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Vol. 7. Issue 3.
Pages 109-116 (September 2006)
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Vol. 7. Issue 3.
Pages 109-116 (September 2006)
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Osteonecrosis del escafoides tarsiano
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Javier Narváeza, José Antonio Narváezb
a Servicio de Reumatología Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
b Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico. Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
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Resumen

La osteonecrosis del escafoides tarsiano (OET) puede acontecer tanto en la infancia (entidad denominada enfermedad de Köhler) como en la edad adulta. En los niños la enfermedad es infrecuente, se incluye dentro de las osteocondrosis de crecimiento y tiene un buen pronóstico, y en la mayoría de los casos evoluciona hacia la curación espontánea sin secuelas. En el adulto, la OET es también una lesión rara. Existen formas idiopáticas conocidas como enfermedad de Müller-Weiss y formas secundarias que se deben a fracturas del escafoides o aparecen en presencia de factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparición de la enfermedad. La OET idiopática suele presentarse en mujeres de edad media y ser bilateral, mientras que las formas secundarias suelen darse en pacientes jóvenes, sin ningún predominio de sexo y en estos casos la afección es unilateral. A diferencia de la infancia, en la OET del adulto nunca hay curación espontánea. Sin tratamiento la enfermedad presenta invariablemente una evolución crónica y progresa hacia el colapso de la zona necrótica, con deformidad, fisuración y migración del escafoides, y en último término se desarrolla un pie plano y una artrosis astragaloescafocuneana que es causa de dolor, a veces tan intenso que llega a impedir la deambulación del paciente. En estos casos, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos son cruciales para evitar el desarrollo de secuelas, por lo que la OET debe tenerse siempre en cuenta en pacientes con dolor en el mediopié.

Palabras clave:
Osteonecrosis del escafoides tarsiano
Enfermedad de Köhler
Enfermedad de Müller-Weiss
Abstract

Osteonecrosis (ON) of the tarsal navicular bone has been described in children (Köhler's disease) and in adults. Köhler's disease belongs to the group of osteochondroses, is relatively rare, and usually has a self-limited and reversible clinical course. In adulthood, this is also an uncommon entity. There are two distinct forms of this condition: the idiopathic or spontaneous ON also known as Müller-Weiss disease, which appears in patients without risk factors for osteonecrosis, and secondary ON caused by well-recognized predisposing factors or by traumatic injuries. Spontaneous ON or Müller-Weiss disease is seen most frequently in middle- aged women and it's usually bilateral; in secondary ON, the age and sex distribution is dependent upon the primary disease, although it generally affects younger patients without gender differences, and the involvement is unilateral. ON of the adult navicular is usually more severe than Köhler's disease. In absence of treatment, it is characterized by a chronic clinical course, with collapse, deformity and osseous fragmentation, severe and sometimes devastating pain and disability, and progressive flatfoot deformity with secondary talonaviculocuneiform osteoarthritis. A high level of awareness of this condition is needed to prompt diagnosis and treatment before advanced collapse occurs. Although uncommon, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of adult patients with midfoot pain.

Key words:
Tarsal navicular osteonecrosis
Köhler's disease
Müller-Weiss disease
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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