array:24 [ "pii" => "S2173573516300539" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2016.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-09-01" "aid" => "697" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:275-81" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2041 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 60 "HTML" => 1685 "PDF" => 296 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0001651916000169" "issn" => "00016519" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2015.11.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-09-01" "aid" => "697" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:275-81" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2218 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 40 "HTML" => 1681 "PDF" => 497 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artículo original</span>" "titulo" => "Malformaciones del octavo par en niños" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "275" "paginaFinal" => "281" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Malformation of the eighth cranial nerve in children" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figura 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1417 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 239412 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(3 TC; 1,2 y 4 RNM). Casselman tipo III bilateral. Ambos troncos cocleovestibulares pueden ser vistos en axial T2 a nivel del ángulo pontocerebeloso (1.1). Hipoplasia vestibular en TC (3.1). En RNM sagital ausencia de ramas vestibulares y presencia de rama coclear y facial (2.1, 4.1).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos de Paula-Vernetta, Noelia Muñoz-Fernández, Fernando Mas-Estellés, Abel Guzmán-Calvete, Laura Cavallé-Garrido, Constantino Morera-Pérez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "de Paula-Vernetta" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Noelia" "apellidos" => "Muñoz-Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fernando" "apellidos" => "Mas-Estellés" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Abel" "apellidos" => "Guzmán-Calvete" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Cavallé-Garrido" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Constantino" "apellidos" => "Morera-Pérez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173573516300539" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2016.09.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573516300539?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001651916000169?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00016519/0000006700000005/v1_201609110004/S0001651916000169/v1_201609110004/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573516300540" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2015.12.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-09-01" "aid" => "702" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:282-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1024 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 28 "HTML" => 842 "PDF" => 154 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "High Dose Rate Brachytherapy in Early Stage Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Lip" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "282" "paginaFinal" => "287" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Braquiterapia de alta tasa en el carcinoma escamoso de labio en estadios iniciales" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 597 "Ancho" => 849 "Tamanyo" => 106951 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Implant of 7 needles with bolus.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Alejandro Mut, José Luis Guinot, Leoncio Arribas, Lorena Díez-Presa, María Isabel Tortajada, Miguel Ángel Santos, Josefa Samper, Paula Santamaría, Juan Bosco Vendrell" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Mut" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Luis" "apellidos" => "Guinot" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leoncio" "apellidos" => "Arribas" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lorena" "apellidos" => "Díez-Presa" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Isabel" "apellidos" => "Tortajada" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel Ángel" "apellidos" => "Santos" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Josefa" "apellidos" => "Samper" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paula" "apellidos" => "Santamaría" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Bosco" "apellidos" => "Vendrell" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S000165191600039X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2015.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S000165191600039X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573516300540?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735735/0000006700000005/v1_201610080130/S2173573516300540/v1_201610080130/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573516300527" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2015.11.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-09-01" "aid" => "694" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:268-74" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 976 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 50 "HTML" => 703 "PDF" => 223 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Study of the Improvement in Bone Conduction Threshold After Stapedectomy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "268" "paginaFinal" => "274" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación del cambio en el umbral de la vía ósea en pacientes operados de estapedectomía" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 893 "Ancho" => 1571 "Tamanyo" => 74668 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Outcomes of bone conduction in patients with previously normal bone conduction (conductive hearing loss).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Leire García-Iza, Juan José Navarro, Miren Goiburu, Nuria Pérez, Xabier Altuna" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leire" "apellidos" => "García-Iza" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan José" "apellidos" => "Navarro" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miren" "apellidos" => "Goiburu" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nuria" "apellidos" => "Pérez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xabier" "apellidos" => "Altuna" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001651916000133" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2015.11.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001651916000133?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573516300527?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735735/0000006700000005/v1_201610080130/S2173573516300527/v1_201610080130/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Malformation of the Eighth Cranial Nerve in Children" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "275" "paginaFinal" => "281" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos de Paula-Vernetta, Noelia Muñoz-Fernández, Fernando Mas-Estellés, Abel Guzmán-Calvete, Laura Cavallé-Garrido, Constantino Morera-Pérez" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "de Paula-Vernetta" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "drcarlosdepaula@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Noelia" "apellidos" => "Muñoz-Fernández" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fernando" "apellidos" => "Mas-Estellés" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Abel" "apellidos" => "Guzmán-Calvete" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Laura" "apellidos" => "Cavallé-Garrido" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Constantino" "apellidos" => "Morera-Pérez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Malformaciones del octavo par en niños" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1397 "Ancho" => 1432 "Tamanyo" => 117473 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Degree of hearing loss according to the Casselman classification.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital sensoneural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most common problems in newborns, affecting between 1.5 and 6 children out of every 1000 living newborns.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although the cause of the problem may be located anywhere in the auditory pathway, it is well known that the most common site is the cochlear, whether this be due to congenital or acquired causes, and in particular at sensory hair cell level. Recent studies suggest that the dysfunction of the auditory nerve (auditory neuropathy) may be involved in 1%–10% of cases of SNHL in children, with auditory losses resulting from anatomical changes to the nerve (aplasias and hypoplasias) being less frequent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our experience 10% of children in a cochlear pre-implant study will present with an aplasia or hypoplasia of the auditory nerve and this finding has increased over time due to improvements in magnetic resonance imaging. However, and as we will describe below, radiologic findings regarding aplasia of the auditory nerve are not 100% proof of a total absence of auditory function.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample included 34 children patients (mean age: 20.5±27.0 months) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">w</span>ho had been diagnosed with SNHL due to aplasia or hypoplasia of the auditory nerve with or without associated vestibulocochlear nerve malformations. We based our diagnosis and study primarily on the MRI imaging findings in accordance with the techniques described by Casselman<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>: (T2) 3 Teslas MRI: slices of 0.4–0.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm perpendicular to the pathway of the facial nerve and of the eighth cranial nerve in the internal auditory canal and at the cerebellopontine angle level (parasagittal reconstruction) and volume reconstruction in the axial plane (three-dimensional Fourier transformation-constructive interference in steady state [3DFT-CISS]), and at the same time a routine axial T2 weighted brain imaging study to rule out central nervous system pathologies. The imaging study was completed with high-resolution CT of the temporal bone (axial plane performed in slices parallel to the infraorbitary line up to 0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thick. A 512×512 matrix was used and the images of each ear were separated with a field of vision of approximately 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hearing tests included: tone and/or speech audiometry (Affinity 2.0/Equinox 2.0), tympanometry (Impedance AZ 26 Audiometer), otoacoustic emissions (Madsen Accuscreen) and brainstem auditory and steady state evoked potentials (Navigator Pro Biologic: PEA and MASTER II).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malformations of the auditory and vestibulocochlear nerves were grouped according to the Casselman<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1–5</a>) and Sennaroglu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> classifications respectively. All data were processsed using bivariate statistical analysis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Epidemiological</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 41.2% of patients auditory nerve lesions were unilateral and in 58.8% they were bilateral. Type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>b was the most common of the unilateral lesions and the combinations IIa/IIa and I/I were the most common bilateral lesion types. Unilateral patients were predominantly male (11 cases out of 14), compared with the bilateral cases who were mainly female (11 cases out of 20).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of our patients were referred to us after screening hearing programmes (44.1%) or suspected impairment by the parents (26.5%). Only 20.5% (7 patients) presented with family histories of hearing impairment and only (patient IIb/IIb) presented with a genetic study which tested positive for hearing impairment (gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GJB2</span>).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding other known hearing impairment factors, 55.9% (19 cases out of 34) presented with an associated factor. In a third (32.4%) we found syndromic type changes (5 patients presented with a brachial-ENT-renal syndrome). The majority of our patients (26 cases out of 34) had no alteration to other cranial nerves.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also observed that in those patients with normal cochlear and vestibular nerves the lack of risk factors was more pronounced (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.029).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malformations of the auricle were more common in the bilateral cases (35%) than in the unilateral cases (7.1%), of borderline statistical significance (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.067).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Audiological Examinations</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Auditory screening yielded 77.4% sensitivity for the bilateral cases. Otoemissions were positive in 10 ears (10/68), all without associated vestibulocochlear malformations (5 with normal nerve, 2 with type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> and 3 with type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>b).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) we observed that the types I presented with a higher degree of hearing loss than the others (thresholds ≥120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB). Profound SNHL predominated in types IIa and IIb, but there was an increase in the severe and moderate to severe cases (thresholds below 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB in 50% of cases). Type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> had the best audiological results, possibly due to isolated agenesis of the vestibular nerve and to being able to present a normal vestibulocochlear status. These differences were statistically significant with regards to the patients without aplasia or hypoplasia of the auditory nerve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05).</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Steady state evoked potentials (SSEP) were carried out on all of our patients, observing similar thresholds to the conventional BERA and statistically significant differences established as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001 between the 5 groups (Casselman normal nerve and types I, IIa, IIb and III) and in any frequency detected by the SSEP (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For those children whose age was sufficient to carry out a tone audiometry (n=18) we observed a statistically significant difference (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) between the ears without aplasia or hypoplasia of the vestibulocochlear nerve and for any type of Casselman classification. This confirms that types I are audiologically the poorest, and this progressively improves in types IIa, IIb and III. At the same time we carried out a frequency study to see if any of them was more highly affected than the rest. We saw how in type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> all the frequencies were equally affected (250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz), but we found statistically significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) in <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a, where the 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz frequency was the most compromised compared with the 250, 500, and 2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz and in <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>b, where the 1000, 2000, and 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz frequencies were the poorest compared with the 250 and 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz ones. Regarding subgroup <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III,</span> no statistically significant differences were detected, but there was as major tendency towards frequency alteration in 250, 500, and 1000 compared with 2000 and 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Imaging Tests</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MRI was confirmed as the most sensitive test to view malformations of the auditory nerve, with the most commonly diagnosed ones being aplasia (42.6%) and hypoplasia (29.4%) of the cochlear nerve, followed by aplasia of the upper vestibular nerve (23.5%) and the lower vestibular nerve (22.1%), which implies that when there is a neutral deficit in the MRI, the nerve most frequently involved will be the cochlear nerve.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 68 ears examined (54 with some type of aplasia or hypoplasia of the auditory nerve), the CT findings led to suspected aplasia or hypoplasia depending on the diameter of the internal auditory canal (IAC) ≤3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in 25 of them, which indicated a sensitivity of 46.3%; however, of the 14 normal ears according to the MRI study, in 12 of them there was no suspected aplasia or hypoplasia of the nerve from the CT scan (specificity: 85.7%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When we compare vestibulocochlear changes to auditory nerve malformations, we observe that there is a relationship between type 2 incomplete partition and the Casselman type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001) and the presence of vestibular hypoplasia in 80% of types <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.001).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An enlarged vestibular aqueduct was observed in 7 ears (10.3%), with a significantly superior relationship found in type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> (33.3%) compared with the other malformations of the auditory nerve. The relationship between an enlarged vestibular aqueduct and type 2 incomplete partition described by Sennaroglu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> was observed in 13% of the patients (2 out of 15). Three ears (4.4%) presented with enlarged cochlear aqueduct (2 type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a and 1 type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When both imaging tests (CT and MRI) were compared we observed that when the IAC diagmetre was reduced in the CT (≤3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm), the nerve frequently affected was the cochlear nerve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.006), followed by the superior vestibular nerve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.040) and the inferior vestibular nerve (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.093) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We wish to highlight that in our series genetic load was of little influence (one positive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GJB2</span> case) and also that extrinsic factors were of great influence in the alteration of embryonic development of the auditory nerve and/or inner ear. We also observed that when the impairment was unilateral, there was less probability of any associated pathology (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.08), unlike the bilateral cases, possibly due to the fact that a systemic change will lead to an impairment in the organogenesis of the inner ear.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study we found there were differences regarding gender, especially in the unilateral cases, where females predominated (78.6%); however, other authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> observed no differences.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found it striking that in type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a patients according to Casselman there was no association with impairment of other cranial nerves, unlike the rest of the patients where the incidence was 29.2%. This suggests that there is a marked tendency (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.078) for types <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> not to be associated with impairment in other cranial nerves. This is probably due to the fact that the organogeneiss of the cochlear nerve is separate from the other cranial nerves.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neonatal screening with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TOAEs) showed low sensitivity (77.4%). This is the result of those patients classified by Casselman as IIb, who presented with normal cochlear and vestibular nerves and aplasia or hypoplasia of auditory nerve, and whose conditions were not initially detected.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several authors believe that hypoplasia of the auditory nerve in the majority of cases is a form of auditory neuropathy, because they have found in their series up to 70% of patients with aplasia and hypoplasia of the auditory nerve and with electrophysiological characteristics of auditory neuropathy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sydney Cochlear Implant Centre</span> (SCIC) presented a series of 80 children with auditory neuropathy where the majority obtained favourable outcomes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> with cochlear implants. This suggests that 75% of neuropathies is due to a change in the function of the inner sensory hair, whilst all other cases stem from a change in the synapses, auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus or central auditory pathway.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Other authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> report 36% of neuropathies among cases of cochlear nerve hypoplasia. In our casuistry we found just 3 (8.82%) patients with auditory neuropathy criteria.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistically significant differences were observed between the different frequencies in <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a, <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>b and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III,</span> and also statistically significant outcomes between the degree of hearing loss and the different types of Casselman classifications, since from type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> to type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> the relative frequency of profound hearing loss progressively diminishes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>). This would be explained by the improved neural and structural preservation of the inner ear as we advance in the Casselman classification.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between aplasias and hypoaplasias of the auditory nerve and vestibulocochlear malformations has already been described by other authors, with the appearance of malformations with neural involvement accounting for up to 84%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It is also true that the cochlear nerve may be absent despite there being a normal cochlear nerve in up to 40% of cases,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and that the development of the sensory hair may occur in absence of innervation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> We believe that embryologically the development of the bony labyrinth takes place between the fourth and eighth week of pregnancy and that inner ear malformations which are detectible through imaging may be due to systemic problems in general during this period. These factors will lead to both a structural change in the inner ear and to changes in the actual sensory hairs cells on whose neurotrophic factors the development of the spiral ganglion cells and the actual innervation of the inner ear will depend.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This leads us to consider that a deficit of the neurotrophic factor generated by the sensory hair cell will produce a morphological deficit in the auditory nerve with IAC diameter which will be progressively greater the more advanced in pregnancy said deficit occurs. This suggests that those ears with normal IAC and auditory nerve impairment will be due to a change which occurred after week 24 of pregnancy (when IAC development terminates) and those with a reduced diameter will be due to an impairment prior to this date.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The positive predictive value (PPV) of CT is extremely high (92%; 23 out of 25), unlike the genuinely poor negative predictive value which is approximately 27.9% (12 out of 43). As with MRI testing, CT imaging tests are evolving and the current measurement under 1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of the cochlear nerve canal as it enters the cochlear has proven to be highly predictive in diagnosis of neural involvement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with previous data, we believe that when a patient has profound SNHL the imaging technique of choice is MRI with imaging studies of the bony labyrinth and the auditory nerve. We consider the CT to be an essential complementary test for marking the bony component of the otic capsulre and the cochlear canal and as a previous step to surgery.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed that there was an association between the degree of hearing loss and the different types of auditory nerve malformation (according to Casselman classification). Type I patients present with the pooerest hearing and there is progressively better hearing up to type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MT is the imaging test of choice for the detection of auditory nerve malfunctions, with the most frequent diagnoses being aplasia (42.6%) and hypoplasia (29.4%) of the cochlear nerve. Specificity of CT scans in the diagnosis of auditory nerve malformations is high (85.7%), but sensitivity is poor (56.3%).</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres739320" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743325" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres739319" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743324" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Epidemiological" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Audiological Examinations" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Imaging Tests" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-08-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-11-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743325" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Cochlear nerve" 1 => "Inner ear" 2 => "Cochlear implant" 3 => "Hearing loss" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec743324" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Nervio auditivo" 1 => "Oído interno" 2 => "Implante coclear" 3 => "Hipoacusia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is approximately 1.5–6 in every 1000 newborns. Dysfunction of the auditory nerve (auditory neuropathy) may be involved in up to 1%–10% of cases; hearing losses because of vestibulocochlear nerve (VCN) aplasia are less frequent.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objectives of this study were to describe clinical manifestations, hearing thresholds and aetiology of children with SNHL and VCN aplasia.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methodology</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present 34 children (mean age 20 months) with auditory nerve malformation and profound HL taken from a sample of 385 children implanted in a 10-year period. We studied demographic characteristics, hearing, genetics, risk factors and associated malformations (Casselman's and Sennaroglu's classifications). Data were processed using a bivariate descriptive statistical analysis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05).</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of all the cases, 58.8% were bilateral (IIa/IIa and I/I were the most common). Of the unilateral cases, IIb was the most frequent. Auditory screening showed a sensitivity of 77.4%.</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A relationship among bilateral cases and systemic pathology was observed. We found a statistically significant difference when comparing hearing loss impairment and patients with different types of aplasia as defined by Casselman's classification. Computed tomography (CT) scan yielded a sensitivity of 46.3% and a specificity of 85.7%. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most sensitive imaging test.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ten percent of the children in a cochlear implant study had aplasia or hypoplasia of the auditory nerve. The degree of auditory loss was directly related to the different types of aplasia (Casselman's classification) Although CT scan and MRI are complementary, the MRI is the test of choice for detecting auditory nerve malformation.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de la hipoacusia neurosensorial (HNS) congénita es aproximadamente de 1,5-6 de cada 1.000 nacimientos. La disfunción del nervio auditivo (neuropatía auditiva) puede estar presente hasta en el 1-10% de los casos de HNS en niños, siendo menos frecuentes aquellas pérdidas debidas a una aplasia o hipoplasia del nervio auditivo.</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los objetivos del estudio son describir la clínica, umbrales auditivos y etiología en una muestra de niños con HNS y aplasia o hipoplasia del octavo par.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Metodología</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niños (edad media 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses) con malformación del nervio auditivo e HNS profunda de una muestra de 385<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niños implantados en los últimos 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>años. Estudiamos las características demográficas, clínicas y malformaciones asociadas (clasificaciones de Casselman y Sennaroglu). Los datos fueron procesados usando un análisis estadístico descriptivo bivariante (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05).</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un 58,8% fueron bilaterales (<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a/<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> fueron los más frecuentes). De los unilaterales el <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>b fue el más frecuente. La sensibilidad del cribado auditivo fue de un 77,4%. Encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grado de hipoacusia y los distintos tipos de aplasia (clasificación de Casselman).</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La sensibilidad de la TC fue del 46,3% y la especificidad del 85,7%. La RNM fue la prueba de imagen más sensible.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un 10% de los niños en estudio para un implante coclear tienen una aplasia o hipoplasia del nervio auditivo. El grado de pérdida auditiva está directamente relacionado con los distintos tipos de aplasia (clasificación de Casselman). Aunque la TC y la RNM son complementarias, la RNM es el test de elección para la detección de malformaciones del nervio auditivo.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: de Paula-Vernetta C, Muñoz-Fernández N, Mas-Estellés F, Guzmán-Calvete A, Cavallé-Garrido L, Morera-Pérez C. Malformaciones del octavo par en niños. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:275–281.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1551 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 235197 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(1 and 2 CT; 3 MRI). Casselman type I bilateral. Child of 2 years of age with profound bilateral sensoneural hearing loss, bilateral stenosis of both internal auditory canals and absence of the eighth bilateral cranial nerve. A neutral structure in the inner auditory canal was only observed in the sagittal projection (3.1) with preservation of the facial nerve function. Cochlear nerves were preserved and there was dysplasia of the semicircular canals (1.1).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1219 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 202866 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(1 and 4 CT; 2 and 3 MRI). Casselman type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>a right unilateral. Stenosis of the right inner auditory canal with an absence of cochlear nerve. (1.1) The left side is wider and there is a cochlear branch in the expected site. Right vestibular dysplasia (*). No right vestibulocochlear nerve at cerebellopontine angle level (2.1) posterior to the facial nerve of similar size. Trapped right cochlear nerve. Compare with bony canal of the cochlear nerve on left side (circles).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1691 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 182537 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(2 TC; 1.3 and 4 MRI). Casselman type IIb bilateral. Girl 3 years of age. Absence of right cochlear nerve, hypoplasia of the left ear (3.1). Common vestibulocochlear nerves present. Cochlear nerves trapped in CT with no labyrinth malformation. Normal diameter of both inner auditory canals.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1417 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 240332 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(3 CT; 1.2 and 4 MRI). Casselman type III bilateral. Both vestibulocochlear trunks may be viewed on axial T2 slice at the cerebellopontine angle level (1.1). Vestibular hypoplasia in CT (3.1). In the sagittal MRI scan there was an absence of vestibular branches and a presence of cochlear and facial branch (2.1, 4.1).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 898 "Ancho" => 1589 "Tamanyo" => 89305 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Casselman classification. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>: Casselman.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1397 "Ancho" => 1432 "Tamanyo" => 117473 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Degree of hearing loss according to the Casselman classification.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 916 "Ancho" => 1530 "Tamanyo" => 66967 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sensitivity (46.3%) and specificity (85.7%) of the CT in accordance with Casselman classification.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1030 "Ancho" => 2343 "Tamanyo" => 137687 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diametric relationship of the internal auditory canal in CT and affected nerve in the MRI in percentages.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Detección precoz de la hipoacusia infantil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "Grupo PrevInfad/PAPPS Infancia y Adolescencia" "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.J. Delgado Domínguez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "279" "paginaFinal" => "297" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Internal auditory canal morphology in children with cochlear nerve deficiency" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O.F. Adunka" 1 => "P.A. Roush" 2 => "H.F. Teagle" 3 => "C.J. Brown" 4 => "C.J. Zdanski" 5 => "V. Jewells" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.mao.0000227895.34915.94" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Otol Neurotol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "793" "paginaFinal" => "801" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936566" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchrony in school children with hearing loss: frequency of occurrence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T.P. Tang" 1 => "B. McPherson" 2 => "K.C. Yuen" 3 => "L.L. Wong" 4 => "J.S. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pediatr Otorhinolayngol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "68" "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "183" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "CT and MR imaging of congential abnormalities of the inner ear and internal auditory canal" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.W. Casselman" 1 => "E.F. Offeciers" 2 => "B. de Foer" 3 => "P. Govaerts" 4 => "R. Kuhweide" 5 => "T. Somers" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Radiol" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "94" "paginaFinal" => "104" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704356" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A new classification for cochleovestibular malformations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "L. Sennaroglu" 1 => "I. Saatci" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00005537-200212000-00019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Laryngoscope" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "112" "paginaInicial" => "2230" "paginaFinal" => "2241" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12461346" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cochlear implantations in young children with cochlear nerve deficiency diagnosed by MRI" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W.S. Kang" 1 => "J.H. Lee" 2 => "H.N. Lee" 3 => "K.S. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "143" "paginaInicial" => "101" "paginaFinal" => "108" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620627" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cochlear implantation in children with congenital inner ear malformations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.A. Buchman" 1 => "B.J. Copeland" 2 => "K.K. Yu" 3 => "C.J. Brown" 4 => "V.N. Carrasco" 5 => "H.C. Pillsbury 3rd" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00005537-200402000-00025" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Laryngoscope" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "114" "paginaInicial" => "309" "paginaFinal" => "316" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14755210" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Auditory neuropathy: an update" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.P. Gibson" 1 => "H. Sanli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/AUD.0b013e3180315392" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ear Hear" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "28" "numero" => "Suppl." "paginaInicial" => "102S" "paginaFinal" => "106S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17496659" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial: ‘auditory neuropathy’ and cochlear implantation—myths and facts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.P. Gibson" 1 => "J.M. Graham" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1179/cim.2008.9.1.1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochlear Implants Int" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246533" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Unilateral cochlear nerve hypoplasia in children with mild to moderate hearing loss" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. Taiji" 1 => "N. Morimoto" 2 => "T. Matsunaga" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/00016489.2012.696781" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Otolaryngol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "1160" "paginaFinal" => "1167" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22830941" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The bony cochlear nerve canal in children with absent or hypoplastic cochlear nerves" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "W. Pagarkar" 1 => "R. Gunny" 2 => "D.E. Saunders" 3 => "W. Yung" 4 => "K. Rajput" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.02.017" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "764" "paginaFinal" => "773" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497917" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Imaging findings of cochlear nerve deficiency" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.M. Glastonbury" 1 => "H.C. Davidson" 2 => "H.R. Harnsberger" 3 => "J. Butler" 4 => "T.R. Kertesz" 5 => "C. Shelton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "AJNR" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "635" "paginaFinal" => "643" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950658" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Proliferative generation of mammalian auditory hair cells in culture" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Malgrange" 1 => "S. Belachew" 2 => "M. Thiry" 3 => "L. Nguyen" 4 => "B. Rogister" 5 => "M.L. Alvarez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mech Dev" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "112" "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "88" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850180" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Auditory system development: primary auditory neurons and their targets" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "E.W. Rubel" 1 => "B. Fritzsch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142849" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Neurosci" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "101" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052904" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Histopathologic investigation of the dimensions of the cochlear nerve canal in normal temporal bones" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "E. Henderson" 1 => "A. Wilkins" 2 => "L. Huang" 3 => "M. Kenna" 4 => "Q. Gopen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.11.024" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "464" "paginaFinal" => "467" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296431" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Restudy of malformations of the internal auditory meatus, cochlear nerve canal and cochlear nerve" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Y. Li" 1 => "J. Yang" 2 => "J. Liu" 3 => "H. Wu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00405-014-2951-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "272" "paginaInicial" => "1587" "paginaFinal" => "1596" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599597" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735735/0000006700000005/v1_201610080130/S2173573516300539/v1_201610080130/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5871" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735735/0000006700000005/v1_201610080130/S2173573516300539/v1_201610080130/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573516300539?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
Información de la revista
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo