicio Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología ¿Cuál es el mejor tratamiento de mantenimiento de la nefritis lúpica tipo IV?
Journal Information
Vol. 10. Issue 1.
Pages 8-14 (March 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 10. Issue 1.
Pages 8-14 (March 2009)
Revisión
Full text access
¿Cuál es el mejor tratamiento de mantenimiento de la nefritis lúpica tipo IV?
What is the optimal maintenance therapy in type IV lupus nephritis?
Visits
4564
Juan Ignacio Villa Blancoa,
Corresponding author
villa.nacho@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Víctor Manuel Martínez Taboadab
a Médico Residente Reumatología, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, España
b Médico Adjunto de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, España
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

Cerca de dos tercios de los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico desarrollan afectación renal durante la enfermedad. Las formas proliferativas difusas (tipo IV) presentan un peor pronóstico por el riesgo de progresión a insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Estos pacientes precisan un tratamiento inmunodepresor agresivo para inducir la remisión clínica y, posteriormente, un tratamiento de mantenimiento para preservar la función renal.

Los primeros ensayos demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento de mantenimiento para estas formas graves, y los pacientes que recibían trimestralmente ciclofosfamida (CYF) intravenosa, tras la fase de inducción, presentaron un menor riesgo de progresión a IRC. Posteriormente, para evitar los efectos adversos ocasionados por la CYF, se han realizado ensayos con azatioprina y micofenolato mofetil, que no han demostrado su superioridad sobre la CYF, aunque son buenas opciones como tratamiento de mantenimiento en pacientes con nefritis lúpica (NL) proliferativa. La información actual sobre la terapia de mantenimiento en la NL proliferativa está basada en un número reducido de estudios con importantes limitaciones metodológicas. Por tanto, es necesaria la puesta en marcha de ensayos clínicos con un mejor diseño y el estudio de las nuevas opciones terapéuticas de aparición más reciente. Igualmente, el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el uso de tratamientos adicionales que eviten los efectos adversos de estos agents inmunodepresores son necesarios para un mejor control de los pacientes afectados de NL tipo IV.

Palabras clave:
Nefritis lúpica
Tratamiento de mantenimiento
Inmunodepresores
Abstract

Up to two-thirds of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop renal disease at some stage of their disease. Diffuse proliferative forms (type IV) have the worst prognosis due to the risk of progression to chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). In these patients, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy is required to induce clinical remission, followed by maintenance therapy to preserve renal function.

The first clinical trials demonstrated the need for maintenance therapy in these severe forms; regimens consisting of intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYF) administered quarterly after the induction phase reduced the risk of progression to CRI. Subsequently, because of the long-term risk posed by extended courses of CYF, the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine for maintenance therapy was investigated. In patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, AZA and MMF are good options for maintenance therapy, but are not superior to CYF pulses. Current information on maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus nephritis is based on a small number of studies with major methodological limitations.

Consequently, there is clearly a need for further well-designed studies of the most recent therapeutic options. Equally, control of cardiovascular risk factors and the use of additional therapies that avoid the adverse effects of these immunosuppressive agents are required to improve the management of patients with type IV lupus nephritis.

Keywords:
Lupus nephritis
Maintenance therapy
Immunosuppressive drugs
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
D.P. D’Cruz, M.A. Khamashta, G.R.V. Hughes.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
[2.]
D.P. D’Cruz.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
[3.]
G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.A. Khamashta, G. Castellino, G.R.V. Hughes.
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 1027-1032
[4.]
K.M. Uramoto, C.J. Michet, J. Thumboo, W.M. O’Fallon, S.E. Gabriel.
Trends in the incidence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus, 1950-1992.
[5.]
G.B. Appel, D.J. Cohen, C.L. Pirani, J.I. Meltzer, D. Estes.
Long-term follow-up of patients with lupus nephritis: a study based on the classification of the World Health Organization.
Am J Med, 83 (1987), pp. 877-885
[6.]
N. Danchenko, J.A. Satia, M.S. Anthony.
Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparision of worldwide disease burden.
Lupus, 15 (2006), pp. 308-318
[7.]
Renal disease subcommittee of the ACR ad hoc committee on Systemic lupus erythematosus response criteria. The ACR response criteria for proliferative and membranous renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:421-32.
[8.]
J.V. Donadio Jr, K.E. Holley, R.H. Ferguson, et al.
Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide.
N Engl J Med, 299 (1978), pp. 1151-1155
[9.]
D.T. Felson, J. Anderson.
Evidence for the superiority of immunosuppressive drugs and prednisone over prednisone alone in lupus nephritis. Results of a pooled analysis.
N Engl J Med, 311 (1984), pp. 1528-1533
[10.]
H.A. Austin III, J.H. Klippel, J.E. Balow, et al.
Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs.
N Engl J Med, 314 (1986), pp. 613-619
[11.]
A.D. Steinberg, S.C. Steinberg.
Long term preservation of renal function in patients with lupus nephritis receiving treatment that includes cyclophosphamide versus those treated with prednisone only.
Arthritis Rheum, 34 (1991), pp. 945-950
[12.]
D.T. Boumpas, H.A. Austin III, E.M. Vaughan, et al.
Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regimens of pulse cyclophosphamide in sever lupus nephritis.
Lancet, 340 (1992), pp. 741-745
[13.]
M.F. Gourley, H.A. Austin III, D. Scott, et al.
Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide alone or in combination, in patients with lupus nephritis: a randomized, controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med, 125 (1996), pp. 549-557
[14.]
G.G. Illei, H.A. Austin III, M. Crane, L. Collins, M.F. Gourley, C.H. Yarboro, et al.
Combination therapy with pulse cyclophosphamide plus pulse methylprednisolone improves long-term renal outcome without adding toxicity in patients with lupus nephritis.
Ann Intern Med, 135 (2001), pp. 248-257
[15.]
E.J. Lewis.
The treatment of lupus nephritis: revisiting Galen.
Ann Intern Med, 135 (2001), pp. 296-298
[16.]
G. Contreras, V. Pardo, B. Leclerq, et al.
Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 971-980
[17.]
G. Contreras, E. Tozman, N. Nahar, D. Metz.
Maintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil, azatioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. S33-S38
[18.]
J.E. Balow, H.A. Austin III.
Maintenance Therapy for lupus nephritis-Something old, something new.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1044-1046
[19.]
M.A. Dooley, S. Hogan, J.C. Jennette, R. Falk.
Ciclophosphamide therapy for lupus nephritis: poor renal survival in blacks Americans.
Kidney Int, 51 (1997), pp. 1188-1195
[20.]
T.M. Chan, F.K. Li, C.S. Tang, Hong Kong Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group, et al.
Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus.
N Engl J Med, 343 (2000), pp. 1156-1162
[21.]
T.M. Chan, K.C. Tse, C.S. Tang, M.Y. Mok, F.K. Li.
Long-term study of mycophenolate mofetil as continuous induction and maintenance treatment for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis.
J Am Soc Nephrol, 16 (2005), pp. 1078-1084
[22.]
B. Zhu, N. Chen, Y. Lin, et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, 22 (2007), pp. 1933-1942
[23.]
R.S. Flanc, M.A. Roberts, G.F.M. Stripoli, et al.
Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Am J Kidney Dis, 43 (2004), pp. 197-208
[24.]
R.A. Moore, S. Derry.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis.
Arthritis Res Ther, 8 (2006), pp. R182
[25.]
C. Grootscholten, G. Ligtenberg, E.C. Hagen, et al.
Azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized control trial.
Kidney Int, 70 (2006), pp. 731-742
[26.]
C. Grootscholten, I.M. Bajema, S. Florquin, et al.
Treatment with cyclophosphamide delays the progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus metylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 924-937
[27.]
J.N. Boletis, J.P.A. Ioannidis, K.A. Boki, H.M. Moutsopoulos.
Intravenous immunoglobulin compared with cyclophosphamide for proliferative lupus nephritis.
[28.]
R. Kunz, C. Friedrich, M. Wolbers, J.F. Mann.
Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease.
Ann Intern Med, 148 (2008), pp. 30-48
[29.]
I. Buhaescu, A. Covic, G. Deray.
Treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis-a clinical approach.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 36 (2006), pp. 224-237
[30.]
D.M. Fine.
Pharmacological therapy of lupus nephritis.
JAMA, 293 (2005), pp. 3053-3060
[31.]
C.C. Mok.
Therapeutic options for resistant lupus nephritis.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 36 (2006), pp. 71-81
[32.]
D. Erkan, M.J. Harrison, R. Levy, et al.
Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 2382-2391
[33.]
E.C. Somers, W. Marder, G.W. Christman, V. Ognenovski, W.J. McCune.
Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for protection against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus.
Arthritis Rheum, 52 (2005), pp. 2761-2767
Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos