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Original article
Available online 16 October 2024
Ecological distribution and phylogenetic diversity of measles virus genotypes in West Africa, 2001 to 2020
Distribución ecológica y diversidad filogenética de los genotipos del virus del sarampión en África occidental, de 2001 a 2020
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Muhammad Bashir Belloa,
Corresponding author
bellom@kaimrc.edu.sa

Corresponding author at: Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, P. O. Box 3660, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
, Anas Haruna Ruggahb,c
a Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) P. O. Box 3660, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
b Vaccinology and Molecular Virology Unit, Center for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria
c Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Spatio-temporal distribution of Measles Virus Genotypes in West African Countries.
Table 2. Pairwise sequence comparison of B3 measles virus genotypes from Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Table 3. Nucleotide divergence among the representatives of major subclusters in the B3.1 subgenotype.
Table 4. Pairwise sequence comparison of selected Measles virus isolates in West Africa and vaccine strains.
Table 5. Genetic relationship of D3 and D8 isolates in West Africa.
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Abstract
Introduction

Measles remains a significant threat to public health in developing countries, particularly among children under the age of 5. A pivotal aspect of the measles eradication initiative involves the genetic characterization of wild-type viruses to better understand transmission patterns and inform vaccination strategies.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the ecology and genotype diversity of the measles virus in West Africa from 2001 to 2020, utilizing available sequence data from the GenBank.

Methodology

We conducted a comprehensive analysis using maximum-likelihood phylogenetics, focusing on the N450 fragment from measles virus isolates found in West Africa between 2001 and 2020. Additionally, pairwise sequence comparison analysis was carried out to determine the evolutionary divergence of various genotypes in West Africa and their genetic distance from vaccine strains.

Results

Our findings indicate that over the past 2 decades, B3, D3, and D8 isolates have been circulating in various West African countries. Notably, B3 isolates have been identified as the primary contributors to endemic transmission, as evidenced by the concurrent presence of the same isolate in different countries within the subregion. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a significant shift in the circulation of D3 and D8 isolates, which were originally reported exclusively in New Guinea over 15 years ago but are now dominated by the B3 genotype.

Conclusion

Over the past 2 decades, B3, D3, and D8 measles virus genotypes have circulated in 10 West African countries. Particularly, B3.1 isolates currently dominate, especially in Nigeria, indicating endemic transmission. However, despite the informative value of N450, complete genome sequencing data is highly needed to accurately understand the evolutionary dynamics of the measles virus in West Africa.

Keywords:
Measles virus
Phylogenetics
Genotype diversity
Evolution
West Africa
Epidemiology
Resumen
Introducción

El sarampión sigue siendo una amenaza significativa para la salud pública en los países en desarrollo, en particular entre los niños menores de 5 años. Un aspecto esencial de la iniciativa de erradicación del sarampión implica la caracterización genética de los virus del tipo silvestre para comprender mejor los patrones de transmisión, e informar sobre las estrategias de vacunación.

Objetivo

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la diversidad ecológica y genotípica del virus del sarampión en África occidental de 2001 a 2020, utilizando datos secuenciales disponibles procedentes de GenBank.

Metodología

Realizamos un análisis amplio utilizando filogenética de probabilidad máxima, centrada en el fragmento N450 de los aislados del virus del sarampión hallados en África occidental entre 2001 y 2020. Además, realizamos un análisis comparativo de secuencia pareada a fin de determinar la divergencia evolutiva de diversos genotipos en África occidental, así como su distancia genética a partir de las cepas vacunales.

Resultados

Nuestros hallazgos indican que, durante las últimas dos décadas, los aislados de B3, D3 y D8 han estado circulando en diversos países de África occidental. De forma notable, los aislados de B3 han sido identificados como contribuidores primarios a la transmisión endémica, según lo evidenciado por la presencia concurrente del mismo aislado en diferentes países dentro de la misma subregión. Además, nuestro análisis revela un cambio significativo en cuanto a la circulación de los aislados de D3 y D8, que fueron originariamente reportados exclusivamente en Nueva Guinea hace 15 años, pero que están ahora dominados por el genotipo de B3.

Conclusión

A lo largo de las dos últimas décadas, los genotipos B3, D3 y D8 del virus del sarampión han circulado en diez países de África occidental. En particular, el aislado de B3.1 es actualmente dominante, en especial en Nigeria, lo cual es indicativo de transmisión endémica. Sin embargo, a pesar del valor informativo de N450, los datos de secuenciación genómica completa son altamente necesarios para comprender con precisión la dinámica evolutiva del virus del sarampión en África occidental.

Palabras clave:
Virus del sarampión
Filogenética
Diversidad genotípica
Evolución
África occidental
Epidemiología

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