array:22 [ "pii" => "S2445146024000633" "issn" => "24451460" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacune.2024.08.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-01" "aid" => "351" "copyrightAnyo" => "2024" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:374-84" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S2445146024000645" "issn" => "24451460" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacune.2024.08.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-01" "aid" => "353" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:385-402" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Immunoinformatics strategy for designing a multi-epitope chimeric vaccine to combat <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span>" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "385" "paginaFinal" => "402" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estrategia inmunoinformática para el diseño de una vacuna multiepitópica quimérica para combatir <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span>" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1163 "Ancho" => 2008 "Tamanyo" => 247097 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear B-cell epitope prediction by BepiPred. (a) Membrane protein_1. (b) Biopolymer transporter. (c) Membrane protein_2. (d) Outer membrane protein assembly factor BamA proteins.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "P. Priyamvada, Rayapadi G. Swetha, Rupsha Dasgupta, Anand Anbarasu, Sudha Ramaiah" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Priyamvada" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rayapadi G." "apellidos" => "Swetha" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rupsha" "apellidos" => "Dasgupta" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Anand" "apellidos" => "Anbarasu" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sudha" "apellidos" => "Ramaiah" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000645?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000645/v1_202408300459/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S2445146024000621" "issn" => "24451460" "doi" => "10.1016/j.vacune.2024.08.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-01" "aid" => "347" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Vacunas. 2024;25:367-73" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Controversy on fair and exclusive vaccine decisions for controlling infectious diseases among medical professionals in LMICs. Embracing the Trans-Theoretical Model for Moving Forward" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "373" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Controversia sobre decisiones justas y exclusivas sobre vacunas para controlar las enfermedades infecciosas entre los profesionales médicos de los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Un camino a seguir es utilizar el modelo transteórico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2764 "Ancho" => 1646 "Tamanyo" => 448602 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stages of vaccine acceptance: behavioral changes to control infections among health workers by using trans-theoretical model.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rawshan Jabeen, Hassan Nawaz Tahir, Mubarak Jabeen Salman, Zeeshan Ahsan" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rawshan" "apellidos" => "Jabeen" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hassan" "apellidos" => "Nawaz Tahir" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mubarak Jabeen" "apellidos" => "Salman" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Zeeshan" "apellidos" => "Ahsan" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000621?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000621/v1_202408300459/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "The emerging applications of niosome as a nanotechnology-based approach in vaccine delivery" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "374" "paginaFinal" => "384" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Marjan Talebi, Negar Bozorgchami, Rouzbeh Almasi Ghale, Hadi Esmaeeli, Azamsadat Moosavizadeh, Ali Aghajani, Bahareh Farasati Far, Saeed Aminzadeh" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Marjan" "apellidos" => "Talebi" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "talebi.m@sbmu.ac.ir" 1 => "marjantalebi.pharmacist@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>" "identificador" => "af0045" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Negar" "apellidos" => "Bozorgchami" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "negarbozorgchamai@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Rouzbeh" "apellidos" => "Almasi Ghale" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "r_almasi@nigeb.ac.ir" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Hadi" "apellidos" => "Esmaeeli" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "esipharma@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "af0020" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "af0025" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Azamsadat" "apellidos" => "Moosavizadeh" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "a_mousavizadeh@nigeb.ac.ir" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "af0030" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ali" "apellidos" => "Aghajani" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "AliAgajani1996@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "af0035" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Bahareh Farasati" "apellidos" => "Far" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "Bahar.ferasati@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>" "identificador" => "af0040" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] ] ] 7 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Saeed" "apellidos" => "Aminzadeh" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "aminzade@nigeb.ac.ir" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cr0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "af0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "af0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "af0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Quality Assurance Department, NIAK Pharmaceutical Company, Gorgan, Iran" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "af0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "af0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "af0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "af0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "af0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "af0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cr0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Aplicaciones emergentes del niosoma Como enfoque basado en nanotecnología Para la administración de vacunas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 887 "Ancho" => 992 "Tamanyo" => 79386 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niosomes formulations were characterized concerning shape, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> release studies, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and stability profile.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a></p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0030">Introduction</span><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Niosomes and other vesicular systems have been developed into beneficial approaches for biochemical and pharmacological applications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Niosomes are a distinct category of lipid-based nanoparticles, thereby discriminating them from liposomes which are principally composed of phospholipids. Niosomes are prepared by utilizing non-ionic surfactants, signifying a deviation from the constitution of liposomes, which predominantly comprise phospholipids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The bilayer manner of niosomes encloses an aqueous compartment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Commonly, niosomes are composed of 3 components: (i) non-ionic surfactants, (ii) cholesterol, and (iii) charged molecules.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The role of hydrophilic head groups and hydrophobic tails in the non-ionic surfactant configuration is to assist in the corporation of 2 layers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The amphiphilic characteristics of niosomes are more than sufficient for accommodating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Cholesterols have the responsibility of giving more stability to niosomes and limiting the noisome gel to the liquid phase transition, which reduces leakiness, lowers the pace at which encapsulated material is released, and increases membrane stiffness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In addition to the conventional methods of oral and parenteral routes of administration, biotechnological products can also be delivered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> transdermal, intranasal, ocular, and vaginal routes. The utilization of niosomes for vaccine delivery presents an interesting and favorable area for investigation in the field of pharmaceutical delivery. Niosomes play a role as potential carriers for targeted and sustained drug delivery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Niosomes are unique nanocarriers because of their stability, cost efficiency, and bioavailability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a> Their bilayer configuration allows them to regulate medication release.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14–17</span></a> Investigations and advancements in the field of nanomedicine have made significant contributions to the understanding of bodily pharmacokinetics. These investigations have exhibited the capacity of nanomedicine to protract the duration of drug presence within the body and expedite the targeted conveyance of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to specific cells. Consequently, this has yielded heightened therapeutic efficacy and a diminishment in unfavorable concerns.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Despite this, a multitude of recent investigations have been undertaken, wherein niosomes have demonstrated their potential as a viable delivery system for the administration of diverse vaccines, including but not limited to the influenza antigen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> A recent study successfully demonstrated that niosomes are a more effective and safer option for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brucella</span> vaccine development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to unencapsulated inactivated vaccines that are available for free, they have the capacity to elicit a more robust immune response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Moreover, they can provide protection for the encapsulated vaccine, protract the duration of circulation, diminish toxicity, regulate the release of drugs, and enhance the specific targeting of cells during delivery. Particles exhibit a range of sizes, ranging from 1 to 1000 μm, which are classified as microparticles, whereas nanoparticles have a size spectrum of 1–1000 nm. Due to their capability to penetrate biological barriers and maintain stability in the bloodstream, smaller particles are widely recognized to possess superior effectiveness compared to their larger counterparts. However, it is noteworthy that there are specific size ranges that are ideal for eliciting immune responses within a vaccine delivery system.