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Inicio Vacunas The impact of Omicron on the COVID-19 vaccines: A review
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Vol. 25. Issue 2.
Pages 274-284 (April - June 2024)
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Vol. 25. Issue 2.
Pages 274-284 (April - June 2024)
Review article
The impact of Omicron on the COVID-19 vaccines: A review
El impacto de Omicron en las vacunas COVID-19: Una revisión
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Pragya D. Yadava, Deepak Y. Patila, Rima R. Sahaya, Anita M. Shetea, Sreelekshmy Mohandasa, Velu Nairb,
Corresponding author
nairvelu2000@yahoo.com

Corresponding author at: Apollo Comprehensive Blood & Cancer Treatment Centre, Plot No 1A, Bhat GIDC, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad 382428, Gujarat, India.
a Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, Maharashtra, India
b Apollo Comprehensive Blood & Cancer Treatment Centre, Plot No 1A, Bhat GIDC, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad 382428, Gujarat, India
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Special issue
This article is part of special issue:
COVID-19: impacto de la Vacuna - COVID-19: Vaccine impact

Edited by: Dra. Núria Torner CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica CIBERESP Unitat de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona

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Abstract

The moment SARS-CoV-2 seemed to be receding; there was an uncertain emergence of Omicron variant which rapidly spread to all the 6 continents of the globe. The large number of genomic mutations has helped Omicron to evolve and become highly transmissible and escape the natural or vaccine-induced immune response. Until now, the Omicron has evolved into 5 unique lineages namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, and over 1000 sub-lineages. Despite vigorous COVID-19 immunisation programmes, India has been constantly being affected with emergence of new Omicron variants. In contrast to recovered patients following vaccination and breakthrough cases following a second dose against the Omicron variety, our recent research of naive Covishield vaccines showed declining immune response. The finding of this study and other studies with Covaxin depicted less immune response against Omicron post second dose of vaccination. This necessitates the administration of a preventive dose to improve immunity. There was surge in the COVID-19 cases with BA.5, BA.4, BF.7, BQ.1, XBB, and JN.1 infection which has greater transmissibility and vaccine efficacy remarkably dropped. Hence along with administration of booster dose, there is need to tweak the currently available vaccines with these SARS-CoV-2 variants. These types of modified boosters could provide enhances protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2
Omicron
Vaccine
Immune escape
Booster
Resumen

En el momento en que el SARS-CoV-2 parecía estar remitiendo, se produjo la incierta aparición de la variante Omicron, que se propagó rápidamente por los seis continentes del planeta. El gran número de mutaciones genómicas ha ayudado al Omicron a evolucionar y convertirse en altamente transmisible y escapar a la respuesta inmunitaria natural o inducida por vacunas. Hasta ahora, el Omicron ha evolucionado en cinco linajes únicos: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5 y más de 1000 sublinajes. A pesar de los enérgicos programas de inmunización contra el COVID-19, India se ha visto constantemente afectada por la aparición de nuevas variantes del Omicron. En contraste con los pacientes recuperados tras la vacunación y los casos de avance tras una segunda dosis contra la variedad Omicron, nuestra reciente investigación de vacunados ingenuos contra Covishield mostró una respuesta inmune decreciente. El hallazgo de este estudio y otros estudios con Covaxin describieron una menor respuesta inmunitaria contra Omicron tras la segunda dosis de vacunación. Esto hace necesaria la administración de una dosis preventiva para mejorar la inmunidad. Hubo un aumento en los casos de COVID-19 con infección BA.5, BA.4, BF.7, BQ.1, XBB, y JN.1 que tiene mayor transmisibilidad y la eficacia de la vacuna disminuyó notablemente. Por lo tanto, junto con la administración de dosis de refuerzo, es necesario modificar las vacunas actualmente disponibles con estas variantes de SARS-CoV-2. Estos tipos de dosis de refuerzo modificadas podrían proporcionar una mayor protección contra la infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Palabras clave:
SARS-CoV-2
Omicron
Vacuna
Escape inmunitario
Refuerzo

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