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Original article
Compliance to vaccination recommendations in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: Cross sectional study
Cumplimiento de las recomendaciones sobre vacunación en personas infectadas por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana: Estudio transversal
Irene Cavada Carranzaa,
Corresponding author
irenecavada93@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Javier Sánchez-Rubio Ferrándeza, Gabriel Gaspar Alonso Vegab, Teresa Molina Garcíaa
a Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
b Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; continues to be a major global public health issue&#46; According to World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41;&#44; HIV has caused more than 32 million deaths so far&#46; Specifically&#44; 770&#44;000 people died from HIV in 2018&#46; There were approximately 37&#46;9 million people living with HIV at the end of 2018 and 1&#46;7 million people have become newly infected in 2018 globally&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there is no cure&#44; effective antiretroviral therapy &#40;ART&#41; allows to control the virus and help to prevent transmission&#44; leading to improvements in mortality and morbidity&#46; Patients with HIV infection without other significant comorbidities can reach a life expectancy approaching that of the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Opportunistic infections are an important morbidity issue and this fact can be considerably attenuated with health promotion practices&#46; Vaccines are important preventive measures for HIV infected patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Current recommendations for HIV patients include the administration of hepatitis B virus vaccine&#44; seasonal influenza vaccine&#44; streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines and hepatitis A virus vaccine in specific risk groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; there is insufficient data on vaccination coverage of HIV patients as well as on the risk factors associated with poor adherence to routine vaccination&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to analyze vaccine compliance in HIV infected patients attended at our outpatient pharmacy department and possible risk factors for the lack of adherence to vaccination&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out&#46; The sample included all HIV infected patients attended for the first time at our hospital outpatient pharmacy department from January 2015 to October 2018&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion criteria were age older than 18 years&#44; enough availability of information to verify the vaccination status&#46; Exclusion criteria were lost of follow-up due to change to another center&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected from Pharmacy electronic records including nationality&#44; age&#44; sex&#44; mode of acquisition of HIV infection&#44; last CD4 lymphocyte &#40;CD4L&#41; count and viral load &#40;VL&#41;&#46; Vaccination coverage for seasonal influenza&#44; 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate &#40;PCV-13&#41;&#44; 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide &#40;PPV-23&#41;&#44; hepatitis A virus &#40;HAV&#41; and hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41; were studied&#44; in accordance with the vaccination recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Spain and recommended immunization schedule for adults of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of U&#46;S&#46; Department of Health and Human Services<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; a descriptive analysis was performed&#46; The continuous variables were expressed as mean &#40;&#177; standard deviation&#41; while the categorical data was expressed as frequencies and percentages&#46; Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with incomplete vaccination schedule&#46; A chi-squared test or Fisher&#39;s exact test was applied for categorical variables&#46; Variables associated with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10 significance level in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression model and significant associations were considered if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; The SPSS statistical package version 24 was used to analyze the data&#46; The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 127 patients were included&#46; Most of the patients were male &#40;82&#46;7&#37;&#41; with a mean age of 40&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;8 years&#46; 41&#46;8&#37; were non-native Spanish&#46; The most prevalent mode of HIV transmission was men having sex with men &#40;MSM&#41; &#40;55&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by heterosexual exposure &#40;29&#46;1&#37;&#41; and intravenous drug users &#40;IDU&#41; &#40;8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Overall&#44; 92&#46;9&#37; of the patients had CD4L count<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mL and 81&#46;1&#37; VL below detectable limits &#40;&#60;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;mL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complete vaccination coverage was observed in 11 patients &#40;8&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 25&#46;9&#37; of the patients studied had received the annual influenza vaccine for the previous season&#46; Regarding pneumococcal vaccines&#44; 25&#46;9&#37; had been vaccinated against PCV-13 and 28&#46;4&#37; against PPV-23&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were 80 patients belonging to HAV risk group&#59; HAV immunization was recommended to 52 &#40;65&#37;&#41; of these patients&#44; who had no evidence of past hepatitis A virus infection or previous vaccination according to clinical record&#44; although only 15&#47;52 &#40;28&#46;8&#37;&#41; have accomplished the recommendation&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding HBV&#44; at the beginning of the ART&#44; 66 &#40;51&#46;9&#37;&#41; of the patients had no immunization against hepatitis B virus and only 13&#46;6&#37; had received the vaccine&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from the univariate analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Multivariate analysis showed that adherence to annual influenza vaccination was significantly affected by nationality &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;30&#59; 95&#37;CI&#44; 0&#46;12&#8211;0&#46;77&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#41; and there was a downward trend in adherence among patients with detectable VL &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;24&#59; 95&#37;CI&#44; 0&#46;05&#8211;1&#46;09&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;064&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccines are important to prevent opportunistic infections in HIV patients due to their immunosuppressed status&#46; However&#44; our study showed low adherence to recommended vaccines in this group&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only 8&#46;7&#37; of HIV patients had correct vaccination coverage in our study&#46; This low compliance rate has also been reported by other authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> Johnson et al&#46; in their study&#44; intended to identify potential predictors for vaccine adherence&#44; and race&#47;ethnicity&#44; MSM status&#44; percentage of clinic visits missed&#44; VL level and CD4L count were noted&#44; with statistical significance&#44; as factors associated with vaccination non-adherence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In contrast we did not find statistically significant association between the studied factors and complete vaccination adherence&#44; defined as receiving all previously mentioned recommended vaccination&#46; An important point is the percentage of patients with complete vaccination adherence&#44; being in our study much lower than in Johnson et al&#46; study&#44; 8&#46;7&#37; vs 41&#37;&#46; Several studies have attempted to analyze reasons for non-adherence to vaccination&#46; In Greece&#44; Tsachouridou et al&#46; studied adherence to HAV&#44; HBV&#44; annual influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine and risk factors associated with compliance to recommended vaccination in HIV patients&#46; They concluded that in socioeconomic vulnerable groups&#44; such as IDU&#44; a lower percentage of adherence to vaccination could be observed than HIV patients with high socioeconomic status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; in our study&#44; we included low percentage of IDU and we did not observe statistically significant association between IDU and vaccination adherence&#46; Harrison N et al&#46; in their study&#44; evaluated the annual influenza vaccine coverage and vaccine predictors in HIV patients&#46; They proved that main reasons for non-adherence was the fear of side effects and not considering influenza as a severe disease&#44; other patients believed that vaccination could negatively affect the course of their HIV infection&#44; while others thought that vaccination could fail because of their compromised immunity or because of ART&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Neto LF et al&#46; showed the same statistically significant association between detectable HIV VL and annual influenza vaccine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in a cohort of HIV patients in Brazil&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Almost half of the patients in our study &#40;41&#46;8&#37;&#41; were non- native Spanish&#46; Barriers to vaccination have been identified in migrants&#44; being the most commonly reported barriers insufficient knowledge about vaccination&#44; infections being prevented and concerns about safety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Our multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between the adherence to annual influenza vaccination and non-native Spanish nationality &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Astray J et al&#46; described annual influenza vaccination coverage for the Spanish population using data from two consecutive reports of the Spanish National Health Survey&#46; The study concluded that non-native Spanish people were less vaccinated than native Spanish people &#40;9&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 20&#46;4&#37; and 8&#46;9&#37; vs&#46; 20&#37;&#41;&#46; Their analysis showed that being born outside Spain decreased vaccination adherence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> These results are similar to our study&#44; where the percentage of adherence to annual influenza vaccination was higher in the native Spanish patients than in non-native Spanish patients &#40;20&#46;5&#37; vs&#46; 5&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A limitation of this study was&#44; in some cases&#44; the lack of vaccination schedules or not completely available in the Pharmacy electronic records&#46; It is mandatory to optimize this kind of information in order to allow pharmacists in the outpatient pharmacy department to give individualized advice&#44; encouraging compliance with vaccination recommendations&#46; In addition&#44; it is important and necessary that new vaccine recommendations be periodically reviewed in this population target&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study&#44; like others&#44; shows the necessity of establishing information campaigns to make this population aware of the importance of vaccination for disease prevention&#44; and coordination between different levels of health care is essential to progress in this area in order to improve vaccination adherence rates in HIV patients&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of the pharmacist in the outpatient pharmacy department is to provide pharmaceutical care aimed to improve the efficiency and safety of treatment patients&#46; Pharmacists are in an ideal position to educate patients&#44; monitor adherence with therapy&#44; identify potential drug interactions and help patients work through drug related problems&#46; Pharmacists&#44; in particular&#44; are capable of contributing to all components of HIV care by being highly accessible to patients&#46; Their expert drug therapy knowledge and clinical skills provide a way for proficient clinical consultation with other healthcare professionals as well as effective patient interactions through counseling and education&#46; Furthermore&#44; given their training and skills set&#44; pharmacists are well positioned within the interdisciplinary healthcare team to help meet the current and future challenges of HIV&#46; There is a close relationship with HIV patients&#44; allowing pharmacist to focus on other areas&#44; such as the evaluation of their immunity&#44; and provide recommendations based on the immunization status of each patient and vaccination recommendations in this population since vaccination is considered one of the most cost-effective ways of promoting health&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-09-08"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-26"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Human immunodeficiency virus"
            1 => "Opportunistic infections"
            2 => "Vaccination compliance"
            3 => "Immunization"
            4 => "Vaccines"
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            0 => "Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana"
            1 => "Infecciones oportunistas"
            2 => "Cumplimiento de vacunaci&#243;n"
            3 => "Inmunizaci&#243;n"
            4 => "Vacunas"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vaccines are an important preventive measure for HIV-infected patients but there is insufficient data on vaccination coverage&#46; The purpose was to analyze vaccine compliance in HIV-infected patients and possible risk factors for lack of adherence to vaccination&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination coverage was analyzed in HIV-infected patients attending our outpatient pharmacy department and possible risk factors for lack of adherence to vaccination were explored&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed a total of 127 vaccination schedules&#46; The most prevalent mode of HIV transmission was men having sex with men&#46; Complete vaccination was observed in 8&#46;7&#37;&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analyses showed that adherence to annual influenza vaccination was significantly affected by nationality and detectable viral load &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; and multivariate analysis showed that adherence to annual influenza vaccination was significantly affected by nationality and there was a downward trend in adherence among patients with detectable viral load&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Low adherence to recommended vaccines was observed in our study&#46; Pharmacists in the outpatient pharmacy department should enhance individualized advice and encourage compliance with vaccination recommendations in order to improve access to vaccination schedules&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La vacunaci&#243;n es una importante medida preventiva en los pacientes infectados por el VIH&#46; Los datos del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de vacunaci&#243;n de estos pacientes son escasos&#46; El objetivo fue analizar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones e identificar posibles factores relaciones con la falta de adherencia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analiz&#243; la vacunaci&#243;n recibida por los pacientes con VIH que asist&#237;an a la consulta de atenci&#243;n farmac&#233;utica de pacientes externos del Servicio de Farmacia&#44; as&#237; como los posibles factores de riesgo relacionados con la falta de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de vacunaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analiz&#243; un total de 127 calendarios de vacunaci&#243;n&#46; El modo de transmisi&#243;n con mayor prevalencia fue hombres que tienen sexo con hombres&#46; El 8&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes presentaron un calendario de vacunaci&#243;n correcto&#46; El cumplimiento de la recomendaci&#243;n de la vacunaci&#243;n anual de la gripe se vio significativamente afectada por la nacionalidad no espa&#241;ola y la carga viral detectable &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; y el an&#225;lisis multivariante mostr&#243; que la adherencia a la vacunaci&#243;n anual de la gripe se afectaba&#44; con significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica&#44; por la nacionalidad y una tendencia decreciente en pacientes con carga viral detectable&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio se observ&#243; una baja adherencia a las recomendaciones de la vacunaci&#243;n&#46; Desde las consultas de atenci&#243;n farmac&#233;utica&#44; de manera individualizada&#44; se debe fomentar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones y el acceso a la vacunaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All vaccines &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCV-13 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PPV-23 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Annual influenza vaccine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HAV &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HBV &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Adherent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="19" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CD4L count</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;59<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;11<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;51<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;58<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;mL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="19" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="19" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nationality</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Spanish&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;00<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;54<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">p</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;01</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;55<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Detectable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 15769887
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos