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Análisis multivariante de factores predictivos de evolución en litiasis renal
Multivariate Analysis of Predictive Factors in the Evolution of Renal Lithiasis
E. Pierasa,
Autor para correspondencia
32477apa@comb.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, J. Ruizb, A. Vicensa, G. Fronteraa, F. Grasesc, P. Pizáa
a Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, España
b Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, Tarragona, España
c Laboratorio de investigación en Litiasis Renal, Universidad Islas Baleares, España
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y una prevalencia del 5&#44;06&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de esta alta incidencia y prevalencia&#44; hay que se&#241;alar su elevada tasa de recurrencia de hasta el 13&#37; durante el primer a&#241;o&#44; el 35&#37; a los 5 a&#241;os y el 50&#37; a los 10 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#59; por lo tanto&#44; debemos considerar la litiasis renal como una enfermedad cr&#243;nica&#44; con un elevado gasto sanitario en asistencia&#44; tratamiento y seguimiento&#44; siendo el motivo de ingreso m&#225;s frecuente en los servicios de urolog&#237;a&#44; y el motivo m&#225;s frecuente de asistencia a urgencias en urolog&#237;a&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por todo ello&#44; resulta interesante estudiar factores predictivos de su evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#59; el presente estudio pretende valorar conjuntamente una serie de factores distintos &#40;factores epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; cl&#237;nicos y bioqu&#237;micos&#41;&#44; que puedan predecir la evoluci&#243;n de la litiasis&#44; en un intento de definir grupos de riesgo que nos permitan dise&#241;ar estrategias de tratamiento y seguimiento m&#225;s individualizadas&#44; basadas en la evidencia cient&#237;fica&#44; aspecto dif&#237;cil de alcanzar si tenemos en cuenta la etiolog&#237;a multifactorial de la litiasis renal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estudio anal&#237;tico&#44; descriptivo y retrospectivo sobre una base de datos de pacientes con litiasis renal atendidos en nuestro centro durante el periodo 2003-2007 y en la que conocemos la informaci&#243;n epidemiol&#243;gica&#44; cl&#237;nica y bioqu&#237;mica que se ha se&#241;alado anteriormente&#46; De una base inicial de 330 pacientes entraron en el an&#225;lisis 248 por disponer en ellos de todos los datos analizados en el estudio&#59; de ellos&#44; el 65&#44;7&#37; &#40;163 pacientes&#41; fueron tratados con litotricia extracorp&#243;rea por ondas de choque&#44; el 21&#44;3&#37; &#40;53 pacientes&#41; expulsaron la litiasis espont&#225;neamente&#44; el 8&#44;4&#37; &#40;21 pacientes&#41; fueron tratados con ureteroscopia y el 4&#44;4&#37; &#40;11 pacientes&#41; con nefrolitotom&#237;a percut&#225;nea&#46; Todos los datos analizados como posibles factores predictivos fueron recogidos en el primer episodio del paciente&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La variable dependiente&#44; principal y objetivo fundamental del estudio es la evoluci&#243;n final&#59; en esta se han considerado dos posibilidades&#58; persistencia &#40;que engloba aquellos casos que resultaron fracaso terap&#233;utico y los casos de nueva aparici&#243;n de litiasis&#41; y estar limpios de litiasis&#46; Todos los pacientes son evaluados dos meses despu&#233;s del tratamiento con pruebas de imagen &#40;estudio radiol&#243;gico simple y&#47;o ecogr&#225;fico&#41;&#44; solicit&#225;ndose entonces el estudio bioqu&#237;mico urinario y del c&#225;lculo&#46; La evoluci&#243;n final es la que se presenta en el &#250;ltimo control realizado durante su seguimiento&#46; Una vez realizado el tratamiento y resuelto el episodio se realizan controles anuales con radiolog&#237;a simple&#44; ecograf&#237;a y sedimento urinario&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemos dividido a las variables independientes introducidas en el estudio en factores epidemiol&#243;gicos &#40;sexo&#44; edad&#41;&#44; cl&#237;nicos &#40;antecedentes personales de litiasis&#44; n&#250;mero&#44; localizaci&#243;n y tama&#241;o de los c&#225;lculos&#44; bilateralidad&#41; y bioqu&#237;micos &#40;bioqu&#237;mica urinaria y composici&#243;n del c&#225;lculo&#41; en relaci&#243;n con la distinta evoluci&#243;n de la litiasis renal &#40;persitencia versus limpio de litiasis&#41;&#46; En las variables epidemiol&#243;gicas hemos recodificado la edad en intervalos mayor o menor de 47 a&#241;os&#44; ya que es en este intervalo donde hemos encontrado diferencias significativas en relaci&#243;n con la evoluci&#243;n&#46; En las variables cl&#237;nicas hemos considerado como antecedentes liti&#225;sicos aquellos pacientes con antecedentes de litiasis renal previa expulsada&#46; La localizaci&#243;n de la litiasis la hemos definido en calicilar&#44; pi&#233;lica y ureteral&#46; La bilateralidad existe cuando se demuestra por estudio radiol&#243;gico la existencia de litiasis bilateral en el momento de entrada en el estudio&#46; Se ha considerado multiplicidad cuando existe litiasis renal en dos o m&#225;s localizaciones distintas comprobadas radiol&#243;gicamente&#46; El tama&#241;o de los c&#225;lculos lo hemos analizado comparando c&#225;lculos mayores o menores a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; ya que es el tama&#241;o medio&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En las variables bioqu&#237;micas hemos considerado la composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica de los c&#225;lculos en 4 grupos en funci&#243;n de su componente principal&#44; englobando as&#237; el 90&#37; de toda la muestra &#40;oxalato c&#225;lcico monohidrato&#44; oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato&#44; hidroxiapatita y &#225;cido &#250;rico&#41; con el objetivo de simplificar el estudio&#46; El estudio de los c&#225;lculos ha sido realizado con microscop&#237;a estereosc&#243;pica Optomic&#44; espectrometr&#237;a por infrarrojos Brucker IFS 66 y microscop&#237;a electr&#243;nica de barrido acoplada a microan&#225;lisis mediante rayos X&#46; Las bioqu&#237;micas urinarias estaban constituidas por una muestra de orina de dos horas para saber el pH &#40;Crison&#41;&#44; y de orina de 24 horas para saber los niveles de &#225;cido &#250;rico&#44; calcio y citratos&#46; Hemos considerado riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de sales c&#225;lcicas presente cuando constatamos una calciuria elevada&#44; y&#47;o hipocitraturia&#44; y riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de &#225;cido &#250;rico cuando existe hiperuricosuria y&#47;o hiperuricemia y&#47;o pH urinario<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;5&#44; en funci&#243;n de la experiencia previa y de la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Los valores de referencia est&#225;n detallados en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n final de la litiasis renal la dividimos en dos posibilidades&#58; limpios y persistencia&#44; con el objetivo de analizar la variable dependiente con un car&#225;cter dicot&#243;mico y poder realizar una regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica binomial&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico univariante ha sido realizado con Chi-cuadrado para analizar cada variable por separado y relacionarla con la evoluci&#243;n final &#40;limpio o persistencia&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis multivariante ha sido realizado con una regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica binomial con el m&#233;todo condicional&#44; incluyendo las variables que en el an&#225;lisis univariante resultaron ser estad&#237;sticamente significativas&#46; Hemos considerado significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica cuando la p es<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con un seguimiento medio de 60 meses &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleMonospace">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> 52&#44;5-67&#44;4&#41; observamos persistencia de litiasis renal en 121 pacientes &#40;48&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; estando limpios de litiasis 127 pacientes &#40;51&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La edad media es de 44 a&#241;os&#46; El 69&#44;7&#37; &#40;173&#41; son hombres y el 30&#44;3&#37; &#40;75&#41; mujeres&#46; El 54&#44;8&#37; &#40;136&#41; tienen antecedentes personales de litiasis renal expulsiva previa&#44; frente a un 45&#44;2&#37; sin antecedentes &#40;112&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la distribuci&#243;n de las variables denominadas cl&#237;nicas la mayor&#237;a de los casos era una litiasis &#250;nica &#40;75&#37;&#41; frente a m&#250;ltiple &#40;25&#37;&#41;&#44; unilateral &#40;78&#37;&#41; frente a bilateral &#40;22&#37;&#41;&#44; y la localizaci&#243;n principal renal es calicilar &#40;40&#37;&#41; frente a pi&#233;lica &#40;20&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo la ureteral el resto &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46; El tama&#241;o medio de los c&#225;lculos es de 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Podemos observar c&#243;mo la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes &#40;78&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an un riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de sales c&#225;lcicas positivo&#44; mientras que el riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de &#225;cido &#250;rico es muy inferior &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#46; La composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica de los c&#225;lculos m&#225;s frecuentemente observada es oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato &#40;47&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida de oxalato c&#225;lcico monohidrato &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#44; fosfato c&#225;lcico &#40;19&#37;&#41; y &#225;cido &#250;rico &#40;8&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico univariante realizado con Chi-cuadrado relacionando cada variable con la evoluci&#243;n final &#40;limpio o persistencia&#41;&#44; muestra diferencias significativas a favor de mayor persistencia cuando la edad es inferior a 47 a&#241;os&#44; la litiasis es m&#250;ltiple&#44; la localizaci&#243;n es calicilar&#44; la litiasis es bilateral&#44; el riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de sales c&#225;lcicas es positivo y los c&#225;lculos son de oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis multivariante de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica binaria con las variables que resultaron ser significativas en el an&#225;lisis univariante confirma la edad &#40;&#60; 47 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; la bilateralidad&#44; la localizaci&#243;n calicilar y los c&#225;lculos de oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato como variables independientemente asociadas a mayores tasas de persistencia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay que destacar la elevada persistencia de la litiasis renal del 48&#44;8&#37;&#46; Estudios previos con un seguimiento similar al nuestro cifran esta persistencia en un 