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Inicio Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología Validez de la escalera analgésica de la OMS en reumatología
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Vol. 7. Issue 3.
Pages 121-127 (September 2006)
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Vol. 7. Issue 3.
Pages 121-127 (September 2006)
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Validez de la escalera analgésica de la OMS en reumatología
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Joana Atxotegi Saenz de Buruaga
Sección de Reumatolgía. Hospital de Cruces. Baracaldo. Vizcaya. España
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Resumen

El dolor es un síntoma habitual en los pacientes oncológicos. Se caracteriza por ser fundamentalmente nociceptivo con evidencia de la eficacia de los fármacos opioides en su control. Con frecuencia, tiene un carácter temporal en un alto porcentaje de pacientes. Las enfermedades reumáticas son la causa más frecuente de dolor crónico no maligno. Existen diferentes mecanismos de dolor osteoarticular (somático, neuropático, miofascial). El tratamiento de este grupo de enfermedades suele ser crónico, y los fármacos opioides poseen una eficacia variable dependiendo del tipo de enfermedad. La escalera analgésica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (EA OMS) se diseñó como herramienta para aliviar el dolor oncológico de manera adecuada y eficaz. En 1986, la OMS publicó unos protocolos de tratamiento de dolor oncológico cuyo componente central era la escalera, con sus 3 peldaños. La EA OMS se fundamenta en el uso de fármacos que, mediante una escalada sencilla, permiten controlar el dolor en el 70-95% de los casos de dolor oncológico. Varios estudios respaldan la eficacia de la EA OMS, a pesar de sus problemas metodológicos. La EA OMS fue diseñada para aliviar el dolor oncológico; sin embargo, su uso se ha generalizado para tratar todo tipo de dolor, incluido el de tipo osteoarticular. En pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas, la EA OMS se utiliza para modular las decisiones terapéuticas encaminadas a controlar el dolor, si bien no está claro que se deba usar de la misma manera que en el dolor oncológico, ya que tan importante o más que la intensidad del dolor es conocer el tipo de enfermedad que presenta el paciente. Además, en pacientes con dolor osteoarticular existen situaciones en las que no es adecuado seguir el orden establecido en la EA OMS, y en algunos casos, seguir rígidamente esta escalera puede estar contraindicado.

Palabras clave:
Dolor oncológico
Dolor osteoarticular
Escalera analgésica de la OMS
Abstract

Pain is a common symptom in oncologic patients. Pain mechanism is characterized by being nociceptive, and there is evidence of opioids’ efficacy in its control. Its treatment is usually temporary in most patients. Rheumatic diseases are the most frecuent cause of cronic non malignant pain.There are diferent types of mechanism of musculoeskeletic pain (somatic, neuropatic, miofascial). The treatment of this group of diseases is normaly cronic and opioid drugs have a variable efficacy depending on the type of disease. The WHO Ladder was designed as a tool to achieve cancer pain relief, on a simple and effective method. In 1986 the World Health Organization (WHO) released a set of guidelines about the cancer pain relief and one of the central components of the guidelines was the “three-step analgesic ladder”. The WHO Ladder is based on the use of some drugs that by a simple method of scalation allows the control of pain between the 70-95% of cases of cancer pain. There are some studies which have validated its effectiveness, in spite of their methodological limitations. Although the WHO analgesic ladder was designed to get cancer pain relief, its use has been generalizated to the management of any kind of pain, including musculoeskeletal tipe. In patients with rheumetic diseases, the WHO ladder is used to modulate therapeutic decissions in accordance to control pain. It is not clear that may use on the same way of in cancer pain, because more important than the intensity of the pain is to know the type of disease that suffer the patient. In adittion, in some patients with musculoeskeketal pain there are situations in which is not addecuate to follow the normal order of WHO analgesic ladder; and in some cases, it would be contraindicated.

Key words:
Cancer pain
Musculoeskeletal pain
WHO analgesic ladder
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Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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