</p><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent study showed that incorporating stearyl amine into the niosomal formulation can increase permeation and prevent aggregation. The niosomal carbomer hydrogel aims to enhance its suitability for topical application, as well as improve the stability of niosomes and the skin penetration of loaded antigens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The impact of nanoparticle size on the resulting immune response has been extensively studied in various investigations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Nanotechnologies in drug delivery manipulate molecule structure for preparing non-vehicles with programmed functions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> The aforementioned characteristics of this system encompass outstanding stability, a significant capacity to transport substances, the potential to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, as well as the feasibility of employing different administration routes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Due to the similar molecular size among the vaccines using nanoparticles, the immune system can trigger cellular and humoral immunity responses by appropriate stimulation of the immune system. Nano-vaccines are more efficient than conventional vaccines. In addition to being cheaper than conventional vaccines, nano-vaccines are also easier to use, especially in the form of spray.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Researchers have explored the use of niosomes as carriers for topical vaccine delivery, demonstrating their ability to maintain antigens in an aqueous core while facilitating skin penetration and initiating an immune response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The present review offers a concise explanation of the advancements in the field of vaccine delivery by focusing on the impressive role of noisome.</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Search strategy</span><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review is based on experimental data from studies regarding the use of niosome as a nanotechnology-based system for vaccine delivery. The articles' publication dates were not restricted, as both older and more recent scientific findings reinforce the discussed matter. For this study, various scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were used, employing specific keywords including vaccine, niosome, “vaccine delivery”, nanotechnology, and nanocarriers. To be considered eligible, research articles had to meet certain criteria, namely that they presented results attributing the function of niosomes in vaccine delivery. Conversely, certain exclusion criteria were established, such as disregarding articles in languages other than English. Additionally, lacking full-text access and articles without a concise description of their purpose were not included in our study.</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Importance of nanotechnology-based carriers in vaccine delivery</span><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of nanotechnology has offered a vast field of investigations to discover novel applications of nanotechnology since 1959 regarding Feynmann's efforts.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Currently, nanotechnology has received meaningful emphasis in medical fields. In various therapeutic agents, we face the considerable issue of the therapeutic component's great level of toxicity, together with the restricted range in which it can be administered effectively. This condition often gives rise to significant adverse reactions to the medication, as well as the necessity for an extended duration of the therapy process, resulting in potential toxicity in different organs such as the eyes, liver, and kidneys, along with undesirable secondary outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31–33</span></a> Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the low permeability and solubility of pharmaceutical agents used in challenging diseases such as cancers, which augments absorption and bioavailability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34–36</span></a> Compared to traditional methods, this will cause more efficient and practical consequences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccines have been developed using either inactivated toxins,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> live attenuated organisms,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> or inactivated toxins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> As brand-new vaccine approaches, subunit vaccines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> and DNA vaccines encoding antigenic pathogenic proteins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> have recently been investigated. A range of nanocarriers, with diverse compositions, sizes, and surface characteristics, has been developed as part of nanotechnological advancements for potential application in vaccine development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of a memory response and immunity to infection are the 2 most important outcomes of vaccination, and the efficient and intelligent delivery of antigens to stimulate a robust immune response is also a critical factor. In this regard, nanotechnology has made significant contributions to the creation of effective adjuvants and delivery mechanisms for vaccines. These mechanisms have the capability to shield the protected antigen from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> surroundings of the host, while gradually releasing it to induce a prolonged immunostimulatory reaction. The introduction of nanotechnology in the domain of nanocarriers (adjuvants and delivery systems) is aimed at facilitating the administration of vaccines. In this particular context, the term “nanotechnology” pertains to nanocarriers that operate on the nanoscale, specifically within the range of 1–100 nm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p></span><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Features of nanoparticle vaccines</span><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nanoparticle vaccines are characterized by their ability to control the release of antigens, protect antigens from degradation, and induce a longer-lasting immune response. Their size, shape, and surface charge make them excellent adjuvants for various immunological effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hence, in this study, we focus on niosomes that are sought after as immunopotentiators and delivery systems for vaccines.</p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Developing nanoparticulate systems in vaccine-delivery</span><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application of nanometric-scale technologies and biomaterials in therapeutics and diagnostics has emerged as a prominent research field since the latter half of the 20th century.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> Numerous nanoparticulate systems have been developed to enhance the delivery, targeting, and efficacy of drugs, biomolecules, nucleic acids, and antigens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> In recent times, there has been a particular focus on investigating the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) as vaccine delivery systems. This can be achieved either by decorating the surface of NPs or encapsulating the vaccine antigen within them. Adjuvants have been utilized in vaccine formulations for more than 7 decades to augment the immune response to the vaccine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Advantages of nanocarriers</span><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary benefit of nanocarriers is their capacity to engage with biological barriers and convey bioactive particles without compromising their antigenicity. Moreover, they: (i) bestow upon the immune system a substantial quantity of antigen; (ii) control and maintain the release of the antigen over an extended period; (iii) restrict the distribution of adjuvants, hence reducing their side effects; (iv) keep the stability of the antigen by protecting it from degradation; (v) offer immunomodulation as well as immunopotentiation, thereby showcasing their significance in vaccine research.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a></p><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">The perspective of nanotechnology in vaccinology</span><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The utilization of nanotechnology in the field of vaccinology is becoming an essential component of the healthcare system. The substantial progress in this area has led to the development of new scientific applications that are characterized by enhanced safety, speed, smallness, and reliability. These applications include the creation of novel medical treatments through the production of new vaccines, adjuvants, and vaccine delivery techniques.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Nanotechnology is playing an increasingly important role due to the suitable characteristics that nanocarriers provide for the delivery of antigens. These characteristics encompass their ability to protect antigens from degradation and deliver them in a regulated manner, their composition in the form of particles, their controllable size of particles, the potential to traverse mucosal pathways, and their capability to encapsulate costimulatory molecules that can enhance the overall adjuvant effectiveness of the nanocarrier.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> In addition to activating various immune system components, NPs offer an alternative method of antigen delivery that is also well-biocompatible. The size of NPs, which enter cells <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> non-classical pathways and are then processed as such, is one of how they can elicit various immune responses. NPs are adaptable and can be altered with molecules to increase their stability <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> or immunostimulatory substances to intensify the immune response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Niosomes</span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Niosome structure</span><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Niosomes, surfactant-based drug delivery systems, are preferred over other liposomes because of increased transdermal permeation, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and non-immunogenicity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> Niosomes, amphiphilic molecules regarded as NPs that are constituted of non-ionic surfactants, include a bilayer structure surrounding an aqueous compartment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> Various non-ionic surfactants are used in niosome preparation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parenteral administration of niosomes is safe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> Prolonged exposure of the antigen depot in the niosome to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) leads to its endocytosis and membrane fusion and ultimately stimulates immune cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> The niosomal systems used for vaccine delivery are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Evaluation of niosomal formulations</span><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The methods used for the evaluation of niosomes are schematically represented and summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Type of niosomes</span><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Niosomes are morphologically classified into 3 categories as either their sizes or a variable of bilayer number (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#t0015">Tables 3, 4</a>) which are widely described in articles conducted by Moghassemi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> and Marianecci et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="t0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Methods used in the preparation of niosomes by focusing on vaccine delivery</span><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is reported that the method used in the preparation of niosomes for protein or antigen delivery influences the average particle size of the niosomes as well as triggering diverse immune responses. Particle size and uniformity should also be considered in oral vaccine delivery device design.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">95</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">96</span></a> Proper proportion and mixture of surfactants and cholesterol as a stabilizing agent at an appropriate temperature leads to the formation of thermodynamically stable vesicles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a></p><span id="s0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Sonication</span><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The drug solution and buffer are added to the surfactant/cholesterol mixture in a glass vial. It is then sonicated using a titanium probe for 3 min at 60 °C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97</span></a> In 1999, Rentel et al., studied a vaccine delivery system through an oral route. They obtained niosomes by sonication method using surfactants in a chloroform–methanol mixture (2:1 (v/v)). Ovalbumin as a model protein was loaded in the prepared small uni-lamellar vesicles. The results showed proper immunization by less encapsulated ovalbumin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">98</span></a></p></span><span id="s0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0095">Ether injection method</span><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The solution of surfactant in ether is slowly injected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> a needle into an aqueous solution that is heated in a 60 °C water bath. Vaporization of ether leads to the formation of LUV niosome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">99</span></a> Vesicle diameters ranging from 50 to 1000 nm are obtained by this method which is smaller than vesicles formed by the handshaking method.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a></p></span><span id="s0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0100">Thin film hydration method</span><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technique referred to as the “handshaking method” involves dissolving surfactants and cholesterol in a volatile organic solvent, namely chloroform, diethyl ether, or methanol. Subsequently, the organic solvent is eliminated at ambient temperature through the employment of a rotary evaporator, leading to the formation of a thin layer. Through delicate agitation, the desiccated surfactant film can be rehydrated with an aqueous phase, achieving temperatures of up to 60 °C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">97</span></a></p></span><span id="s0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0105">Reverse phase evaporation method</span><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surfactant and cholesterol (in a 1:1 ratio) are solubilized within a blend of organic solvents (specifically, ether and chloroform). Subsequently, the drugs present in the aqueous phase, as well as the aforementioned phase, are subjected to sonication at a temperature of 4 °C. To further facilitate the process, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is introduced into the resulting clear gel, warranting an additional round of sonication. Following the removal of the organic solvents under low pressure and at a temperature of 40 °C, the ultimate suspension is then suitably diluted with PBS prior to being subjected to heating in a water bath.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">100</span></a></p><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In research, the reverse phase evaporation method utilizing span 85 and cholesterol in diethyl ether was employed to develop niosomes. The niosomes encapsulated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plasmid DNA. Niosomes were developed as topical DNA vaccine delivery systems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">101</span></a> A similar study using the reverse phase evaporation method developed the same DNA-encapsulated mannosylated niosomes for oral vaccine delivery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">102</span></a> Both studies indicated effective immunization <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> humoral and cellular immunity induction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">101</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">102</span></a></p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In comparison to other methods, while the reverse phase evaporation technique addresses a larger capacity of aqueous space, produced vesicles encapsulate large hydrophilic macromolecules with reasonably high entrapment efficiency.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">103</span></a></p></span><span id="s0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0110">Trans-membrane pH gradient method (inside acidic)</span><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cholesterol and surfactants are dissolved within an organic solvent, such as chloroform, contained within a flask of a spherical shape. The organic solvent is subsequently eliminated through the application of reduced pressure. Subsequently, a thin layer is produced upon the inner wall of the flask. The aforementioned layer is then hydrated with a solution consisting of 300 millimolar citric acid, possessing a pH level of 4.0, through the employment of vortex mixing. This process is pursued by 3 cycles of freezing and thawing, followed by sonication. Consequently, the vesicles are procured. An aqueous solution containing the desired drug substance is introduced and subjected to vortexing. The pH of the solution is elevated to a range between 7.0 and 7.2, and subsequently heated at a temperature of 60°C for a duration of 10 min. The outcome is the attainment of multilamellar vesicles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">104</span></a></p></span></span><span id="s0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0115">Conclusion and future perspectives</span><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Progress in microfluidics, electrospraying, and other manufacturing methods has the potential to enhance the consistency and scalability of niosome-based vaccines. Additionally, it is essential to develop new approaches for the assessment and assurance of the quality of niosome-based vaccines to guarantee their safety and effectiveness. The utility of niosomes in vaccine delivery extends beyond infectious diseases, encompassing their application in administering therapeutic substances for diverse medical conditions such as drugs and gene therapy. The exploration of niosomes' potential applications in drug delivery and gene therapy presents an intriguing research domain that warrants further investigation. Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of niosome-based vaccines through clinical trials is vital for their translation into practical use. The design of clinical trials for niosome-based vaccines should take into account the constraints and difficulties related to their application in vaccine delivery. Additionally, establishing a regulatory framework for the approval of niosome-based vaccines is imperative to ensure their safety and effectiveness. In conclusion, leveraging niosomes in vaccine delivery represents a promising approach for crafting reliable and safe vaccines. Despite existing challenges, the potential advantages of niosome-based vaccines make them an appealing choice for delivering vaccines and therapeutic substances. Further research and development efforts are necessary to tackle current obstacles and to translate niosome-based vaccines into clinical applications.</p></span><span id="s0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0120">Funding</span><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gts0005">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</span>, Tehran, Iran.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2230947" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868172" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868174" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2230948" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "as0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868173" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Search strategy" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Importance of nanotechnology-based carriers in vaccine delivery" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Features of nanoparticle vaccines" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Developing nanoparticulate systems in vaccine-delivery" ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Advantages of nanocarriers" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "The perspective of nanotechnology in vaccinology" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Niosomes" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Niosome structure" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0050" "titulo" => "Evaluation of niosomal formulations" ] ] ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0055" "titulo" => "Type of niosomes" ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0060" "titulo" => "Methods used in the preparation of niosomes by focusing on vaccine delivery" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0065" "titulo" => "Sonication" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0070" "titulo" => "Ether injection method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0075" "titulo" => "Thin film hydration method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0080" "titulo" => "Reverse phase evaporation method" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0085" "titulo" => "Trans-membrane pH gradient method (inside acidic)" ] ] ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0090" "titulo" => "Conclusion and future perspectives" ] 15 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0095" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 16 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-01-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-04-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868172" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Nanotechnology" 1 => "Niosome" 2 => "Vaccine" 3 => "Vaccine delivery" 4 => "Vaccinology" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "abr" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868174" "palabras" => array:20 [ 0 => "AP" 1 => "APCs" 2 => "APIs" 3 => "Chol" 4 => "CTAB" 5 => "DCP" 6 => "gB1s" 7 => "HBsAg" 8 => "NSVs" 9 => "LUV" 10 => "MLV" 11 => "MPG" 12 => "NPs" 13 => "PBS" 14 => "PG6-O" 15 => "POES" 16 => "SBL" 17 => "SUV" 18 => "TEM" 19 => "TFH" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1868173" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Nanotecnología" 1 => "Niosoma" 2 => "Vacuna" 3 => "Administración de vacunas" 4 => "Vacunología" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="as0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nanocarrier-based formulations such as niosomes are experiencing a rise in popularity owing to their substantial benefits over conventional formulations. Niosomes, which are novel vesicular systems, are composed mainly of hydrated amphiphilic molecules encompassing a variety of non-ionic surfactant classes. They have since emerged as a significant novel drug delivery system employed by numerous research groups for sustained and targeted deliveries. As well as conventional oral and parenteral administrations, biotechnological products can also be administered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> transdermal, intranasal, ocular, and vaginal routes. The use of niosomes for vaccine delivery offers an interesting and promising area of research in the field of drug delivery. Furthermore, niosomes have demonstrated their efficacy as immunoadjuvants. This overview provides an extensive viewpoint on the emerging applications of niosomes in vaccine delivery which is a milestone in the immune-providing industry. A wide range of surfactants with diverse polar head groups, in addition to 1, 2, or 3 lipophilic alkyls, perfluoroalkyl, and steroidal moieties, can be used to generate the appropriate vesicular structures for encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. The techniques utilized for niosome preparation, aspects related to the stability of vesicles and the administration routes for these amphiphilic assemblies are also deliberated upon.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="as0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="sp0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las formulaciones basadas en nanoportadores tales como los niosomas están incrementando su popularidad, debido a sus beneficios sustanciales sobre las formulaciones convencionales. Los niosomas, que son sistemas vesiculares noveles, se componen principalmente de moléculas anfifílicas hidratadas que comprenden una serie de clases surfactantes no iónicas. Han surgido como un sistema de administración de fármacos considerablemente nuevo, utilizado por numerosos grupos investigadores para la administración sostenida y dirigida. Pudiendo administrarse convencionalmente por vía oral y parenteral, los productos biotecnológicos pueden administrarse también mediante las vías transdérmica, intranasal, ocular y vaginal. El uso de niosomas para la administración de vacunas ofrece un área de investigación interesante y prometedora en el campo de la administración de fármacos. Además, los niosomas han demostrado su eficacia como inmunoadyuvantes. Este resumen proporciona un punto de vista amplio sobre las aplicaciones emergentes de los niosomas en términos de administración de vacunas, lo cual supone un hito en el sector de los proveedores inmunológicos. Se puede utilizar una gran variedad de surfactantes con diversos grupos de cabezas polares, además de uno, dos, o tres alquilos lipofílicos, perfluoroalquilos y fracciones esteroideas, a fin de generar las estructuras vesiculares adecuadas para encapsular las sustancias hidrofílicas e hidrofóbicas. Las técnicas utilizadas para la preparación de niosomas, los aspectos relacionados con la estabilidad de las vesículas y las rutas de administración para estos conjuntos anfifílicos son también premeditados.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="np0005">These two authors contributed equally to this work.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "2" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="np0010">These three authors contributed equally to this work.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0010" ] ] "multimedia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 887 "Ancho" => 992 "Tamanyo" => 79386 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niosomes formulations were characterized concerning shape, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> release studies, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and stability profile.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a></p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-ionic surfactants</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chemical structure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkyl ethers</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkyl glycerol ethers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437861"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ethers (Brij) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437862"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Crown ethers</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437863"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkyl esters</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437864"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58–60</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437865"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkyl amides</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glycosides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437866"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alkyl polyglucosides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437867"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5</td><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fatty alcohols or fatty acids</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fatty alcohols \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437868"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fatty acids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202408300459437869"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Block copolymer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pluronic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><elsevierMultimedia ident="2024083004594378610"></elsevierMultimedia> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3637306.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-ionic surfactants are used in niosomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0065" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TFH: thin-film hydration; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; SBL: soybean lecithin; DTK: a polylysine-rich peptide that originates from herpes simplex virus type 1; MPG: monopalmitin glycerol; Chol: cholesterol; DCP: sicetyl phosphate; CTAB: cetrimonium bromide; PG6-O:polyceryl-6-oleate; POES: polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate; gB1s: glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surfactant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drug loaded \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">The molar ratio (mM) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Organic solvent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Buffer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Preparation method \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Application \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Span20:Chol: N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>,N<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>dimyristeroyloxyethyl spermine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5:2.5:0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tris (pH 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gene carrier for skin immunization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MPG:Chol: DCP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5:4:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chloroform \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS (pH 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH, heating method, microfluidics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Comparative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SBL:Chol: DCP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Naïve L. mexicana GP63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8:1.5:0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chloroform \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS/octylglucoside (pH 7.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Partial protection in cutaneous leishmaniasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Span20:Chol:CTAB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Autoclaved <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L. major</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6:3:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chloroform \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS (pH 7.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate protection in cutaneous leishmaniasis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PG6-O:Chol: POES \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">gB1s or DTK \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10:1:10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Methylene chloride/methanol mixture (1:1, v/v) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS (pH 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intranasal immunization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Span 60:Chol: Stearylamine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tetanus toxoid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6:3:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diethyl ether \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS (pH 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reverse-phase evaporation method \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral immunization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MPG:Chol: DCP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">H3N2 sub-unit protein \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5:4:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Molten lipids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NaHCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> buffer (pH 7.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">74</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Span 80:Chol: stearyl amine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tetanus toxoid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2:1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chloroform<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Methanol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PBS (pH 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TFH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral immunization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3637305.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niosomal system for vaccine delivery.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0070" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">General niosome types \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Preparation methods \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10–100 nm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SUVs have a lower capacity for loading hydrophilic drugs and are more likely to form aggregates. They are also less stable due to thermodynamic issues. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sonication</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micro fluidization</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100–300 nm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LUVs are made up of a big water-filled core surrounded by a smaller layer of lipids. This allows them to hold more hydrophilic molecules. They have a high ratio of water to lipids. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reverse phase evaporation technique</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ether injection method</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5–10 μm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MLVs are more stable and easier to make than other niosomes. They have separate compartments for loading lipophilic drugs. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Handshaking method (TFH)</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trans-membrane pH gradient (inside acidic) drug uptake process</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3637303.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A summary of various types of niosomes.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "t0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0075" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Specialized noisome types \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Preparation methods \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Proniosomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coacervation phase separation</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slurry method</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slow spray coating method</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proniosome powder can be dissolved in hot water or saline to create noisome, which is more effective at trapping drugs and has better stability than other similar products</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Proniosomes are dry powders made by coating water-soluble particles with a thin film of non-ionic surfactant. These powders can be used to make beads, tablets, and capsules for precise dosing. They are considered promising for “point-of-use” applications. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82–85</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Elastic niosomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chloroform-film method with sonication</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Manosroi's research team was the first to create elastic niosomes. Elastic niosomes are a type of flexible vesicle that can penetrate intact skin and pores smaller than their size. They are made of cholesterol, surfactant, water, and ethanol, which help them enhance skin permeation. The vesicle's ability to deform relies on the surfactant's ability to destabilize the lipid bilayers. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Discomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mechanical agitation and sonication</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Discomes are large disc-like niosomes that are good for delivering water-soluble drugs, especially for the eyes. They minimize systematic adsorption and can release drugs slowly over time. This is helpful in vaccine delivery because sustained release of antigens and adjuvants can improve immune responses. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bb0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87–89</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bola niosomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TFH method</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bola niosomes are made using a special type of surfactant called α,ω-hexadecyl-bis-(1-aza-18-crown-6). This surfactant has two hydrophilic heads and one or two lipophilic alkyl chains. To make bola niosomes, the surfactant is mixed with span 80® and cholesterol in chloroform. The chloroform is then evaporated to leave a thin film</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bola surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant that was first found in the membrane of archaebacteria and is capable of assembling in contact with cholesterol. These colloidal vesicles are promising devices for topical drug delivery with suitable physicochemical properties and both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> tolerability. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">90</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">91</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transferosomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TFH method</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sonication</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reverse phase evaporation technique</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethanol injection method</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High-pressure homogenization method</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Transferosomes, which are constituted of phospholipids or a combination of lipids accompanied by an amphipathic part and solvent, are vastly flexible vesicles. These deformable transdermal drug delivery systems can meritoriously cross pores that are smaller than their own size. They can deliver molecules of different sizes and properties, including both low and high-molecular-weight biomolecules, as well as hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">92</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">93</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aspasomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="l0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="li0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TFH method</p></li></ul> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) is a key component in the creation of vesicles called aspasomes, which are used for transdermal drug delivery. When mixed with cholesterol and diacetyl phosphate, AP forms these vesicles through a sonication process. The vesicles encapsulate drug solutions in their hydrophilic regions. The antioxidant and lipophilic properties of AP make it well-suited for this purpose, as it can interact with skin lipids and alter intercellular spaces. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bb0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">94</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3637304.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different types of specialized niosomes and their conventional preparation methods.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437861" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 194 "Ancho" => 535 "Tamanyo" => 7165 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0015" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 6 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437862" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx2.jpeg" "Alto" => 278 "Ancho" => 833 "Tamanyo" => 13569 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0020" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 7 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437863" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx3.jpeg" "Alto" => 423 "Ancho" => 493 "Tamanyo" => 10217 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0025" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 8 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437864" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx4.jpeg" "Alto" => 452 "Ancho" => 667 "Tamanyo" => 15220 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0030" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 9 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437865" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx5.jpeg" "Alto" => 473 "Ancho" => 792 "Tamanyo" => 21966 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0035" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 10 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437866" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx6.jpeg" "Alto" => 417 "Ancho" => 667 "Tamanyo" => 16320 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0040" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 11 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437867" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx7.jpeg" "Alto" => 348 "Ancho" => 694 "Tamanyo" => 15393 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0045" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 12 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437868" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx8.jpeg" "Alto" => 215 "Ancho" => 833 "Tamanyo" => 13134 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0050" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 13 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "202408300459437869" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx9.jpeg" "Alto" => 215 "Ancho" => 354 "Tamanyo" => 4530 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0055" "detalle" => "Image " "rol" => "short" ] ] ] 14 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "2024083004594378610" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx10.jpeg" "Alto" => 173 "Ancho" => 882 "Tamanyo" => 7966 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "al0060" "detalle" => "Image 1" "rol" => "short" ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:104 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Simvastatin-loaded nano-niosomes confer cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13346-021-01019-z" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Drug Deliv Transl Res" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1423" "paginaFinal" => "1432" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of the physical characteristics of monodisperse non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) prepared using different manufacturing methods" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.007" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pharm" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "521" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "54" "paginaFinal" => "60" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0015" "etiqueta" => "3." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosome as a novel drug delivery system-review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int Res J Pharmaceut Appl Sci" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "5" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "7" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes from 80s to present: the state of the art" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.018" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Colloid Interface Sci" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "205" "paginaInicial" => "187" "paginaFinal" => "206" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0025" "etiqueta" => "5." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: a controlled and novel drug delivery system" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1248/bpb.34.945" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biol Pharm Bull" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "34" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "945" "paginaFinal" => "953" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0030" "etiqueta" => "6." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Development of a novel niosomal formulation for gabapentin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Iranian J Colorect Res" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "149" "paginaFinal" => "157" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0035" "etiqueta" => "7." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Folic acid-functionalized niosomal nanoparticles for selective dual-drug delivery into breast cancer cells: an in-vitro investigation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Powder Technol" "fecha" => "2020" "paginaInicial" => "31" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0040" "etiqueta" => "8." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microfluidic manufacturing of different niosomes nanoparticles for curcumin encapsulation: Physical characteristics, encapsulation efficacy, and drug release" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3762/bjnano.10.177" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Beilstein J Nanotechnol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "1826" "paginaFinal" => "1832" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0045" "etiqueta" => "9." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Drug delivery through niosomes: a comprehensive review with therapeutic applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cluster Sci" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "34" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "2257" "paginaFinal" => "2273" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0050" "etiqueta" => "10." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: novel sustained release nonionic stable vesicular systems--an overview" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cis.2012.08.002" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Colloid Interface Sci" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "183-184" "paginaInicial" => "46" "paginaFinal" => "54" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0055" "etiqueta" => "11." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: an approach to current drug delivery-a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Adv Pharmaceut." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "41" "paginaFinal" => "48" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0060" "etiqueta" => "12." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Differential physiology and expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and universal stress protein (USP) in the endangered species Astragalus fridae following seed priming with cold plasma and manipulation of culture medium with silica nanoparticles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13205-019-1822-5" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "3 Biotech" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "288" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0065" "etiqueta" => "13." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Co-delivery of letrozole and cyclophosphamide via folic acid-decorated nanoniosomes for breast cancer therapy: synergic effect, augmentation of cytotoxicity, and apoptosis gene expression" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pharmaceuticals (Basel)" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "15" "numero" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0070" "etiqueta" => "14." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent trends in drug delivery by niosomes: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Asian J Pharmaceut Res Dev" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "115" "paginaFinal" => "122" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0075" "etiqueta" => "15." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosome: a future of targeted drug delivery systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/0110-5558.76435" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Adv Pharm Technol Res" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "1" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "374" "paginaFinal" => "380" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0080" "etiqueta" => "16." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanotechnology: a revolution in modern industry" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/molecules28020661" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Molecules" "fecha" => "2023 Jan 9" "volumen" => "28" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "661" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0085" "etiqueta" => "17." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanotechnology: the future medicine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/0974-2077.63301" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cutan Aesthet Surg" "fecha" => "2010 Jan" "volumen" => "3" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "32" "paginaFinal" => "33" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0090" "etiqueta" => "18." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanodrugs: pharmacokinetics and safety" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2147/IJN.S38378" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Nanomedicine" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1025" "paginaFinal" => "1037" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0095" "etiqueta" => "19." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intranasal and oral vaccination with protein-based antigens: advantages, challenges and formulation strategies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13238-015-0164-2" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Protein Cell" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "480" "paginaFinal" => "503" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0100" "etiqueta" => "20." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Examination of the effect of niosome preparation methods in encapsulating model antigens on the vesicle characteristics and their ability to induce immune responses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/08982104.2020.1768110" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Liposome Res" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "195" "paginaFinal" => "202" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0105" "etiqueta" => "21." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Investigation of niosomes for use as brucellosis vaccine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Novelty Clin Med" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "2" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "75" "paginaFinal" => "81" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0110" "etiqueta" => "22." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Innovation in Vaccinology. From Design, Through to Delivery and Testing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0115" "etiqueta" => "23." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A comparative study of niosomal and elastic niosomal carbomer hydrogel for transcutaneous vaccine delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater Today Commun" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "31" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0120" "etiqueta" => "24." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Optimizing efficacy of mucosal vaccines" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1586/erv.12.81" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Expert Rev Vaccines" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "1139" "paginaFinal" => "1155" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0125" "etiqueta" => "25." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Assessment of the antigen-specific antibody response induced by mucosal administration of a GnRH conjugate entrapped in lipid nanoparticles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "e971" "paginaFinal" => "e979" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0130" "etiqueta" => "26." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanotechnology: What it can do for drug delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Control Rel Off J Control Rel Soc" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "120" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "3" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0135" "etiqueta" => "27." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The potential advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in chemotherapy of tuberculosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1164/rccm.200504-613PP" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Respir Crit Care Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "172" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1487" "paginaFinal" => "1490" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0140" "etiqueta" => "28." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanovaccine: a novel approach in immunization" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jcp.28120" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cell Physiol" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "234" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "12530" "paginaFinal" => "12536" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0145" "etiqueta" => "29." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Current advances in niosomes applications for drug delivery and cancer treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mater Today Bio" "fecha" => "2023" "volumen" => "23" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0150" "etiqueta" => "30." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Particulate nanomedicines" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.010" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Drug Deliv Rev" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "58" "numero" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "1451" "paginaFinal" => "1455" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0155" "etiqueta" => "31." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanisms of cisplatin nephrotoxicity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/toxins2112490" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Toxins (Basel)" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "2" "numero" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "2490" "paginaFinal" => "2518" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0160" "etiqueta" => "32." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hepatotoxicity secondary to chemotherapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.14218/JCTH.2014.00011" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Transl Hepatol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "2" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "95" "paginaFinal" => "102" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0165" "etiqueta" => "33." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ocular toxicity of systemic anticancer chemotherapy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pharm Pract (Granada)" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "4" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "55" "paginaFinal" => "59" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0170" "etiqueta" => "34." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Classification of orally administered drugs on the World Health Organization Model list of Essential Medicines according to the biopharmaceutics classification system" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.001" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Pharm Biopharm" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "58" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "265" "paginaFinal" => "278" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0175" "etiqueta" => "35." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oral lipid-based formulations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.006" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Drug Deliv Rev" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "59" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "667" "paginaFinal" => "676" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0180" "etiqueta" => "36." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: a novel targeted drug delivery system for cancer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s12032-022-01836-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med Oncol" "fecha" => "2022" "volumen" => "39" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "240" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0185" "etiqueta" => "37." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vaccine specific immune response to an inactivated oral cholera vaccine and EPI vaccines in a high and low arsenic area in Bangladeshi children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.049" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Vaccine" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "647" "paginaFinal" => "652" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0190" "etiqueta" => "38." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/IAI.69.12.7550-7558.2001" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Infect Immun" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "69" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "7550" "paginaFinal" => "7558" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0195" "etiqueta" => "39." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Live attenuated malaria vaccine designed to protect through hepatic CD8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+ T cell immunity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1126/science.1211548" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Science" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "334" "numero" => "6055" "paginaInicial" => "475" "paginaFinal" => "480" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0200" "etiqueta" => "40." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The A subunit of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> heat-labile enterotoxin functions as a mucosal adjuvant and promotes IgG2a, IgA, and Th17 responses to vaccine antigens" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/IAI.00181-12" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Infect Immun" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "80" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "2426" "paginaFinal" => "2435" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0205" "etiqueta" => "41." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Coexpressed RIG-I agonist enhances humoral immune response to influenza virus DNA vaccine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/JVI.01250-10" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Virol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "85" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "1370" "paginaFinal" => "1383" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0210" "etiqueta" => "42." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.017" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Drug Deliv Rev" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "60" "numero" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "915" "paginaFinal" => "928" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0215" "etiqueta" => "43." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An overview of nanocarrier-based adjuvants for vaccine delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/pharmaceutics13040455" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pharmaceutics" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "13" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "455" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0220" "etiqueta" => "44." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The potential of calcium phosphate nanoparticles as adjuvants and vaccine delivery vehicles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Mater" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "8" ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0225" "etiqueta" => "45." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanomedicine (s) under the microscope" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1021/mp200394t" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Pharm" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "8" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "2101" "paginaFinal" => "2141" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0230" "etiqueta" => "46." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The big picture on nanomedicine: the state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "14" ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0235" "etiqueta" => "47." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vaccine delivery using nanoparticles" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3389/fcimb.2013.00013" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Front Cell Infect Microbiol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "13" "link" => array:1 [ …1] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0240" "etiqueta" => "48." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nanoengineering of vaccines using natural polysaccharides" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.010" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biotechnol Adv" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "33" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1279" "paginaFinal" => "1293" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0245" "etiqueta" => "49." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.016" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pharm" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "269" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "14" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0250" "etiqueta" => "50." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Emerging potential of niosomes in ocular delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/17425247.2020.1822322" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Expert Opin Drug Deliv" "fecha" => "2021" "volumen" => "18" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "55" "paginaFinal" => "71" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0255" "etiqueta" => "51." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Examination of the effect of niosome preparation methods in encapsulating model antigens on the vesicle characteristics and their ability to induce immune responses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/08982104.2020.1768110" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Liposome Res" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "195" "paginaFinal" => "202" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0260" "etiqueta" => "52." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes as nanoparticular drug carriers: fundamentals and recent applications" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nanomater" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0265" "etiqueta" => "53." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of processing variables on the physical characteristics of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) formed from a hexadecyl diglycerol ether" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pharm" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "201" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "7" "paginaFinal" => "14" ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0270" "etiqueta" => "54." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes as carriers for tretinoin: II. Influence of vesicular incorporation on tretinoin photostability" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00268-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pharm" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "260" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "272" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0275" "etiqueta" => "55." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of niosomes prepared with various nonionic surfactants for paclitaxel oral delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jps.21944" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pharm Sci" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "99" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "2049" "paginaFinal" => "2060" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0280" "etiqueta" => "56." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Innovative bola-surfactant niosomes as topical delivery systems of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of skin cancer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pharm" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "353" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "233" "paginaFinal" => "242" ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0285" "etiqueta" => "57." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Bola-surfactant containing niosomes for transdermal delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10544-007-9046-6" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biomed Microdevices" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "421" "paginaFinal" => "433" "link" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0290" "etiqueta" => "58." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation and properties of vesicles (niosomes) of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60 and 80) and a sorbitan triester (Span 85)" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0295" "etiqueta" => "59." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Formulation and evaluation of niosomes" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/0250-474X.93515" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0300" "etiqueta" => "60." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation and characterization of niosomes containing rifampicin for lung targeting" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/02652049509087252" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0305" "etiqueta" => "61." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anti-inflammatory activity of novel ammonium glycyrrhizinate/niosomes delivery system: human and murine models" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.09.018" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 61 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0310" "etiqueta" => "62." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modulation of the photophysical properties of curcumin in nonionic surfactant (Tween-20) forming micelles and niosomes: a comparative study of different microenvironments" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1021/jp403724g" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 62 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0315" "etiqueta" => "63." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Glycoside-based niosomal nanocarrier for enhanced in-vivo performance of cefixime" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 63 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0320" "etiqueta" => "64." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes as carriers for tretinoin: III. A study into the in vitro cutaneous delivery of vesicle-incorporated tretinoin" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.045" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 64 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0325" "etiqueta" => "65." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fatty alcohols or fatty acids as niosomal hybrid carrier: effect on vesicle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro dye release" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.01.014" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 65 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0330" "etiqueta" => "66." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A new approach for the evaluation of niosomes as effective transdermal drug delivery systems" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.020" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 66 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0335" "etiqueta" => "67." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Liposomes and ISCOMS as vaccine formulations" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/0304-4157(95)00002-9" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 67 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0340" "etiqueta" => "68." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1177/2051013614541440" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 68 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0345" "etiqueta" => "69." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cationic niosomes for enhanced skin immunization of plasmid DNA-encoding ovalbumin via hollow microneedles" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1208/s12249-017-0855-5" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 69 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0350" "etiqueta" => "70." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vaccination of C57BL/10 mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Use of purified gp63 encapsulated into niosomes surfactants vesicles: a novel approach" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 70 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0355" "etiqueta" => "71." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation and evaluation of niosomes containing autoclaved <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leishmania major</span>: a preliminary study" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/02652048.2011.642016" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 71 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0360" "etiqueta" => "72." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intranasal immunization in mice with non-ionic surfactants vesicles containing HSV immunogens: a preliminary study as possible vaccine against genital herpes" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.042" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 72 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0365" "etiqueta" => "73." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mannosylated niosomes as adjuvant-carrier system for oral mucosal immunization" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/08982100600992302" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 73 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0370" "etiqueta" => "74." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Consideration of the efficacy of non-ionic vesicles in the targeted delivery of oral vaccines" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s13346-013-0174-7" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 74 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0375" "etiqueta" => "75." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Improved stability and immunological potential of tetanus toxoid containing surface engineered bilosomes following oral administration" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 75 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0380" "etiqueta" => "76." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In vitro and in vivo</span> evaluation of niosomal formulation for controlled delivery of clarithromycin" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 76 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0385" "etiqueta" => "77." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nano-niosomes as nanoscale drug delivery systems: an illustrated review" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.015" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 77 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0390" "etiqueta" => "78." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes from 80s to present: the state of the art" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.018" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 78 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0395" "etiqueta" => "79." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A novel drug delivery system: niosomes review" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 79 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0400" "etiqueta" => "80." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): fabrication, characterization, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.015" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 80 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0405" "etiqueta" => "81." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: a novel carrier drug delivery system" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 81 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0410" "etiqueta" => "82." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Proniosome: a novel non-ionic provesicules as potential drug carrier" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] ] 82 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0415" "etiqueta" => "83." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "SEM imaging predicts quality of niosomes from maltodextrin-based proniosomes" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1023/a:1011037527889" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 83 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0420" "etiqueta" => "84." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Maltodextrin-based proniosomes" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1208/ps0303_commentary1" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 84 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0425" "etiqueta" => "85." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Proniosomal drug delivery system-clinical applications" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 85 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0430" "etiqueta" => "86." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anti-inflammatory activity of gel containing novel elastic niosomes entrapped with diclofenac diethylammonium" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.033" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 86 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0435" "etiqueta" => "87." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): self-assembly, fabrication, characterization, drug delivery applications and limitations" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/10717544.2013.838077" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 87 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0440" "etiqueta" => "88." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Design and evaluation of controlled-release niosomes and discomes for naltrexone hydrochloride ocular delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jps.22422" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 88 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0445" "etiqueta" => "89." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hitchhiking on controlled-release drug delivery systems: opportunities and challenges for cancer vaccines" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] ] 89 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0450" "etiqueta" => "90." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Innovative bola-surfactant niosomes as topical delivery systems of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of skin cancer" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.11.037" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 90 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0455" "etiqueta" => "91." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Bola-surfactant containing niosomes for transdermal delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10544-007-9046-6" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 91 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0460" "etiqueta" => "92." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transfersomes: a promising nanoencapsulation technique for transdermal drug delivery" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/pharmaceutics12090855" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 92 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0465" "etiqueta" => "93." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transferosomes - a vesicular transdermal delivery system for enhanced drug permeation" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/2231-4040.85524" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 93 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0470" "etiqueta" => "94." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ascorbyl palmitate vesicles (aspasomes): formation, characterization and applications" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.10.032" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 94 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0475" "etiqueta" => "95." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Examination of the effect of niosome preparation methods in encapsulating model antigens on the vesicle characteristics and their ability to induce immune responses" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/08982104.2020.1768110" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 95 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0480" "etiqueta" => "96." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recent developments in oral delivery of vaccines using nanocarriers" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3390/vaccines11020490" "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 96 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0485" "etiqueta" => "97." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: a novel drug delivery system" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] 97 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0490" "etiqueta" => "98." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes as a novel peroral vaccine delivery system" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00167-2" "Revista" => array:8 [ …8] ] ] ] ] ] 98 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0495" "etiqueta" => "99." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes: a vesicular drug delivery system" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 99 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0500" "etiqueta" => "100." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Niosomes as target drug delivery system: a review" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] ] 100 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0505" "etiqueta" => "101." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Non-ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) for non-invasive topical genetic immunization against hepatitis B" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.02.016" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 101 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0510" "etiqueta" => "102." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mannosylated niosomes as adjuvant–carrier system for oral genetic immunization against hepatitis B" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.imlet.2005.04.002" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 102 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0515" "etiqueta" => "103." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1073/pnas.75.9.4194" "Revista" => array:7 [ …7] ] ] ] ] ] 103 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bb0520" "etiqueta" => "104." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparative evaluation of niosome formulations prepared by different techniques" "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000633/v1_202408300459/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "87216" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Reviews" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/24451460/0000002500000003/v1_202408300459/S2445146024000633/v1_202408300459/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2445146024000633?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
Journal Information
Review article
The emerging applications of niosome as a nanotechnology-based approach in vaccine delivery
Aplicaciones emergentes del niosoma Como enfoque basado en nanotecnología Para la administración de vacunas
Marjan Talebia,i, Negar Bozorgchamib,1, Rouzbeh Almasi Ghalec,1, Hadi Esmaeelid,e, Azamsadat Moosavizadehc,f,2, Ali Aghajanig,2, Bahareh Farasati Farh,2, Saeed Aminzadehc,
Corresponding author
a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
b Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
c National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
d Quality Assurance Department, NIAK Pharmaceutical Company, Gorgan, Iran
e Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
f Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
g School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
h Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
i Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ver más