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Inicio Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología ¿Cuál es el mejor tratamiento de mantenimiento de la nefritis lúpica tipo IV?
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Vol. 10. Issue 1.
Pages 8-14 (March 2009)
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Vol. 10. Issue 1.
Pages 8-14 (March 2009)
Revisión
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¿Cuál es el mejor tratamiento de mantenimiento de la nefritis lúpica tipo IV?
What is the optimal maintenance therapy in type IV lupus nephritis?
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Juan Ignacio Villa Blancoa,
Corresponding author
villa.nacho@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Víctor Manuel Martínez Taboadab
a Médico Residente Reumatología, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, España
b Médico Adjunto de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, España
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Resumen

Cerca de dos tercios de los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico desarrollan afectación renal durante la enfermedad. Las formas proliferativas difusas (tipo IV) presentan un peor pronóstico por el riesgo de progresión a insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Estos pacientes precisan un tratamiento inmunodepresor agresivo para inducir la remisión clínica y, posteriormente, un tratamiento de mantenimiento para preservar la función renal.

Los primeros ensayos demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento de mantenimiento para estas formas graves, y los pacientes que recibían trimestralmente ciclofosfamida (CYF) intravenosa, tras la fase de inducción, presentaron un menor riesgo de progresión a IRC. Posteriormente, para evitar los efectos adversos ocasionados por la CYF, se han realizado ensayos con azatioprina y micofenolato mofetil, que no han demostrado su superioridad sobre la CYF, aunque son buenas opciones como tratamiento de mantenimiento en pacientes con nefritis lúpica (NL) proliferativa. La información actual sobre la terapia de mantenimiento en la NL proliferativa está basada en un número reducido de estudios con importantes limitaciones metodológicas. Por tanto, es necesaria la puesta en marcha de ensayos clínicos con un mejor diseño y el estudio de las nuevas opciones terapéuticas de aparición más reciente. Igualmente, el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el uso de tratamientos adicionales que eviten los efectos adversos de estos agents inmunodepresores son necesarios para un mejor control de los pacientes afectados de NL tipo IV.

Palabras clave:
Nefritis lúpica
Tratamiento de mantenimiento
Inmunodepresores
Abstract

Up to two-thirds of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop renal disease at some stage of their disease. Diffuse proliferative forms (type IV) have the worst prognosis due to the risk of progression to chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). In these patients, aggressive immunosuppressive therapy is required to induce clinical remission, followed by maintenance therapy to preserve renal function.

The first clinical trials demonstrated the need for maintenance therapy in these severe forms; regimens consisting of intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYF) administered quarterly after the induction phase reduced the risk of progression to CRI. Subsequently, because of the long-term risk posed by extended courses of CYF, the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and azathioprine for maintenance therapy was investigated. In patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, AZA and MMF are good options for maintenance therapy, but are not superior to CYF pulses. Current information on maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus nephritis is based on a small number of studies with major methodological limitations.

Consequently, there is clearly a need for further well-designed studies of the most recent therapeutic options. Equally, control of cardiovascular risk factors and the use of additional therapies that avoid the adverse effects of these immunosuppressive agents are required to improve the management of patients with type IV lupus nephritis.

Keywords:
Lupus nephritis
Maintenance therapy
Immunosuppressive drugs
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Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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