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Original article
Monitoring of hepatitis B infection in the elderly population of eastern Iran
Monitorización de la infección por hepatitis B en los sujetos mayores de Irán oriental
Abdol Sattar Pagheha, Effat Alemzadeha, Eisa Nazarb, Mitra Moodic, Farshad Sharifid, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddame, Mohamad Taghi Rahimif, Soroush Mohammadig, Masood Ziaeea,
Corresponding author
dr.m.ziaee@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
a Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
b Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
c Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
d Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
e Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
f Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
g Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatitis B virus &#40;HBV&#41; is an enveloped virus with a circular DNA genome that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family&#46; This virus has a high pathogenic power and causes the most damage to the human liver and can cause acute and chronic hepatitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transmission of HBV occurs through contact with infected blood or other biological body fluids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> In terms of epidemiology&#44; about 2 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV&#44; and more than 350 million people are chronic carriers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Approximately&#44; 45&#37; of the world&#39;s people live in hyperendemic areas &#40;prevalence greater than 8&#37;&#41;&#44; 43&#37; of the world&#39;s people live in mesoendemic areas &#40;prevalence between 2&#37; and 7&#37;&#41;&#44; and 12&#37; of the world&#39;s people live in hypoendemic areas &#40;prevalence less than 2&#37;&#41;&#46; According to the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention &#40;CDC&#41;&#44; Iran is one of the countries with moderate prevalence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The prevalence of hepatitis B varies among different geographical regions and population groups in Iran&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;18</span></a> According to a study by Ghafari et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;&#44; the prevalence of hepatitis B among prisoners in Birjand was found to be 3&#46;3&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In another study&#44; the prevalence of hepatitis B in pregnant women in the northern regions of the country was 1&#46;05&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In 2016&#44; a cross-sectional study was conducted in Esfandiar&#44; Marghoub&#44; and Zenughan villages in South Khorasan&#44; revealing a high prevalence of HBV in this small endemic area&#46; The prevalence of HBsAg in these 3 villages was found to be 17&#46;8&#37;&#44; 1&#46;7&#37;&#44; and 0&#46;5&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> After the national hepatitis B vaccination program in 1993 and 95&#37; vaccination coverage in children and adolescents&#44; the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection has decreased significantly in many parts of the country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;25</span></a></p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aging is a natural biological process and an important stage of human life&#44; which is associated with increased susceptibility to infections&#46; In Iran&#44; the trend of the population towards old age is evident&#46; Iran&#39;s elderly population &#40;aged 60 and over&#41; has increased from 1&#8239;173&#8239;679 people in 1956 to 10&#8239;676&#8239;000 people in 2023 and currently constitutes 12&#37; of the total population of Iran&#46; It is predicted that in 2050&#44; 30&#46;4&#37; of the total population will be over 60&#8239;years old&#46; Since aging is accompanied by a gradual decrease in physical activities and an increase in chronic diseases and infections&#44; it is important to pay special attention to medical and health issues in this population&#46; Most elderly people have at least one underlying disease&#44; and this makes them more vulnerable to some infectious diseases&#44; including hepatitis B&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#8211;28</span></a></p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physiological changes associated with aging and the presence of underlying diseases in the elderly are believed to be among the factors that increase the likelihood of hepatitis B infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;32</span></a> On the other hand&#44; the available evidence shows a higher prevalence of hepatitis B among the elderly population&#44; which probably reflects the long-term exposure of these people to risk factors related to this infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;35</span></a> With timely detection of hepatitis B disease and its treatment&#44; this infection can be controlled in the elderly and the occurrence of cirrhosis and liver cancer can be prevented&#46; Considering the lack of regional studies in Iran regarding the prevalence of infections transmitted by blood or sexual relations&#44; especially in elderly populations&#44; this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B infection and its related risk factors in an elderly population in eastern Iran&#46;</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Methods</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research was carried out in Birjand&#44; the capital of Iran&#39;s South Khorasan province&#44; situated in the eastern region with a warm and dry climate&#46; The project was approved by the ethics and scientific committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences&#44; Iran &#40;ethic code&#58; IR&#46;BUMS&#46;REC&#46;1399&#46;312&#41;&#46; This study was a part of the prospective cohort study of the community-based Longitudinal Aging Study &#40;BLAS&#41; in Birjand city&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> The BLAS study began in October 2018 on the elderly living in rural and urban areas of Birjand&#46; Study participants were selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling&#46; According to the city&#39;s postal areas&#44; clusters were identified&#46; In each cluster&#44; subjects were selected&#46; Details of the study design&#44; protocol and sampling are shown in the BLAS article&#46; Demographic information&#44; underlying diseases&#44; health status&#44; and fatty liver were collected through standard questionnaires&#46; The results of laboratory factors including red blood cells &#40;RBC&#41;&#44; white blood cells &#40;WBC&#41;&#44; hemoglobin &#40;HB&#41;&#44; platelets&#44; alkaline phosphatase &#40;ALP&#41;&#44; alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41;&#44; and aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41; enzymes were recorded&#46; It is worth noting that the criteria for identifying the presence of fatty liver in the elderly included a complete review of the patient&#39;s medical record &#40;including liver enzymes&#44; ultrasound&#44; and fibroscan results&#41; by a specialist doctor&#46; Additionally&#44; the criteria for assessing blood pressure include the use of a sphygmomanometer&#44; examining the history of blood pressure diseases&#44; and considering medication usage&#46;</p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; for HBsAg testing&#44; 2&#8239;mL of serum sample was isolated under aseptic conditions and stored in a &#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80&#8239;&#176;C freezer&#46; HBsAg test was done by ELISA method and using a Siemens commercial kit &#40;HBsAg 6&#46;0 Enzygnost&#174; SIEMENS&#41; in the comprehensive research laboratory of Birjand University of Medical Sciences&#46; The work steps were carried out according to the special instructions of the Siemens kit and by a non-automatic manual method&#44; and finally&#44; the results of the tests were read with an ELISA reader &#40;Epoch&#44; USA&#41; at a wavelength of 450&#8239;nm and a reference filter of 650&#8239;nm&#46;</p><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To provide descriptive statistics of the data&#44; the median &#40;IQR&#41; for quantitative variables and frequency &#40;percentage&#41; for qualitative variables were reported&#46; Normality assumption was assessed using Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; Then&#44; Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used to compare the median of quantitative variables in the elderly with and without the presence of viral antigen&#46; To measure the relationship between the serum status of the patients in terms of the presence of HBsAg viral antigen and each of the qualitative variables&#44; chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s exact test was performed&#46; Finally&#44; the multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the factors related to the presence of HBsAg viral antigen in the elderly&#46; All analyzes were performed in SPSS-16 software &#40;Chicago IL&#41; at a significance level of &#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Results</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of a total of 542 people with an average age of 69&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;46 &#40;60&#8211;94&#8239;years old&#41;&#44; 11 cases &#40;2&#46;03&#37;&#41; were positive&#44; among them&#44; 4 were women &#40;36&#46;4&#37;&#41; and 7 were men &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; The average age of the elderly with positive and negative hepatitis B was 69 &#40;63&#8211;77&#41; and 67 &#40;63&#8211;74&#41; years&#44; respectively&#46; Based on the results of the Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#44; there was no statistically significant difference between the median age of the elderly regarding hepatitis B infection &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the results of Fisher&#39;s exact test showed that there is no significant relationship between the variables of body mass index&#44; gender&#44; marital status&#44; years of education&#44; living in a nursing home or personal&#44; history of immigration&#44; and smoking with the result of hepatitis B &#40;positive&#47;negative&#41; test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">Table 2</a>&#44; the prevalence of hepatitis B in the elderly with and without hypertension was 2&#46;8&#37; and 1&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of fatty liver was reported to be 1&#46;5&#37; in the elderly with hepatitis B and 1&#46;7&#37; in the elderly without hepatitis B&#46; According to the results of Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; the frequency distribution of the variables of hypertension &#40;no&#47;has&#41;&#44; diabetes &#40;no&#47;has&#41;&#44; high blood lipids &#40;no&#47;has&#41;&#44; at least one underlying disease &#40;no&#47;has&#41;&#44; and loss of appetite &#40;no&#47;has&#41; had no statistically significant difference in the elderly with positive and negative hepatitis B &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; Also&#44; the result of hepatitis B test was positive for 9 people &#40;2&#46;8&#37;&#41; of the elderly with average or low health status and 2 people &#40;1&#37;&#41; with above average health status&#46; The results of Fisher&#39;s exact test showed that there is no significant relationship between the health status of the elderly with or without hepatitis B &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0020">Table 4</a> shows the median &#40;IQR&#41; of quantitative variables under investigation in the elderly with positive and negative hepatitis B&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the Mann&#8211;Whitney test&#44; there was no statistically significant difference in the median variables of WBC&#44; RBC&#44; HB&#44; platelet&#44; ALK&#46;P&#44; AST&#44; and ALT among the elderly whose hepatitis test results were positive and negative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; The results of fitting the multiple logistic regression model showed that by adjusting the effect of other variables&#44; fatty liver disease in people with hepatitis B was significantly higher than people without history of hepatitis B &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#46; Based on statistical analysis&#44; no significant effect was observed in the other investigated variables &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Discussion</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HBV is one of the major health problems in the world&#44; especially in developing countries&#44; and causes acute hepatitis&#44; chronic liver disease&#44; and hepatocellular carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a> The present study was conducted with the approach of epidemiological investigation of HBV infection in the population over 60&#8239;years old in eastern Iran&#46; In this study&#44; the overall prevalence of HBV infection in the elderly population of Birjand city was 2&#46;03&#37;&#46; In 2012&#44; Hartleb et al&#46;&#44; reported a serological prevalence of HBV of 1&#46;12&#37; in a study on an elderly population in Poland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> In another study&#44; Posuwan et al&#46; in 2019 in Thailand&#44; have reported the serological prevalence of anti-HAV&#44; HBsAg&#44; anti-HBc&#44; anti-HBs&#44; and anti-HCV were 98&#46;9&#44; 4&#46;6&#44; 51&#46;5&#44; 32&#46;4&#44; 1&#46;3&#44; respectively&#46; In this study&#44; children&#47;youths had the lowest HBsAg levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> According to a study by Ziaee et al&#46; conducted in South Khorasan in 2016&#44; the prevalence of hepatitis B in a population aged 15&#8211;75&#8239;years was reported to be 1&#46;6&#37; based on serum samples&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The overall prevalence of HBV in Iran is lower than 2&#37;&#46; In a review study&#44; the prevalence of hepatitis B infection was estimated about 1&#46;7&#37; or lower in the general population&#59; 0&#46;8&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;6&#37;&#8211;0&#46;9&#37;&#41; in blood donors and 3&#46;2&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 2&#46;3&#37;&#8211;4&#46;1&#37;&#41; in intravenous drug users and varied from zero to 1&#46;5&#37; in beta thalassemic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Hepatitis B prevalence in Iran decreased from 3&#46;02&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#59; 2&#46;26&#8211;3&#46;96&#41; in 2000 to 1&#46;09&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval&#59; 0&#46;85&#8211;1&#46;37&#41; in 2016&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Although&#44; there are reports of some areas and or populations in Iran with uncommonly high prevalence&#46; In the Esfandiar region in the Sothern Khorasan province of Iran&#44; the prevalence of HBV was reported as high as 17&#46;8&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> Several factors influence the trend of increasing the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in the elderly population&#46; The prevalence of HBV infection is expected to be higher in older age groups because lifetime exposure to hepatitis B increases with age&#46; On the other hand&#44; some physiological changes in the elderly may lead to an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases&#44; including HBV infection&#46; Aging is associated with a gradual decline in immune function&#44; known as immunosenescence&#46; This decline can affect the body&#39;s ability to respond effectively to viral infections&#44; including HBV&#46; Furthermore&#44; aging often brings about an increased prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes&#44; cardiovascular diseases&#44; and metabolic syndrome&#46; These conditions can complicate the management of HBV and contribute to liver-related complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#8211;46</span></a></p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted in Birjand&#44; which is located in the east of Iran&#46; The eastern provinces of Iran share a border with the western provinces of Afghanistan&#44; facilitating frequent travel between the 2 countries and hosting a significant population of Afghan refugees in Iran&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> In Afghanistan&#44; information on HBV is limited&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> According to a review study&#44; the percentage prevalence of HBV and HCV was 1&#46;9&#37; and 1&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; in the entire available population of Afghanistan&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> Some studies reported the prevalence of HBV in Afghanistan as 1&#46;53&#37; in the obstetric population in Kabul hospitals&#44; 6&#46;54&#37; in female sex workers&#44; 6&#46;15&#37; among injectable drug users&#44; and 3&#46;9&#37; in blood donors&#46; However&#44; there are no available data on the prevalence&#44; vaccination status&#44; knowledge&#44; or attitudes of individuals regarding HBV infection in Afghanistan&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> In Pakistan&#44; a study that surveyed medical and public health literature on hepatitis B and C reported prevalence rates of 2&#46;4&#37; for hepatitis B and 3&#37; for Hepatitis C in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lower prevalence of HBsAg-positive cases in our study&#44; compared to neighboring countries&#44; may be attributed to several factors&#46; Firstly&#44; the demographic characteristics and health status of the studied population could play a significant role&#46; Additionally&#44; differences in participant selection&#44; sampling methodology&#44; and inclusion criteria might exist compared to studies in neighboring countries&#46; Furthermore&#44; variations in healthcare infrastructure&#44; awareness&#44; and preventive measures in the studied region might contribute to the observed differences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a></p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; although vaccination has significantly reduced the prevalence of HBV and its complications&#44; several studies have shown low efficacy of this vaccine in the elderly&#46; This information shows that the amount of immunity created by vaccination in adults ranges from 30 to 80&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#8211;57</span></a> On the other hand&#44; national vaccination against hepatitis B has spread in Iran since 1993&#44; so many elderly people do not have a history of vaccination or were vaccinated accidentally&#46; Other problems&#44; including the lack of proper access to health services in some regions of the country&#44; the lack of sufficient information about the methods of transmission and prevention of hepatitis B disease&#44; and the lack of examination of the health status and screening of this disease in the elderly population have caused this group to be more vulnerable to hepatitis B disease&#46;</p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; the prevalence of HBV infection was higher in men than in women&#44; but this difference in the prevalence of HBV infection between men and women is not statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; According to the present study&#44; in several reports&#44; the prevalence of HBV infection has been higher in men&#44; which may be due to occupational risk factors in men&#44; multiple sexual partners&#44; and more use of intravenous drugs in this group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> Risk factors associated with hepatitis B can vary depending on cultural&#44; educational&#44; socio-economic&#44; and geographic variables&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> One of the significant findings in this study is that the number of HbsAg-positive cases was lower in people who had a higher level of education&#46; Lifelong education can be a protective factor in relation to communicable diseases&#44; because the level of education helps to increase awareness in the field of prevention methods&#44; transmission&#44; and knowledge of health status&#46; On the other hand&#44; lack of education or low level of education can lead to reduced understanding of preventive measures as well as greater exposure to risk factors&#44; although this relationship is not uniform across populations&#46; For example&#44; Henn et al&#46; showed in a study that there is no significant relationship between the level of education and the risk of infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a></p><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; the most cases of HBsAg &#40;90&#46;9&#37;&#41; were diagnosed among people who had a history of underlying disease &#40;hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; blood lipids&#44; loss of appetite&#41;&#46; Evidence has shown that the risk of chronic hepatitis B increases from 5&#37; in patients with a healthy immune system to more than 20&#37; in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> On the other hand&#44; vaccination against hepatitis B provides nearly 96&#37; immunity in healthy people&#44; but this effect is less in patients with immune system deficiency&#46; So that the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in patients with immune system deficiency is mentioned between 23&#37; and 56&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> Although&#44; the participants in this study did not have a record of receiving the hepatitis B vaccination&#46; It is important that the elderly are more affected by underlying diseases such as cancer and receive immunosuppressive treatments that lead to reactivation of hepatitis B&#46; Therefore&#44; it is necessary to diagnose HBV infection before starting chemotherapy or taking immunosuppressive drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> In the present study&#44; no significant relationship was found between HBsAg and marital status&#44; occupation&#44; and smoking&#44; which was consistent with the results of other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a></p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the present study showed that hepatitis B disease was an important factor associated with fatty liver&#46; Consistent with our results&#44; a case&#8211;control study conducted by Azarkar et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41; in South Khorasan reported a higher incidence of fatty liver in hepatitis B carriers than in healthy people&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> Also&#44; Shi et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41; and Peng et al&#46; &#40;2008&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a> demonstrate a significant correlation between the presence of fatty liver and elevated levels of the liver enzyme ALT&#44; serving as a marker for liver cell damage&#46; Intriguingly&#44; ALT levels also exhibit a relationship with HBV-DNA levels and inflammation&#46; The hypothesis suggests that the HBV may indirectly contribute to the development of fatty liver&#46; On the other hand&#44; numerous studies have demonstrated that the coexistence of steatosis&#44; such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#44; and chronic viral hepatitis&#44; including chronic HBV&#44; has a synergistic impact on exacerbating liver injury through oxidative damage&#46; This co-occurrence could potentially escalate hepatic fibrosis and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70&#8211;75</span></a></p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the limitations of this study is the lack of sufficient information about high-risk sexual behaviors among the target population&#46; There is always this idea among the elderly population that they have passed the reproductive period and do not need contraceptive methods&#46; This false belief causes them to have no protection against sexually transmitted diseases and their risk is higher than that of young people&#46; Due to existing cultural attitudes&#44; the participants were not able to express detailed information about risky sexual behaviors or preventive measures&#46; In societies where there are many cultural barriers against the expression of sexual problems&#44; health policies always face the challenge of reporting&#46; Another limitation of this research is the relatively small sample size&#46; Despite efforts to include a representative sample of the elderly population in Birjand&#44; the final sample comprised only 542 individuals who agreed to participate in the study&#46; The small sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings to the larger elderly population in the region&#46; A larger sample size would have allowed for more robust statistical analyses and increased precision in estimating the prevalence of hepatitis B and its associated risk factors&#46; Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate and extend the findings of this study&#46;</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Conclusions</span><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study show a prevalence rate of 2&#46;03&#37; for hepatitis B in the elderly population of Birjand&#46; Although no statistically significant associations were found between hepatitis B and demographic factors&#44; comorbidities&#44; clinical symptoms&#44; or most laboratory variables&#44; a significant association was observed between hepatitis B and fatty liver disease&#46; These results highlight the importance of considering hepatitis B infection among the elderly population&#44; particularly due to the increased risk of developing fatty liver disease&#46; Given the potential implications for the health and well-being of elderly individuals&#44; it is recommended that special attention be given to the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B in this age group&#46; Furthermore&#44; the study emphasizes the need for larger-scale investigations to validate and generalize these findings&#46; The insights gained from this study can inform the development of comprehensive management and control strategies for hepatitis B in the elderly population in Birjand and beyond&#46;</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">Consent for publication</span><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Funding</span><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article is the result of research project number 5505 &#40;code of ethics IR&#46;BUMS&#46;REC&#46;1399&#46;312&#41; And it was done with the financial support of the research and technology department of <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gts0005">Birjand University of Medical Sciences</span> and the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gts0010">Geriatrics Research Center of the Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute of Tehran University</span> and the assistance and cooperation of the Infectious Diseases and Health-Based Social Factors Research Centers of Birjand University of Medical Sciences&#59; Therefore&#44; we thank and appreciate the cooperation and support of these fields&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0010">Objectives</span><p id="sp0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HBV infection and its associated risk factors in the elderly in Birjand&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="sp0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The present study was a part of the community-based prospective cohort study&#46; Subjects over 60&#8239;years of age were assessed using standard questionnaires and blood factors&#46; The samples were tested for HBsAg by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0020">Results</span><p id="sp0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of 542 elderly people living in Birjand&#44; 11 cases &#40;2&#46;03&#37;&#41; were positive&#46; The median age of patients with HBsAg positive and negative was 69 &#40;IQR&#58; 63&#8211;77&#41; years and 67 &#40;IQR&#58; 63&#8211;74&#41; years&#44; respectively&#46; The results of the multiple logistic regression model showed that fatty liver disease was significantly associated with having hepatitis B &#40;AOR &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#61;5&#46;50 &#40;1&#46;16&#44; 25&#46;88&#41;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; However&#44; there was no significant relationship found between variables age&#44; sex&#44; marital status&#44; years of study&#44; underlying diseases&#44; body mass index&#44; smoking&#44; and blood factors with having hepatitis B &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Conclusions</span><p id="sp0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Even though there were only a few positive cases&#44; leading to a non-significant report&#44; it is crucial to emphasize the clinical significance and health and well-being of elderly individuals contracting hepatitis B&#46; This information can be valuable in devising suitable disease management strategies for this age group&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="as0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Objetivos</span><p id="sp0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de la infecci&#243;n por VHB y sus factores de riesgo asociados en las personas mayores de Birjand&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Materiales y M&#233;todos</span><p id="sp0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dicho estudio form&#243; parte de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo de base comunitaria&#46; Se evaluaron los sujetos mayores de 60 a&#241;os utilizando cuestionarios est&#225;ndar y factores sangu&#237;neos&#46; Se estudi&#243; el HBsAg mediante ensayo de inmunoadsorci&#243;n ligado a enzima &#40;ELISA&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Resultados</span><p id="sp0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De las 542 personas mayores residentes en Birjand&#44; 11 casos &#40;2&#44;03&#37;&#41; resultaron positivos&#46; La edad media de los pacientes con HBsAg positivo y negativo fue de 69 &#40;RIC&#58; 63&#8211;77&#41; a&#241;os y 67 &#40;RIC&#58; 63&#8211;74&#41; a&#241;os&#44; respectivamente&#46; Los resultados del modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica m&#250;ltiple reflejaron que la enfermedad de h&#237;gado graso estaba significativamente asociada a la tenencia de hepatitis B &#40;AOR &#40;95&#37; IC&#41;&#8239;&#61;&#8239;5&#44;50 &#40;1&#44;16&#44; 25&#44;88&#41;&#41; &#40;P&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no se observ&#243; relaci&#243;n significativa entre las variables de edad&#44; sexo&#44; estado civil&#44; a&#241;os de estudio&#44; enfermedades subyacentes&#44; &#237;ndice de masa corporal&#44; tabaquismo&#44; y factores sangu&#237;neos y la tenencia de hepatitis B &#40;P&#8239;&#62;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="as0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="sp0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aun cuando existieron pocos casos positivos&#44; conducentes a un informe no significativo&#44; es esencial desatacar la significaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y la salud y el bienestar de las personas mayores que contraen hepatitis B&#46; Esta informaci&#243;n puede ser valiosa a la hora de dise&#241;ar estrategias de gesti&#243;n de enfermedades para este grupo de edad&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "as0025"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "as0030"
            "titulo" => "Materiales y M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "as0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "as0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "t0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#35; Values are reported as frequency &#40;&#37;&#41; or median &#40;IQR&#58; Q1&#8211;Q3&#41;&#46; &#42; Significant at the 0&#46;05 level&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;63&#8211;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;63&#8211;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;63&#8211;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;775&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;764</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;15 &#40;23&#46;17&#8211;29&#46;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;15 &#40;23&#46;15&#8211;29&#46;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;30 &#40;24&#46;95&#8211;28&#46;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">208 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">205 &#40;98&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;539</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">313 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">305 &#40;97&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;493</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">243 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">239 &#40;98&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;1&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">279 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">272 &#40;97&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Marital status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;382</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Never married&#47; Divorced&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Married&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">445 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">434 &#40;97&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;085</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">244 &#40;100&#41;278 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">236 &#40;96&#46;7&#41;275 &#40;98&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;3 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Occupation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;615</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Homemaker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">200 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">197 &#40;98&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Employee&#47;Retired&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">225 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">220 &#40;97&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94 &#40;96&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Living in a nursing home&#47;personal residence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;999</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">519 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">508 &#40;97&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">History of migration in the past 5 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">514 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">503 &#40;97&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;999</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smoking status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;999</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">480 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">469 &#40;97&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#35; Values are reported as frequency &#40;&#37;&#41; or median &#40;IQR&#58; Q1&#8211;Q3&#41;&#46; &#42; Significant at the 0&#46;05 level&#46;</p><p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NAFLD&#58; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hepatitis B</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">307 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">302 &#40;98&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;365</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">214 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">208 &#40;97&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diabetes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;304</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">384 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">374 &#40;97&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136 &#40;99&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High blood lipids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;753</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">349 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">342 &#40;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">171 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">167 &#40;97&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Loss of appetite&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;642</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">454 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">445 &#40;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NAFLD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;115</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">462 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">454 &#40;98&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;1&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;94&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Underlying disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;999</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;98&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">463 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">453 &#40;97&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">317 &#40;97&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;223</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">195 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">193 &#40;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">WBC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;5&#46;20&#8211;7&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;5&#46;20&#8211;7&#46;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;30 &#40;4&#46;60&#8211;7&#46;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;405&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RBC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;85 &#40;4&#46;53&#8211;5&#46;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;85 &#40;4&#46;53&#8211;5&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;11 &#40;4&#46;50&#8211;5&#46;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;20 &#40;13&#46;20&#8211;15&#46;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;20 &#40;13&#46;20&#8211;15&#46;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;13&#46;30&#8211;16&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;253&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Platelet&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">217&#46;50 &#40;181&#8211;258&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">217 &#40;181&#8211;258&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">229 &#40;177&#8211;260&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;947&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ALK&#46;P&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">201 &#40;161&#8211;239&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">200 &#40;161&#8211;239&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">220 &#40;171&#46;75&#8211;250&#46;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;16&#44; 25&#46;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos