Biomaterials based on a natural polysaccharide: alginate | TIP. Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas

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A. Estructura genómica del locus FUM en el cromosoma 1 de F. verticillioides. B. Ruta biosintética de las fumonisinas. Se indican los pasos en los que participan los productos de los genes del locus FUM." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ma. Eugenia de la Torre-Hernández, Diana Sánchez-Rangel, Eduardo Galeana-Sánchez, Javier Plasencia-de la Parra" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ma." "apellidos" => "Eugenia de la Torre-Hernández" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diana" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Rangel" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Galeana-Sánchez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Plasencia-de la Parra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1405888X14703213?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/1405888X/0000001700000001/v1_201412221012/S1405888X14703213/v1_201412221012/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Biomaterials based on a natural polysaccharide: alginate" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "92" "paginaFinal" => "96" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Marguerite Rinaudo" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marguerite" "apellidos" => "Rinaudo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marguerite.rinaudo@sfr.fr" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Biomaterials Applications, 6, rue Lesdiguières, 38000 Grenoble (France)" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1099 "Ancho" => 2148 "Tamanyo" => 187885 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Chemical structures of uronic acid blocks involved in alginate composition." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionMarine algae constitute a large source of natural polysaccharides having original physical properties. Algae also contain a large variety of nutriments such as vitamins, salts, iodine, sterols…<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> There is a large variety of such organisms which are exploited for a long time mainly for food applications. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae such as Fucus, Laminaria, Ascophyllum) contain large amounts of alginate in their cell walls<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>. The quantity (between 25 and 45% dried weight of crude algae) and quality of the alginates depend on the algae species, the type and age of the tissues and methods used for extraction. They are linear polymers composed of (1→4)-α-L-guluronic acid blocks (GG) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1a</a>), (1→4)-β-D-mannuronic acid blocks (MM)(<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1b</a>), and additionally, of heteropolymeric sequences of M and G (MG blocks) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1c</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Alginates are mainly used in the food and biomedical domains but in this paper we will focus on bioplastic applications, a less common field developed in the literature, i.e. applications of alginates in the domains of packaging, textiles, paper and wound dressing.Main characteristicsThe biological and physical properties of alginates in aqueous media depend not only on the M/G ratio (obtained by proton NMR) but also on the distribution of M and G units along the chain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–6</a>. Purified alginates have widespread industrial uses especially due to their ability to form hydrogels, beads, fibers or films mainly in presence of calcium attributed to the presence of zones rich in GG blocks following the model of<a name="p93"></a> an egg-box<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a>. Nevertheless, it must be mentioned that MM and MG blocks also interact with calcium counterions. A schematic representation of gelation for progressive and cooperative fixation of calcium is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The stiffness of alginates gels is directly related to the GG block content<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a>. Under their monovalent salt form (especially sodium form), alginates are perfectly water soluble and increase of solvent viscosity upon dissolution causing an interesting thickening character (in relation with the semirigid conformation of this copolymer) which found valuable applications. In addition, the ion-exchange properties of alginates are important due to specific strong interactions with counterions such as Ba, Sr and Ca giving a gel which is reversible in presence of large excess of monovalent salts or complexing agent (EDTA, sodium oxalate, sodium citrate). Alginic acid or alginate in acidic medium gives also specific gels based on H-bond network <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a>. Another important parameter is the distribution of the molar masses and the average molar mass (obtained by steric exclusion chromatography) which also control the viscosity of solution and stiffness of the gels. It is important to mention that specific low molar mass oligomers may be obtained by partial hydrolysis in acidic conditions followed by fractionation at controlled pH to isolate GG and MM blocks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>.Alginates applicationsAlginates in FoodsUp to now, the main applications of alginates were based mainly on their gel-forming ability and used as food additives in jams, jellies…. to improve and stabilize the structure of food. In this domain, alginates are also widely used as additives capable of viscosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying solutions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a>.<a name="p94"></a>Alginates in biomedical applicationsPharmaceutical industries use purified alginates as stabilizer in solution and dispersion of solid substances. In the biomedical domain, alginates are used for controlled drug release<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a>, cells encapsulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a>, scaffolds in ligament and tendon tissue engineering or to prepare moulds in dentistry (in presence of slow release calcium salt)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15–17</a>.Alginates in packagingCooking or warming breaded foods in a microwave oven causes a lack of crunchiness. New products are now proposed for microwave heating by using active packaging (with susceptors). In that view, a film of alginate gel with high salt concentration was used as an edible susceptor. Better heating and shorter cooking times were demonstrated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a>. Edible films were also prepared as emulsifiable alginate with new barrier properties and good mechanical properties also allowing protecting encapsulated active substances<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a>. Incorporation of garlic oil, a natural antibacterial agent gives good edible film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a>.Vegetale and fruit preservation was favoured by incorporation of stable silver nanoparticles in alginate film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>. Antibacterial films were obtained by incorporation of extruded white ginseng to ensure healthy foods<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a>. Antimicrobial packaging with lactic acid bacteria incorporated in alginate film matrix allows to control the growth of food-borne pathogens in ready-to-eat food<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a>. Antiradical properties were obtained with oregano-based film made of polycaprolactone/alginate-calcium film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a>.Alginates in paper industryAlginate partially complexed with calcium (such as forming a loose gel) mixed with starch was proposed to get high water retention in paper coating. Such advantage is important for size press coating formulation to improve coating rheology, control migration and get coat weight uniformity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a>.Alginates in textiles and medical textilesA review was recently available which is devoted to processing of alginate fibers for their use as a wound management material<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">26–27</a>. Wet-spinning is the usual way to produce fibers which may be highly absorbent wound dressing materials; especially, mixed sodium and calcium fibers may be produced, calcium giving the wet integrity and sodium the large absorbency. Alginic acid fibers or silver fibers may also be prepared to enhance anti-microbial properties, zinc fibers to generate immune-modulatory and anti-microbial effects. Due to the process in aqueous and mild conditions, it is also easy to prepare fibers for enzyme immobilization or as support for bioactive molecules<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a>.Alginate calcium fibers were prepared through wet spinning with good tensile strength which can be used for cloth materials. Blending yarns and textile of alginate calcium fibers give good hand feeling and strength. Alginate calcium fibers is an inherent flame-retardant fiber.Nanoparticles of sodium alginate and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl-octadecyl-dimethylammonium chloride (TSA) with an average size 99nm were loaded onto cotton fabrics by paddry-cure method. Fibers have an efficient antimicrobial activity maintained after 30 laundry cycles (non-leaching antimicrobial agent)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a>.Alginates in hemostatic material and wound dressingNew generation of medical textiles are an important growing field, showing great expansion, in wound management products<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a>. The main qualities of fibers and dressings as wound care products include that they are bacteriostatic, anti-viral, fungistatic, non-toxic, high absorbent, non-allergic, breathable, haemostatic, biocompatible, and manipulatable to incorporate medications, with good mechanical properties. Textile structures used for modern wound dressings are of large variety: sliver, yarn, woven, non-woven, knitted, crochet, braided, composite materials. Specialized additives with special functions can be introduced in advanced wound dressings with the aim to absorb odors, provide strong antibacterial properties, smooth pain and relieve irritation. Because of unique properties as high surface area to volume ratio, nanoscale fiber diameter, porosity, light weight, nanofibres are used in wound care. Nanofibers of alginates were produced by electrospinning technique in presence of various synthetic polymers and/or surfactants to improve processability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a>. Calcium alginate fibers have a novel gel-forming capability in that, upon the ion exchange between sodium ions in the contact solution and calcium ions in the fiber, the fiber slowly transforms into a fibrous gel. The gel-forming process for alginate fibers and the gelling behavior of various types of alginate fibers were described.<a name="p95"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The absorption characteristics of alginate wound dressings were analyzed and it was found that alginate wound dressings absorb a large quantity of liquid into the fiber structure, in addition to those held between the fibers in the textile structure. This gives rise to the unique gel blocking properties of alginate wound dressings. In addition, alginate wound dressings also have novel hemostatic and antimicrobial properties as well as the ability to promote wound healing. They are now widely used in the management of highly exuding wounds such as leg ulcers, pressure sores, and surgical wounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a>.Haemostasis and tissue repair is an important domain of development of alginate produced as thin filament in the calcium form. In contact with blood, Ca+2 ions are liberated activating platelet aggregation and reducing coagulation time. Materials are commercialised under different trademarks; as example are: Coalgan from Brothier Laboratories (France) soled as an haemostatic fibers pad for nosebleeds, Algosteril® or Sorban® are also non-woven dressing absorbing rapidly and retains wound fluid resulting in haemostasis and accelerates wound healing<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">33</a>. Alginates fibers were reinforced by introduction of hydrolysed chitosans (which diffuse into the alginate fiber) allowing to introduce antibacterial properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">34</a>.ConclusionFrom this short review, it seems clear that alginates are new industrial polysaccharides which may be used in many other applications than only food industry. Nevertheless, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of purified alginates seem certainely the most promising development of alginates at present time. At end, it is important to mention the recent synthesis of well defined new biohybrid glycopolymers having guluronic oligomers grafted on a hydrophilic backbone giving also gels in the presence of calcium counterions. For many applications, these copolymers may compete directly with alginates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">35</a>." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres400095" "titulo" => "Abstract" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec377715" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres400094" "titulo" => "Resumen" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec377716" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Main characteristics" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Alginates applications" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Alginates in Foods" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Alginates in biomedical applications" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Alginates in packaging" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Alginates in paper industry" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Alginates in textiles and medical textiles" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Alginates in hemostatic material and wound dressing" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-08-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-10-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec377715" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Alginate applications" 1 => "alginate composition" 2 => "alginate fibers" 3 => "alginate properties" 4 => "Ca-gelation" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec377716" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aplicaciones del alginato" 1 => "composición del alginato" 2 => "fibras de alginato" 3 => "propiedades del alginato" 4 => "gelato de calcio" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "In this short review, our objective was to describe few new applications of a natural polysaccharide extracted from algae, the alginates. Firstly, the chemical composition is recalled and the main techniques used for characterization are cited. The role of guluronic acid blocks (GG blocks) is particularly important for gel mechanical properties in presence of calcium counterions. Then, the main applications in food and biomedicine are briefly mentioned followed by tentative applications in packaging, paper, textil and wound dressing which are described. Especially, fine fibers are produced now industrially under mixed sodium/calcium ionic form." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "En esta corta revisión, nuestro objetivo fue describir algunas nuevas aplicaciones de un polisacárido natural extraído de algas: el alginato. Primeramente, la composición química es revisada, además de citar las principales técnicas utilizadas para su caracterización. El papel de los bloques de ácido gulurónico (bloques GG) es particularmente importante para las propiedades mecánicas del gel en presencia de Ca como contraión. Después, se mencionan brevemente las principales aplicaciones en el área de alimentos y biomedicina, seguida de aplicaciones experimentales en embalaje, papel, textiles, y vendajes de heridas, las cuales son descritas. Especialmente, fibras finas de alginato son ahora producidas industrialmente en una forma iónica mixta de sodio/calcio." ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1099 "Ancho" => 2148 "Tamanyo" => 187885 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Chemical structures of uronic acid blocks involved in alginate composition." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 714 "Ancho" => 1023 "Tamanyo" => 78671 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Schematic crosslinking of alginate in the presence of calcium counterions (•) complexed with L-guluronic blocks." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 819 "Ancho" => 1024 "Tamanyo" => 174262 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Fibers of alginate stabilized with calcium (personal document)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1." 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Biomaterials based on a natural polysaccharide: alginate

Marguerite Rinaudo

Biomaterials Applications, 6, rue Lesdiguières, 38000 Grenoble (France)

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    "titulo" => "Biomaterials based on a natural polysaccharide&#58; alginate"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chemical structures of uronic acid blocks involved in alginate composition&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marine algae constitute a large source of natural polysaccharides having original physical properties&#46; Algae also contain a large variety of nutriments such as vitamins&#44; salts&#44; iodine&#44; sterols&#8230;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There is a large variety of such organisms which are exploited for a long time mainly for food applications&#46; The brown algae &#40;Phaeophyceae such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fucus&#44; Laminaria&#44; Ascophyllum</span>&#41; contain large amounts of alginate in their cell walls<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; The quantity &#40;between 25 and 45&#37; dried weight of crude algae&#41; and quality of the alginates depend on the algae species&#44; the type and age of the tissues and methods used for extraction&#46; They are linear polymers composed of &#40;1&#8594;4&#41;-&#945;-L-guluronic acid blocks &#40;GG&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1a</a>&#41;&#44; &#40;1&#8594;4&#41;-&#946;-D-mannuronic acid blocks &#40;MM&#41;&#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1b</a>&#41;&#44; and additionally&#44; of heteropolymeric sequences of M and G &#40;MG blocks&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 1c</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alginates are mainly used in the food and biomedical domains but in this paper we will focus on bioplastic applications&#44; a less common field developed in the literature&#44; i&#46;e&#46; applications of alginates in the domains of packaging&#44; textiles&#44; paper and wound dressing&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Main characteristics</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The biological and physical properties of alginates in aqueous media depend not only on the M&#47;G ratio &#40;obtained by proton NMR&#41; but also on the distribution of M and G units along the chain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a>&#46; Purified alginates have widespread industrial uses especially due to their ability to form hydrogels&#44; beads&#44; fibers or films mainly in presence of calcium attributed to the presence of zones rich in GG blocks following the model of<a name="p93"></a> an egg-box<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it must be mentioned that MM and MG blocks also interact with calcium counterions&#46; A schematic representation of gelation for progressive and cooperative fixation of calcium is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stiffness of alginates gels is directly related to the GG block content<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Under their monovalent salt form &#40;especially sodium form&#41;&#44; alginates are perfectly water soluble and increase of solvent viscosity upon dissolution causing an interesting thickening character &#40;in relation with the semirigid conformation of this copolymer&#41; which found valuable applications&#46; In addition&#44; the ion-exchange properties of alginates are important due to specific strong interactions with counterions such as Ba&#44; Sr and Ca giving a gel which is reversible in presence of large excess of monovalent salts or complexing agent &#40;EDTA&#44; sodium oxalate&#44; sodium citrate&#41;&#46; Alginic acid or alginate in acidic medium gives also specific gels based on H-bond network <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Another important parameter is the distribution of the molar masses and the average molar mass &#40;obtained by steric exclusion chromatography&#41; which also control the viscosity of solution and stiffness of the gels&#46; It is important to mention that specific low molar mass oligomers may be obtained by partial hydrolysis in acidic conditions followed by fractionation at controlled pH to isolate GG and MM blocks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Alginates applications</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Alginates in Foods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Up to now&#44; the main applications of alginates were based mainly on their gel-forming ability and used as food additives in jams&#44; jellies&#8230;&#46; to improve and stabilize the structure of food&#46; In this domain&#44; alginates are also widely used as additives capable of viscosifying&#44; stabilizing&#44; emulsifying solutions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;<a name="p94"></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Alginates in biomedical applications</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharmaceutical industries use purified alginates as stabilizer in solution and dispersion of solid substances&#46; In the biomedical domain&#44; alginates are used for controlled drug release<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; cells encapsulation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; scaffolds in ligament and tendon tissue engineering or to prepare moulds in dentistry &#40;in presence of slow release calcium salt&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Alginates in packaging</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cooking or warming breaded foods in a microwave oven causes a lack of crunchiness&#46; New products are now proposed for microwave heating by using active packaging &#40;with susceptors&#41;&#46; In that view&#44; a film of alginate gel with high salt concentration was used as an edible susceptor&#46; Better heating and shorter cooking times were demonstrated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Edible films were also prepared as emulsifiable alginate with new barrier properties and good mechanical properties also allowing protecting encapsulated active substances<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Incorporation of garlic oil&#44; a natural antibacterial agent gives good edible film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vegetale and fruit preservation was favoured by incorporation of stable silver nanoparticles in alginate film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Antibacterial films were obtained by incorporation of extruded white ginseng to ensure healthy foods<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Antimicrobial packaging with lactic acid bacteria incorporated in alginate film matrix allows to control the growth of food-borne pathogens in ready-to-eat food<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; Antiradical properties were obtained with oregano-based film made of polycaprolactone&#47;alginate-calcium film<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Alginates in paper industry</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alginate partially complexed with calcium &#40;such as forming a loose gel&#41; mixed with starch was proposed to get high water retention in paper coating&#46; Such advantage is important for size press coating formulation to improve coating rheology&#44; control migration and get coat weight uniformity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Alginates in textiles and medical textiles</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review was recently available which is devoted to processing of alginate fibers for their use as a wound management material<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;27</span></a>&#46; Wet-spinning is the usual way to produce fibers which may be highly absorbent wound dressing materials&#59; especially&#44; mixed sodium and calcium fibers may be produced&#44; calcium giving the wet integrity and sodium the large absorbency&#46; Alginic acid fibers or silver fibers may also be prepared to enhance anti-microbial properties&#44; zinc fibers to generate immune-modulatory and anti-microbial effects&#46; Due to the process in aqueous and mild conditions&#44; it is also easy to prepare fibers for enzyme immobilization or as support for bioactive molecules<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alginate calcium fibers were prepared through wet spinning with good tensile strength which can be used for cloth materials&#46; Blending yarns and textile of alginate calcium fibers give good hand feeling and strength&#46; Alginate calcium fibers is an inherent flame-retardant fiber&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nanoparticles of sodium alginate and 3-&#40;trimethoxysilyl&#41; propyl-octadecyl-dimethylammonium chloride &#40;TSA&#41; with an average size 99nm were loaded onto cotton fabrics by paddry-cure method&#46; Fibers have an efficient antimicrobial activity maintained after 30 laundry cycles &#40;non-leaching antimicrobial agent&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Alginates in hemostatic material and wound dressing</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New generation of medical textiles are an important growing field&#44; showing great expansion&#44; in wound management products<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; The main qualities of fibers and dressings as wound care products include that they are bacteriostatic&#44; anti-viral&#44; fungistatic&#44; non-toxic&#44; high absorbent&#44; non-allergic&#44; breathable&#44; haemostatic&#44; biocompatible&#44; and manipulatable to incorporate medications&#44; with good mechanical properties&#46; Textile structures used for modern wound dressings are of large variety&#58; sliver&#44; yarn&#44; woven&#44; non-woven&#44; knitted&#44; crochet&#44; braided&#44; composite materials&#46; Specialized additives with special functions can be introduced in advanced wound dressings with the aim to absorb odors&#44; provide strong antibacterial properties&#44; smooth pain and relieve irritation&#46; Because of unique properties as high surface area to volume ratio&#44; nanoscale fiber diameter&#44; porosity&#44; light weight&#44; nanofibres are used in wound care&#46; Nanofibers of alginates were produced by electrospinning technique in presence of various synthetic polymers and&#47;or surfactants to improve processability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46; Calcium alginate fibers have a novel gel-forming capability in that&#44; upon the ion exchange between sodium ions in the contact solution and calcium ions in the fiber&#44; the fiber slowly transforms into a fibrous gel&#46; The gel-forming process for alginate fibers and the gelling behavior of various types of alginate fibers were described&#46;<a name="p95"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The absorption characteristics of alginate wound dressings were analyzed and it was found that alginate wound dressings absorb a large quantity of liquid into the fiber structure&#44; in addition to those held between the fibers in the textile structure&#46; This gives rise to the unique gel blocking properties of alginate wound dressings&#46; In addition&#44; alginate wound dressings also have novel hemostatic and antimicrobial properties as well as the ability to promote wound healing&#46; They are now widely used in the management of highly exuding wounds such as leg ulcers&#44; pressure sores&#44; and surgical wounds<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Haemostasis and tissue repair is an important domain of development of alginate produced as thin filament in the calcium form&#46; In contact with blood&#44; Ca<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;2</span> ions are liberated activating platelet aggregation and reducing coagulation time&#46; Materials are commercialised under different trademarks&#59; as example are&#58; Coalgan from Brothier Laboratories &#40;France&#41; soled as an haemostatic fibers pad for nosebleeds&#44; Algosteril<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> or Sorban<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> are also non-woven dressing absorbing rapidly and retains wound fluid resulting in haemostasis and accelerates wound healing<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Alginates fibers were reinforced by introduction of hydrolysed chitosans &#40;which diffuse into the alginate fiber&#41; allowing to introduce antibacterial properties<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conclusion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From this short review&#44; it seems clear that alginates are new industrial polysaccharides which may be used in many other applications than only food industry&#46; Nevertheless&#44; biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of purified alginates seem certainely the most promising development of alginates at present time&#46; At end&#44; it is important to mention the recent synthesis of well defined new biohybrid glycopolymers having guluronic oligomers grafted on a hydrophilic backbone giving also gels in the presence of calcium counterions&#46; For many applications&#44; these copolymers may compete directly with alginates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this short review&#44; our objective was to describe few new applications of a natural polysaccharide extracted from algae&#44; the alginates&#46; Firstly&#44; the chemical composition is recalled and the main techniques used for characterization are cited&#46; The role of guluronic acid blocks &#40;GG blocks&#41; is particularly important for gel mechanical properties in presence of calcium counterions&#46; Then&#44; the main applications in food and biomedicine are briefly mentioned followed by tentative applications in packaging&#44; paper&#44; textil and wound dressing which are described&#46; Especially&#44; fine fibers are produced now industrially under mixed sodium&#47;calcium ionic form&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En esta corta revisi&#243;n&#44; nuestro objetivo fue describir algunas nuevas aplicaciones de un polisac&#225;rido natural extra&#237;do de algas&#58; el alginato&#46; Primeramente&#44; la composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica es revisada&#44; adem&#225;s de citar las principales t&#233;cnicas utilizadas para su caracterizaci&#243;n&#46; El papel de los bloques de &#225;cido gulur&#243;nico &#40;bloques GG&#41; es particularmente importante para las propiedades mec&#225;nicas del gel en presencia de Ca como contrai&#243;n&#46; Despu&#233;s&#44; se mencionan brevemente las principales aplicaciones en el &#225;rea de alimentos y biomedicina&#44; seguida de aplicaciones experimentales en embalaje&#44; papel&#44; textiles&#44; y vendajes de heridas&#44; las cuales son descritas&#46; Especialmente&#44; fibras finas de alginato son ahora producidas industrialmente en una forma i&#243;nica mixta de sodio&#47;calcio&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 1405888X
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S1405-888X(14)70322-5

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
2024 October	77	19	96
2024 September	148	20	168
2024 August	115	17	132
2024 July	110	8	118
2024 June	58	14	72
2024 May	128	13	141
2024 April	135	12	147
2024 March	129	26	155
2024 February	108	10	118
2024 January	135	22	157
2023 December	125	30	155
2023 November	137	22	159
2023 October	172	30	202
2023 September	79	8	87
2023 August	62	15	77
2023 July	72	26	98
2023 June	64	10	74
2023 May	87	13	100
2023 April	65	26	91
2023 March	74	17	91
2023 February	51	5	56
2023 January	61	12	73
2022 December	64	15	79
2022 November	80	20	100
2022 October	76	39	115
2022 September	73	36	109
2022 August	88	48	136
2022 July	72	26	98
2022 June	59	24	83
2022 May	74	18	92
2022 April	63	37	100
2022 March	98	29	127
2022 February	82	26	108
2022 January	98	35	133
2021 December	69	28	97
2021 November	106	25	131
2021 October	124	46	170
2021 September	77	34	111
2021 August	97	16	113
2021 July	61	9	70
2021 June	63	15	78
2021 May	154	17	171
2021 April	166	25	191
2021 March	91	27	118
2021 February	88	17	105
2021 January	90	29	119
2020 December	71	22	93
2020 November	94	29	123
2020 October	59	27	86
2020 September	50	18	68
2020 August	52	20	72
2020 July	52	19	71
2020 June	50	16	66
2020 May	99	21	120
2020 April	51	13	64
2020 March	71	21	92
2020 February	64	28	92
2020 January	71	26	97
2019 December	73	25	98
2019 November	62	26	88
2019 October	72	28	100
2019 September	82	18	100
2019 August	52	20	72
2019 July	46	32	78
2019 June	110	28	138
2019 May	242	74	316
2019 April	125	55	180
2019 March	49	15	64
2019 February	37	16	53
2019 January	48	21	69
2018 December	26	8	34
2018 November	49	15	64
2018 October	64	19	83
2018 September	91	8	99
2018 August	49	8	57
2018 July	30	7	37
2018 June	24	4	28
2018 May	82	9	91
2018 April	38	8	46
2018 March	35	10	45
2018 February	20	2	22
2018 January	14	6	20
2017 December	23	3	26
2017 November	22	4	26
2017 October	18	10	28
2017 September	25	18	43
2017 August	20	16	36
2017 July	21	27	48
2017 June	38	25	63
2017 May	37	54	91
2017 April	34	23	57
2017 March	25	41	66
2017 February	32	36	68
2017 January	27	9	36
2016 December	40	16	56
2016 November	59	19	78
2016 October	58	30	88
2016 September	80	41	121
2016 August	56	41	97
2016 July	71	16	87
2016 June	75	41	116
2016 May	76	44	120
2016 April	75	52	127
2016 March	83	29	112
2016 February	74	27	101
2016 January	62	21	83
2015 December	54	31	85
2015 November	43	33	76
2015 October	78	35	113
2015 September	45	35	80
2015 August	75	33	108
2015 July	63	40	103
2015 June	64	39	103
2015 May	71	59	130
2015 April	55	51	106
2015 March	48	54	102
2015 February	55	43	98
2015 January	22	33	55

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