28-60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;9</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los autores hablan en general de recurrencia&#44; englobando la verdadera recurrencia &#40;c&#225;lculos nuevos&#41; y la persistencia &#40;mismo c&#225;lculo&#41;&#59; nosotros tambi&#233;n los hemos incluido en la misma variable&#44; pero nos parece m&#225;s adecuado denominarla persistencia&#44; pues este t&#233;rmino incluye los fracasos terap&#233;uticos y los casos de recurrencia &#40;c&#225;lculos nuevos&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto al efecto de los aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos observamos c&#243;mo el sexo no parece ser un factor diferencial respecto a la evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la edad se asocia a una peor evoluci&#243;n de forma independiente&#59; en edades inferiores a 47 a&#241;os comprobamos mayores tasas de persistencia&#46; Varios autores tambi&#233;n han observado que a edades m&#225;s j&#243;venes existen mayores tasas de recurrencia y peor evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De todos los factores cl&#237;nicos analizados observamos c&#243;mo el n&#250;mero de litiasis &#40;multiplicidad&#41;&#44; la bilateralidad y la localizaci&#243;n calicial est&#225;n asociadas a mayores tasas de persistencia&#44; aunque solo la bilateralidad y la localizaci&#243;n calicial de forma independiente&#46; El n&#250;mero de litiasis &#40;multiplicidad&#41; implica mayores tasas de persistencia&#44; ya que al igual que la bilateralidad implica mayor n&#250;mero y carga liti&#225;sica y&#44; l&#243;gicamente&#44; m&#225;s posibilidades de que alg&#250;n resto liti&#225;sico persista en el tiempo&#46; La localizaci&#243;n calicial tiene peor evoluci&#243;n&#44; pudi&#233;ndose esto deber a que tienen una expulsi&#243;n m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que la pelvis renal&#44; al ser cavidades m&#225;s cerradas y m&#225;s lejanas a la salida del ri&#241;&#243;n&#46; En un estudio m&#225;s amplio que el nuestro&#44; y analizando factores predictivos de respuesta a la litotricia externa&#44; se demuestra c&#243;mo la localizaci&#243;n &#40;renal frente a ureteral&#41;&#44; el n&#250;mero &#40;multiplicidad&#41; y la historia previa de litiasis renal son factores asociados a una peor evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;12</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n el tama&#241;o de los c&#225;lculos&#44; as&#237; como los antecedentes personales de litiasis previa&#44; han sido descritos como factores predictivos de evoluci&#243;n&#44; aunque nosotros no hemos obtenido estos resultados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuando analizamos la influencia de la bioqu&#237;mica urinaria y de la composici&#243;n del c&#225;lculo en la evoluci&#243;n global&#44; podemos observar claramente que el riesgo de cristalizaci&#243;n de sales c&#225;lcicas &#40;hipercalciuria y&#47;o hipocitraturia&#41; es un factor asociado a mayor tasa de persistencia&#44; aunque no de forma independiente&#46; Varios estudios est&#225;n de acuerdo en que la hipercalciuria y la hipocitraturia son trastornos urinarios asociados a mayores tasas de recurrencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a>&#44; por lo que nuestros resultados estar&#237;an de acuerdo con ellos&#46; Estos factores por s&#237; solos no son predictores&#44; como lo prueba el hecho de que sujetos sanos sin litiasis tengan tambi&#233;n alteraciones urinarias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#59; sin embargo&#44; posiblemente en conjunci&#243;n con otros factores s&#237; que tienen valor predictivo&#44; como sugieren los estudios que demuestran que la hipercalciuria e hipocitraturia&#44; cuando se asocia a la presencia de nucleantes heterog&#233;nos &#40;por ejemplo restos poslitotricia&#41;&#44; inducen su crecimiento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;20&#44;21</span></a>&#59; de hecho&#44; varios estudios confirman mejores resultados en el tratamiento de la litiasis cuando al tratamiento del c&#225;lculo &#40;litotricia intra o extracorp&#243;rea&#41; se le asocia un tratamiento m&#233;dico orientado al trastorno urinario asociado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de estudios dise&#241;ados para definir factores predictivos en litiasis renal han sido realizados sobre la litiasis oxaloc&#225;lcica en general&#59; a nosotros nos parec&#237;a interesante analizar tambi&#233;n la litiasis &#250;rica y la de hidroxiapatita&#44; pues corresponde al 32&#37; de la muestra estudiada &#40;11 y 18&#41;&#59; este aspecto adquiere m&#225;s importancia cuando observamos que la composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica de los c&#225;lculos es factor independiente predictivo&#46; Hay que destacar que la litiasis de oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato es la que m&#225;s persistencia tiene&#44; seguida por la de oxalato c&#225;lcico monohidrato&#44; la de hidroxiapatita y la de &#225;cido &#250;rico&#46; Estos resultados parecen l&#243;gicos al ser la litiasis de oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato la que m&#225;s se asocia a hipercalciuria e hipocitraturia&#44; conocidos como factores de riesgo lit&#243;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Otros autores han podido observar diferentes cifras de recurrencia liti&#225;sica en relaci&#243;n con la composici&#243;n de los c&#225;lculos&#44; y con resultados similares&#44; aunque no han podido definirlos como factores predictivos independientes en relaci&#243;n con la evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Somos conscientes de que este estudio puede tener los sesgos propios de un dise&#241;o retrospectivo y de la propia naturaleza multifactorial del tema a tratar&#59; de hecho&#44; no hemos comentado la posible influencia de la dieta&#44; el estilo de vida y factores socioecon&#243;micos&#46; Tampoco hemos analizado el papel que desempe&#241;a el tratamiento m&#233;dico&#44; pues consideramos que las indicaciones y la duraci&#243;n de los mismos no eran uniformes&#44; por lo que los resultados no ser&#237;an representativos&#46; A pesar de todo ello&#44; y teniendo en cuenta estas limitaciones&#44; nos parece interesante resaltar que este estudio permite definir un grupo de riesgo con peor evoluci&#243;n&#59; la estratificaci&#243;n del riesgo de progresi&#243;n de la litiasis renal deber realizase en funci&#243;n de su etiolog&#237;a ultifactorial y su conocimiento nos permitir&#225; definir estrategias de tratamiento&#44; seguimiento y prevenci&#243;n m&#225;s individualizadas&#44; con el objetivo de mejorar la evoluci&#243;n y la calidad de vida del paciente liti&#225;sico&#59; otros estudios de mayor volumen y seguimiento as&#237; lo demuestran<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#8211;31</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existe una elevada persistencia de la litiasis renal&#46; Los pacientes con edad inferior a 47 a&#241;os&#44; enfermedad bilateral&#44; localizaci&#243;n calicial y con c&#225;lculos de oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato tienen mayor riesgo de persistencia de su enfermedad&#46; Estos pacientes constituyen un grupo de riesgo con peor evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; y en ellos deber&#237;amos replantearnos opciones terap&#233;uticas m&#225;s intensas o agresivas y fomentar las medidas preventivas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha sido becado por la Fundaci&#243;n para la Investigaci&#243;n en Urolog&#237;a con la beca Rafael Moll&#225; y Rodrigo 2008&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizar un an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico multivariante de factores epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; cl&#237;nicos y bioqu&#237;micos que permitan identificar las variables que independientemente puedan predecir la evoluci&#243;n de la litiasis renal&#44; definiendo as&#237; un grupo de riesgo con peor evoluci&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio anal&#237;tico&#44; descriptivo&#44; retrospectivo sobre 248 pacientes visitados en nuestro centro en el periodo 2003-2007&#46; Se ha realizado an&#225;lisis univariante &#40;Chi-cuadrado&#41; y multivariante &#40;regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica&#41; de posibles factores predictivos epidemiol&#243;gicos &#40;sexo&#44; edad&#41;&#44; cl&#237;nicos &#40;antecedentes personales de litiasis&#44; n&#250;mero&#44; localizaci&#243;n caliciar y tama&#241;o de c&#225;lculos&#44; bilateralidad&#41; y bioqu&#237;micos &#40;bioqu&#237;mica urinaria y composici&#243;n del c&#225;lculo&#41; en relaci&#243;n con la evoluci&#243;n de la litiasis renal &#40;limpio o persistencia renal&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Con un seguimiento medio de 60 meses &#40;IC 95&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52&#44;5-67&#44;4&#41; observamos una persistencia global de litiasis renal en 121 pacientes &#40;48&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; estando limpios de litiasis 127 pacientes &#40;51&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; El an&#225;lisis univariante describe como variables asociadas a mayor persistencia de litiasis la edad&#44; el n&#250;mero de litiasis&#44; la localizaci&#243;n calicilar&#44; la bilateralidad&#44; la composici&#243;n bioqu&#237;mica urinaria y la composici&#243;n bioqu&#237;mica del c&#225;lculo&#59; de todas estas variables&#44; en el an&#225;lisis multivariante solo mantienen significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica la edad inferior a 47 a&#241;os&#44; la bilateralidad&#44; la localizaci&#243;n calicilar y la composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica de la litiasis &#40;oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrado&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existe una elevada persistencia de litiasis renal&#46; La edad inferior a 47 a&#241;os&#44; la bilateralidad&#44; la localizaci&#243;n calicilar y la composici&#243;n qu&#237;mica de la litiasis &#40;oxalato c&#225;lcico dihidrato&#41; son factores asociados a mayor persistencia de litiasis renal de forma independiente&#46; Estos factores se&#241;alan un grupo con peor evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; en los que deber&#237;amos replantear estrategias diagn&#243;sticas y terap&#233;uticas m&#225;s individualizadas&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To perform a multivariate statistical analysis of epidemiological&#44; clinical and biochemical factors that make it possible to identify the variables that can independently predict the course of renal lithiasis&#44; thus defining a group at risk of worse evolution&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective&#44; descriptive and analytic study was in a cohort of 248 patients with kidney stones treated in our center from 2003 to 2007&#46; A univariate &#40;chi-square&#41; and multivariate analysis &#40;regression model&#41; of possible epidemiological predictive factors &#40;age&#44; gender&#41;&#44; clinical data of stones &#40;number&#44; localization&#44; size and bilaterality&#41; and biochemical factors &#40;urinary composition&#44; stone composition&#41; were analyzed&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Based on a mean follow-up of 60 months &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 52&#46;5-67&#46;4&#41; we observed a global persistence of kidney stones in 121 patients &#40;48&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; 127 patients being stone-free &#40;51&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The univariate analysis describes the following variables as being associated to greater persistence of lithiasis&#58; age&#44; number of stones&#44; calyceal localization and bilaterality&#44; urinary biochemical composition&#44; and stone biochemical composition&#46; In regards to all of the above variables&#44; only age less than 47 years&#44; bilaterality&#44; stone localization and chemical composition of the lithiasis &#40;oxalate calcium dehydrated&#41; were significantly associated to a major risk of persistence of kidney stones&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is a high persistence rate of kidney stones&#46; Patient age inferior to 47 year&#44; calyceal localization&#44; bilaterality&#44; and biochemical composition of stones &#40;oxalate calcium dihydrate&#41; are independent factors associated to higher persistence rate of kidney stones&#46; These factors indicate a risk group with a worse clinical prognosis in which we should reconsider more individualized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Suero</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Orina</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ca &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ca &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;250 &#40;mujer&#41;&#62;300 &#40;var&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">P &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">P &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;1&#46;200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Acido &#250;rico &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;6&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Acido &#250;rico &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;600 &#40;mujer&#41;&#62; 800 &#40;var&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Creatinina &#40;mg&#47;dl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Creatinina &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;2&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Oxalato &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Citrato &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Fitato &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cistina &#40;mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;5&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;6&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valores de riesgo lit&#243;geno en suero y orina</p>"
        ]
      ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N&#46;S&#58; no significativo&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frecuencia &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recurrencia&#47;persistencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Limpios&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chi-cuadrado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Localizaci&#243;n</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Calicial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;38&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;68&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;31&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pi&#233;lico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;55&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;44&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ureteral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">95 &#40;38&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;44&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53 &#40;55&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riesgo cristalizaci&#243;n Ca</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">194 &#40;78&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113 &#40;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;42&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;048&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;21&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;58&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Riego cristalizaci&#243;n Ur</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;13&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">N&#46;S&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">215 &#40;86&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">116 &#40;53&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99 &#40;46&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Composici&#243;n c&#225;lculo</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ox Ca dihidrato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113 &#40;45&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;64&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;35&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ox Ca monohidrato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68 &#40;27&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;46&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;53&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fosfato c&#225;lcico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Acido &#250;rico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hazard ratio &#40;IC 95&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02104806
Idioma original: Español
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