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MT projection: inferior pink dashed line. ST projection: superior orange dashed line. Incision direction: yellow dashed line. B, NS and NF geometric graphic representation in sagittal view. The hypotenuse (c) was calculated in mm (c2 = a2 + b2). The α angle was calculated (sin α = a/c) and the β angle (α + β = 90°). Ant., anterior; Pos., posterior; Sup., superior; Inf., inferior. MT., middle turbinate. SP., superior turbinate. NS., nasal septum. 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"fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1116 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 230067 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diffuse (++) tissue staining for IL-33 (arrows) in a representative nasopharyngeal cancer specimen (magnification ×400).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "İbrahim Arslan, Hatice Yılmazçoban, Hülya Eyigör, Canan Sadullahoğlu, Derya Salim Kıvrak, Gözde Akgün, Ömer Tarık Selçuk" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "İbrahim" "apellidos" => "Arslan" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hatice" "apellidos" => "Yılmazçoban" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hülya" "apellidos" => "Eyigör" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Canan" 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"Montalvão" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel" "apellidos" => "Magalhães" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Central do Funchal, Ilha da Madeira, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando Fonseca, Sintra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Condrosarcoma laríngeo, una serie de 30 años" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 879 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 71966 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Localization of laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases within cricoid cartilage.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chondrosarcoma is a rare pathology that represents 0.2% of all laryngeal neoplasms. It predominantly affects males (with a male to female ratio of 2–3 to 1), with an average onset at 62 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> This rarity creates challenges for surgical teams in determining optimal treatment strategies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Originating from cartilaginous structures, the neoplasm is predominantly located in the cricoid cartilage (56%), followed by thyroid cartilage, epiglottis and arytenoids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The etiology remains unknown, although disorganized ossification of laryngeal cartilages may play a role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> Symptoms includes hoarseness, dyspnea and neck mass, which varies with size and location of the tumor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to chondrosarcomas in other regions, laryngeal ones tend to be low-grade and less aggressive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6</span></a> This complexity makes differentiation from chondroma challenging, despite the former exhibiting an invasive behavior and multiple nuclei per cell.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,7</span></a> Characterized by indolence and a low propensity to metastatic diffusion, the prognosis is generally favorable. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice—microlaryngeal surgery (MLS) for low-grade cases, and laryngectomy for high-grade cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Despite the overall positive prognosis, recurrence can compromise phonation and swallowing abilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to its rarity, the literature on laryngeal chondrosarcoma is limited. This study aims to explore its presentation, treatment modalities and patient outcomes within a cancer center in Lisbon, Portugal.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients or materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study was conducted, which included laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases followed from 1992 to 2022 in the Otorhinolaryngology department of Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa. Data from the clinical processes was collected and a statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel® and SPSS®.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to recent literature, limited debulking should be considered for grade 1 and 2 tumors, sparing total laryngectomy for higher-grade tumors (3 and 4), older patients with comorbidities, poorly differentiated tumors, and primary or recurrent laryngeal cancers with extensive cricoid involvement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixteen eligible patients with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1 and a mean age of 59.6 years (range: 33–75 years) participated in the study. Smoking and alcohol habits were present in 24% and 31% of patients, respectively. The predominant symptom was dysphonia (68.75%), followed by dyspnoea (37.5%). Other reported symptoms included stridor, odynophagia, globus pharyngeus, and dysphagia for solids (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Approximately 6.25% of patients were asymptomatic, while information about symptoms was unavailable in 6.25% of cases. The median duration of symptom presentation was 15.75 months, ranging from 3 months to 4 years.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computed Tomography (CT) of the neck (soft tissue) was the most requested exam (93.75%), followed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), in 6.25% of cases. CT findings revealed hypodense hypocapsulated lesions with well-defined contours (66.7%), calcifications (53.3%) and mass effects (53.3%), leading to airway column deviation/reduction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Additional findings included cartilage erosion (25%), laryngocele (6.7%), and necrotic components (6.7%).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cricoid cartilage was the primary site in half of the cases, with the posterior and posterolateral regions being the most affected (37.5% each). Thyroid cartilage was the second most affected site (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2 and 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was performed in 25% of cases, with a correct histological subtype identification in only 25% of those cases. Chondrosarcoma was misdiagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma with chondroid differentiation in 25% of cases, and, in another 25%, differentiation between chondrosarcoma and chondroma wasn’t possible. One-third of MLS with biopsy didn’t provide a correct chondrosarcoma diagnosis.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding staging, 56% were classified as grade I, 25% as grade II, and, in 19% of cases, the grade wasn’t identified.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgical intervention was the primary treatment option in all cases, with MLS and lesion debulking being performed in half of patients. Other surgical approaches included partial laryngectomy (25%), hemilaryngectomy with hemithyroidectomy (12.5%), and cervicotomy with lesion excision (12.5%). Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was not administered.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tumor persistence or recurrence was observed in 37.5% of patients. Among these cases, 17% were managed with watchful waiting, while 83.34% underwent re-operation, consisting of microsurgery with debulking (80%) and total laryngectomy (20%). Total or partial laryngectomy was necessary in 2 of the 4 cases initially treated with MLS and lesion debulking. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered in one case (20%) among those requiring re-operation.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative complications included uni and bilateral vocal cord paralysis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 2 and 1 respectively), laryngeal stenosis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 1), and chronic cough due to the presence of hair in the graft in the subglottis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 1).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The median follow-up time was 80.13 months (range: 7–260 months). Disease-specific survival rate was 100% at 1st and 5th years, while overall survival rate was 100% at 1st year and 93.75% at the 5th year.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to clarify characteristics, outcomes, and important prognostic factors associated with laryngeal chondrosarcoma. This investigation, conducted at IPO-LFG (a reference center for oncological pathology), spanned 30 years and involved 16 cases.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient demographics were aligned with existing literature, revealing a typical age of diagnosis between 60–70 years and a male predominance. The cricoid cartilage was the most frequently affected structure, which is consistent with general trends, while arytenoids had no reported cases in this series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,4,11,12,13–19</span></a> The etiopathology remains unknown, with mechanical stress on muscle insertions in cartilage playing a role.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,20–22</span></a> This theory is corroborated by the peak appearance of neoplasms in older patients and the bigger prevalence in the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,11</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dysphonia and dyspnoea were the most referred symptoms, which is in line with existing literature, and the average duration of presentation supported the notion of an indolent course, exceeding one year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CT was considered the best exam for localizing chondrosarcomas, contrasting with the preference for radiography registered in literature. A notable discrepancy in calcification observation between the study and existing literature was identified, with CT showing fewer instances in this population. MRI did not provide additional information compared to CT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study registered a significant discordance between initial biopsy results and final histopathological diagnoses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Though easy and expedient, FNAC demonstrated limited diagnostic accuracy—correct diagnosis in only 25% of the cases. Although histopathological analysis after biopsy is considered the most reliable technique, it provided a definitive diagnosis in only 66% of cases due to insufficient tissue collection. The literature advocates for more robust techniques such as incisional biopsy or core needle biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22,23</span></a> In this study, patients undergoing surgeries with more extensive tissue availability achieved more accurate diagnoses. Histologically, low-grade chondrosarcomas are the most common.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most adequate treatment is defined by histological type and tumor grading.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Although there are no official guidelines regarding the treatment of laryngeal chondrosarcoma, surgery remained the preferred treatment for laryngeal chondrosarcoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,24</span></a> This tumor is relatively resistant to radiation and chemotherapy because of its cartilaginous origin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In literature, more conservative (endoscopic or median thyrotomy debulking and partial laryngectomy) and more invasive surgeries (total laryngectomy) are described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Endoscopic and median thyrotomy surgeries are subtotal resections, so surgical margins can be difficult to evaluate. In these surgeries, risk of recurrence is higher.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> On the other hand, laryngeal functions are preserved and, in that way, there’s no need to perform a tracheotomy, resulting in fewer complications, earlier start of oral feeding and smaller length of stay in the hospital.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Tumors with positive margins weren’t more likely to be high grade. Rüller et al. showed that although 83.3% of patients with grade 1 hadn’t completely resected tumor, they didn’t show neither clinical nor radiological progression of the residual disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Because laryngeal chondrosarcoma has a slow growth and minimally infiltrative nature, aggressive treatment trying to clear all disease may not improve survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,26</span></a> Larynx preservation with functional preservation, such as limited debulking, should be considered for grade 1 and 2 tumors, saving total laryngectomy for higher grades such as 3 and 4, older and comorbid subjects, poorly differentiated tumors, and primary or recurrent LCs with massive cricoid involvement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a> As we didn’t register higher grades, this can explain our high percentage of lesion debulking as elected surgery.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite fewer total and partial laryngectomies in this study compared to a systematic review by Chin O et al., the study exhibited superior disease-specific survival rate at 1st and 5th years - 100% vs 98% and 92% at 1st and 5th years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,9</span></a> The balance between oncological control and functional outcomes was emphasized, advocating more aggressive surgeries for larger higher grade tumors, while conservative techniques were suggested for patients with favorable anatomy, low-grade histology or advanced age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,11,27</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of the study are acknowledged, which include a small sample size (16 patients) from one single center, over a period of 30 years, and the absence of grade III and IV cases. Therapeutic advances, changes in histopathological diagnosis and in imaging modalities may have influenced outcomes. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into laryngeal chondrosarcoma. And we speak of a pathology with good prognosis so it’s difficult to assess whether these limitations play a role in the outcome. Other point is that the ability of radiography to detect calcifications may not have changed with advances in imaging.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laryngeal chondrosarcoma is a rare entity with an unknown etiology and poses challenges in diagnosis. Mechanical stress on muscle insertions in cartilage leading to disordered ossification is considered contributory. Biopsy and FNAC frequently don’t provide accurate histological diagnoses, so incisional biopsy and core needle biopsy must be preferred. Surgeons advocate for a conservative approach, prioritizing the preservation of laryngeal function whenever possible. While the survival outcomes for this neoplasm are favorable, concerns persist regarding its tendency to relapse and potential for causing airway obstruction.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2251799" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients or materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883974" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2251800" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes o materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883975" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients or materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-12-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-07-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883974" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Larynx" 1 => "Chondrosarcoma" 2 => "Chondroma" 3 => "Cancer" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1883975" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Laringe" 1 => "Condrosarcoma" 2 => "Condroma" 3 => "Cáncer" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Laryngeal chondrosarcoma is a rare laryngeal pathology arising from cartilaginous structures and is predominantly found in the cricoid cartilage. This study investigates its presentation, treatment modalities and patient outcomes.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients or materials and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases followed from 1992 to 2022 in the Otorhinolaryngology department of a cancer center - Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa. Statistical analysis was made with Microsoft Excel® and SPSS®.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We identified 16 cases, of which two-thirds were male, with an average age of 59.6 years, and only 24% of them had a history of smoking. The commonest presentation was indolent dysphonia and/or dyspnea, and the posterior arch of the cricoid cartilage was the most affected place. Although histopathological studies after biopsy were often inconclusive, surgery emerged as the first-line of treatment for all patients. Larynx microsurgery with lesion debulking was the most frequent surgical approach (47%) followed by partial laryngectomy (24%). Neither adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) nor chemotherapy was administered in any of the cases. There was residual tumor in 23% of the cases so half of these patients were in watchful waiting while the other part underwent further microsurgery or total laryngectomy. Only one patient with recurrence received RT. Disease-specific survival rate at 1 and 5 years was 97% and 91%, respectively.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Laryngeal chondrosarcoma etiology is still unknown and is effectively treated with surgery, with a generally favorable prognosis. The main concern lies in its propensity to relapse, highlighting the importance of watchful follow-up.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients or materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El condrosarcoma, una patología laríngea rara que surge de estructuras cartilaginosas, se encuentra predominantemente en el cartílago cricoides. Este estudio investiga la presentación, modalidades de tratamiento y resultados de pacientes con condrosarcoma laríngeo en un centro de cáncer en Lisboa, Portugal.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes o materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de casos de condrosarcoma laríngeo seguidos desde 1992 hasta 2022 en el departamento de Otorrinolaringología de un centro de cáncer - el Instituto Portugués de Oncología de Lisboa. El análisis estadístico se realizó con Microssoft Excel® y SPSS®.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre los casos identificados, dos tercios eran hombres, con una edad promedio de 59.6 años y solo el 24% tenía antecedentes de tabaquismo. Los pacientes comúnmente presentaban disfonía indolente y/o disnea, y el sitio de origen primario era el arco posterior del cartílago cricoides. Aunque los estudios histopatológicos posteriores a la biopsia eran frecuentemente inconclusos, la cirugía emergió como el tratamiento de primera línea para todos los pacientes. La microcirugía laríngea con debulking de la lesión fue el enfoque quirúrgico más frecuente (47%), seguido de la laringectomía parcial (24%). No se administró radioterapia (RT) ni quimioterapia adyuvante en ningún caso. Después de la cirugía, el 23% tenía tumores residuales; la mitad optó por la espera vigilante, mientras que la otra mitad se sometió a uma nueva microcirugía o laringectomía total. Solo un paciente con recurrencia recibió RT. Las tasas de supervivencia específica de la enfermedad a 1 y 5 años fueron del 97% y 91%, respectivamente.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los condrosarcomas laríngeos, caracterizados por su rareza y etiología desconocida, se tratan eficazmente con cirugía, lo que generalmente ofrece un pronóstico favorable. La preocupación principal radica en su propensión a la recaída, enfatizando la importancia de un seguimiento postoperatorio vigilante.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes o materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1123 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 132285 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Axial Neck CT showing expansive hypodense hypocapsulated lesion with well-defined contours, calcifications inside and mass effect with lateral deviation of the airway column.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1125 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 81903 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Localization of laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 879 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 71966 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Localization of laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases within cricoid cartilage.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dysphonia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68.75% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dyspnoea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stridor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Odynophagia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Globus pharyngeus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dysphagia for solids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Without registration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3671089.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Symptoms associated with laryngeal chondrosarcoma.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laryn- geal chondrosarcoma: a population-based analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.M. Dubal" 1 => "P.F. Svider" 2 => "V.V. Kanumuri" 3 => "A.A. Patel" 4 => "S. Baredes" 5 => "J.A. Eloy" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/lary.24618" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Laryngoscope" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "124" "paginaInicial" => "1877" "paginaFinal" => "1881" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474667" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Laryngeal chondrosarcoma: a systematic review of 592 cases" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O.Y. Chin" 1 => "P.M. Dubal" 2 => "A.B. Sheikh" 3 => "A.A. Unsal" 4 => "R.C. Woo Park" 5 => "S. 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Biller" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1288/00005537-199208000-00004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Laryngoscope" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "858" "paginaFinal" => "867" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1495350" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chondroid tumors of the larynx: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases, including two dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O. Casiraghi" 1 => "F. Martinez-Madrigal" 2 => "K. Pineda-Daboin" 3 => "G. Mamelle" 4 => "L. 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Disponible online el 30 de septiembre de 2024
Laryngeal chondrosarcoma, a 30-year series
Condrosarcoma laríngeo, una serie de 30 años