Letter to the editor
Multivalent vaccines against new SARS-CoV-2 hybrid variants
Vacunas multivalentes contra las nuevas variantes híbridas de SARS-CoV-2
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According to available reports, more than 531 million cases were confirmed as well as 6.3 million deaths has been registered over the worldwide. Continuous evaluation and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants followed by mixed-infections has become a serious global threat that causes new epidemic waves throughout the world.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although vaccines developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection are available, genetic recombination and spontaneous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 viral genome can lead to increase of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and immune evasion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current available vaccines i.e. nucleic acid-based vaccines, viral vector based vaccines, subunit vaccines, and inactivated vaccines are established based on induction of strong immune responses against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The surge of new SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring new mutations, particularly some variants presenting attractive mutations uniformly called variants of concerns (VOCs), have been considered as available spike protein for antigen based vaccines. The SARS-CoV-2 facilitates viral entry to host cell by the interaction between the spike (S) antigen and the binding domain of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>; However, the subsequent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants containing new mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein are the main reasons for resistance to neutralizing antibodies, immune escape and low inefficacy of available vaccines to prevent infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Current evidences suggested that Omicron sub-lineages can easily recombine and fuse with each other in SARSCoV-2 cases of co-infection leading to a new phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Thus, multivalent based vaccine can be an efficient approach for optimal vaccine development to combat with new SARSCoV-2 variants that mainly evolved in results of recombination between hybrid variants. The Moderna company recently developed new multivalent vaccine e.g. mRNA-1273.351 (targeting the B.1.351), or and mRNA-1273.351 (targeting B.1.351) to provide a broader range of protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multivalent vaccines could be providing more robust immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 novel variants due to 1) a much larger fraction containing essential all RBD epitopes, 2) much easier to be produced, 3) lower costs of production, and 4) more immunogenic.</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the first time, Xiang et al., 2020 showed the efficacy of Versatile, a multivalent cocktails nanoparticle against SARS-CoV-2 during in vitro examination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> According to recent Immunoinformatics studies, the multi-epitope peptide vaccine construct (MEPVC) has shown strong immune system induction with high binding affinity to TLR3.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Yu et al., 2022 were recognized the presence of 8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes, 17 helper T lymphocyte epitopes, 9 lineal B-cell epitopes, as well as 4 conformational B-cell epitopes within nucleotide sequence of SARS-CoV-2 virus strains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Furthermore, Uttamrao et al., 2021 suggested several immune dominant epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 with suitable characteristics using unannotated open reading frames (uORFs).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding animal investigations, Chiba et al., 2021 recently developed nanoparticles which consist of multiple copies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein covered with protein of the MS2 bacteriophages; this nanoparticle generated high neutralizing antibody titers in Syrian hamsters after a single immunization.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The MS2 bacteriophage is icosahedral virus that has been modified extensively for targeted delivery applications; Its capsid consists of a 27 nm with 32 pores that allows small molecules to diffuse out of the capsid. The MS2 viral capsid has been used for development of vaccines, delivery of very hydrophobic anticancer drug Taxol or imaging applications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Guo et al., 2021 was also engineered a 197-amino-acid fragment of RBD conjugated with two carrier proteins that elicited robust neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in immunized mice model after two doses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Yuan et al., 2022 construct a bivalent multivalent vaccine based on the RBD sequence of D614G and B.1.351 that elicits induce robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The D614G/B.1.351 bivalent vaccine could protect mice in a prime-boost manner as well elicit robust nAbs response as third-dose booster in rhesus macaques.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Hunt et al., 2022 recently introduced multivalent designed proteins neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (B.1.1.529, and B.1.617.2) with strong immune protection that administered with intranasal route in mice. It deals with two strategies for generating multivalent S protein binders from miniproteins, self-assembling homotrimers (TRI) and multidomain fusions (FUS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> these miniprotein receptors could be a broadly appropriate for antiviral therapeutic purpose particularly for VOCs with superior resistance to immune escape, high antigenic drift, and lower probabilities of autoimmune responses.</p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 in short span has intensified an urgent need for development of officious vaccines; several vaccine platforms have been introduced against COVID-19. However, additional vaccine platforms are under investigation to produce safer and more effective vaccine against newly emerged Omicron sub-lineages. Recently, nanoparticle-based vaccine as well as virus-like particle have shown robust immune response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Nanoparticle-based vaccine used self-assembling scaffold constructions containing entire spike protein or receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 of various variants. On the other hand, virus-like particle vaccines are replication-defective viruses that stimulates immune response due to their microbial origin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In summary, multivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contains full set of RBD domain of various variants that highly capable to elicit a strong cross-reactive immune response against new SARS-CoV-2 variants.</p><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0005">Conflict of interest statement</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest statement" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-06-04" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-06-07" "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1." 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Seo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12275-022-1608-z" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "60" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "335" "paginaFinal" => "346" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35089583" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/15769887/0000002400000001/v1_202302071736/S1576988722000619/v1_202302071736/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "93932" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cartas al editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/15769887/0000002400000001/v1_202302071736/S1576988722000619/v1_202302071736/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1576988722000619?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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