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Estado actual de la formación urológica y diferencias entre instituciones
Current status of urological training and differences between institutions
M. Doğan Değera,
Autor para correspondencia
drdogandeger@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, H. Alperen Yıldızb, E. Denizhan Demirkıranc, S. Madendered
a Departamento de Urología, Hospital Edirne Sultan 1er Murat, Edirne, Turquía
b Departamento de Urología, Hospital Muş, Muş, Turquía
c Departamento de Urología, Hospital Şırnak, Şırnak, Turquía
d Departamento de Urología, Hospital Gümüşhane, Gümüşhane, Turquía
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La urolog&#237;a es uno de los campos de la medicina que m&#225;s ha evolucionado gracias al desarrollo tecnol&#243;gico a lo largo del tiempo&#46; A d&#237;a de hoy podemos ver el efecto de las nuevas tecnolog&#237;as en la urolog&#237;a mediante las t&#233;cnicas m&#237;nimamente invasivas&#44; como la cirug&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica&#44; percut&#225;nea&#44; endosc&#243;pica y rob&#243;tica&#44; las cuales est&#225;n cerca de sustituir los procedimientos abiertos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea ha cobrado importancia en la ense&#241;anza de la urolog&#237;a&#44; como en todos los campos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Respecto a este proceso&#44; se cree que la educaci&#243;n y la formaci&#243;n urol&#243;gica debe modificarse de acuerdo con estas condiciones cambiantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; El Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education &#40;ACGME&#41; anunci&#243; las normas b&#225;sicas de cualificaci&#243;n para los programas de residencia y concedi&#243; acreditaciones a los centros adecuados en EE&#46; UU&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; En Europa&#44; el European Board of Urology &#40;EBU&#41; otorga la certificaci&#243;n para garantizar unos servicios educativos modernos y homog&#233;neos para los residentes&#46; La certificaci&#243;n del EBU &#40;EBUc&#41; ofrece una oportunidad &#250;nica a las organizaciones para que sus programas sean evaluados y valorados en funci&#243;n de las normas europeas para los centros de formaci&#243;n nacionales&#46; A pesar de estos estudios y recomendaciones&#44; parece haber una falta de estandarizaci&#243;n entre los centros de urolog&#237;a&#44; incluso dentro del mismo pa&#237;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; La desigualdad en la formaci&#243;n urol&#243;gica provoca deficiencias en t&#233;rminos de prestaci&#243;n de asistencia sanitaria y de la carrera acad&#233;mica de los futuros ur&#243;logos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En Turqu&#237;a existen 2 tipos diferentes de instituciones para la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a&#46; La primera opci&#243;n son los hospitales universitarios &#40;HU&#41;&#44; que tambi&#233;n imparten formaci&#243;n m&#233;dica de pregrado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; La otra opci&#243;n son los hospitales gubernamentales de investigaci&#243;n y formaci&#243;n &#40;HGIF&#41; afiliados al Ministerio de Sanidad&#46; Faltan datos reales que comparen estas 2 instituciones o centros certificados desde el punto de vista de la estandarizaci&#243;n y calidad de la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realizamos una encuesta a los jefes de residentes de urolog&#237;a&#47;reci&#233;n graduados en Turqu&#237;a&#44; con el objetivo de identificar la heterogeneidad y las deficiencias en la formaci&#243;n urol&#243;gica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; hemos realizado un an&#225;lisis exhaustivo de la formaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#44; la producci&#243;n de publicaciones&#44; las condiciones de trabajo&#44; los planes de futuro y la satisfacci&#243;n global&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 38 HU y 36 HGIF&#44; 10 EBUc &#40;8 HU y 2 HGIF tienen EBUc&#41; y 64 cl&#237;nicas de urolog&#237;a sin EBUc con programas de residencia fueron contactadas telef&#243;nicamente tras la aprobaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica Local &#40;2020&#47;10-6&#41;&#46; Se entrevist&#243; a los jefes de residentes que estaban en los &#250;ltimos 6 meses de su residencia y a especialistas durante el primer a&#241;o posterior a su graduaci&#243;n&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se obtuvieron los datos de contacto de los ur&#243;logos reci&#233;n graduados en las cl&#237;nicas donde recibieron formaci&#243;n&#46; Se contact&#243; telef&#243;nicamente a un total de 155 jefes de residentes&#47;especialistas reci&#233;n graduados&#44; y se complet&#243; una encuesta de 22 &#237;tems&#46; La encuesta fue accesible entre junio y julio de 2020 a trav&#233;s del programa web Google Forms &#40;Alphabet Co&#46;&#44; Mountain View&#44; CA&#41;&#46; La primera parte de la encuesta&#44; que incluye 8 preguntas&#44; se centr&#243; en las caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas y del programa&#44; los planes de carrera de futuro y el inter&#233;s por la investigaci&#243;n&#46; La segunda parte de la encuesta tuvo como objetivo las competencias obtenidas para los procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos urol&#243;gicos y la producci&#243;n de publicaciones&#46; La tercera parte evaluaba la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea en 3 categor&#237;as&#58; cursos en l&#237;nea&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">webinars</span> y v&#237;deos de formaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#46; Asimismo&#44; se cuestion&#243; el &#237;ndice de satisfacci&#243;n de estos grupos con una escala de Likert de 3 puntos&#46; La &#250;ltima parte de la encuesta consist&#237;a en la satisfacci&#243;n global y las opiniones negativas sobre la especialidad de urolog&#237;a&#44; si las hab&#237;a&#44; en forma de pregunta abierta&#46; En cuanto a la metodolog&#237;a&#44; se utiliz&#243; la Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys &#40;CHERRIES&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; De manera previa a la distribuci&#243;n de la encuesta&#44; se comprob&#243; su usabilidad y funcionalidad&#46; Los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos se realizaron mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado con el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> estad&#237;stico R v3&#46;5&#46;1&#46; Un valor de p inferior a 0&#44;05 se consider&#243; significativo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Resultados</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Datos demogr&#225;ficos y caracter&#237;sticas basales</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Solo 6 ur&#243;logos reci&#233;n licenciados negaron su participaci&#243;n en la encuesta&#44; por lo que en total&#44; participaron 149 de 155&#44; con una tasa de respuesta del 96&#44;1&#37;&#46; No hab&#237;a grandes diferencias entre los ingresos mensuales de los encuestados&#44; los cuales variaban entre 1&#46;000 y 1&#46;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#36;&#44; seg&#250;n los impuestos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Caracter&#237;sticas del programa&#44; resultados de las publicaciones y competencias obtenidas</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hubo una diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en cuanto a los motivos para elegir el programa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Los encuestados prefirieron el HU sobre todo por motivos acad&#233;micos &#40;26&#44;0&#37;&#41; y por una mejor formaci&#243;n &#40;24&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; El HGIF se prefiri&#243; sobre todo por acceder a un n&#250;mero mayor de pr&#225;cticas &#40;53&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46; En cuanto a la confianza al realizar procedimientos quir&#250;rgicos&#44; las tasas m&#225;s altas se observaron en endourolog&#237;a &#40;97&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46; La &#250;nica diferencia significativa entre los tipos de instituciones se observ&#243; para la laparoscopia a favor de los HGIF &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La disponibilidad del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">logbook</span> &#40;libro del residente&#41;&#44; las horas de educaci&#243;n did&#225;ctica y el n&#250;mero de res&#250;menes totales&#44; fueron mayores en las instituciones con EBUc &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Hubo una diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa en cuanto a los motivos de selecci&#243;n del programa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Los encuestados prefirieron instituciones EBUc&#44; sobre todo por factores acad&#233;micos &#40;38&#44;5&#37;&#41; y con el objetivo de realizar m&#225;s pr&#225;cticas &#40;30&#44;8&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 75&#44;2&#37; de los encuestados no ten&#237;a ninguna publicaci&#243;n como primer autor&#44; y el 10&#44;1&#37; no ten&#237;a ninguna presentaci&#243;n de resumen como primer autor&#46; El n&#250;mero medio de publicaciones como primer autor fue de 0&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;2&#44; y la presentaci&#243;n de res&#250;menes como primer autor fue de 5&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;9&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de los dos datos hubo una diferencia significativa a favor de HGIF &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; En cuanto a la presentaci&#243;n de res&#250;menes como primer autor&#44; hubo una diferencia significativa a favor de EBUc &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Participaci&#243;n en la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 89&#44;9&#37; de los encuestados recibi&#243; al menos a un tipo de educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea y el 36&#44;1&#37; de ellos asisti&#243; a todos los tipos de educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea&#46; Se observ&#243; una participaci&#243;n y un beneficio mayor de los v&#237;deos de educaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Satisfacci&#243;n al realizar la especialidad de urolog&#237;a</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de satisfacci&#243;n de los participantes fue del 87&#44;2&#37;&#46; El 79&#37; de los encuestados ten&#237;a al menos una queja sobre la especialidad&#44; y algunos de ellos ten&#237;an m&#225;s de una&#46; Las categor&#237;as principales fueron los ingresos insuficientes y la dificultad de acceso a equipos tecnol&#243;gicos para realizar ciertas cirug&#237;as &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hemos comprobado que existe una falta de calidad en la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a en Turqu&#237;a&#44; similar a los datos de estudios anteriores realizados en pa&#237;ses europeos y en EE&#46; UU&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;9</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la certificaci&#243;n a&#250;n no ha podido verse reflejada en los resultados&#46; Dado que la formaci&#243;n de los residentes es un proceso largo y multifactorial&#44; el efecto de los cambios realizados hoy podr&#225; verse en a&#241;os futuros&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La preparaci&#243;n y publicaci&#243;n de manuscritos son pasos importantes en el proceso de formaci&#243;n de los programas de residencia urol&#243;gica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Seg&#250;n un estudio nacional de formaci&#243;n acad&#233;mica&#44; la producci&#243;n cient&#237;fica entre los residentes de urolog&#237;a en Espa&#241;a es escasa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Hemos comprobado que los encuestados ten&#237;an un n&#250;mero aceptable de presentaciones de res&#250;menes&#44; pero ten&#237;an un n&#250;mero muy bajo de publicaciones&#46; Esta diferencia suele deberse los retrasos e interrupciones en el proceso de evoluci&#243;n de las presentaciones de res&#250;menes a art&#237;culos&#46; Finkelstein et al&#46;&#44; Yang et al&#46; y Hellenthal et al&#46;&#44; descubrieron que los residentes que ten&#237;an un a&#241;o dedicado a la investigaci&#243;n produc&#237;an m&#225;s publicaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; descubrieron que la producci&#243;n de publicaciones durante la residencia estaba asociada a los futuros logros acad&#233;micos y a la b&#250;squeda de una beca de formaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Si se tienen en cuenta las horas extraordinarias&#44; se entiende que los residentes no pueden esforzarse lo suficiente en la preparaci&#243;n del manuscrito<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Al igual que en Italia&#44; los programas de residencia en Turqu&#237;a no incluyen un plan de estudios estandarizado que aborde la investigaci&#243;n acad&#233;mica&#44; y no establecen un n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de manuscritos necesarios para completar la residencia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La autoconfianza para realizar intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas entre los residentes se ha convertido en un tema importante en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; los encuestados ten&#237;an un nivel de competencia elevado en endourolog&#237;a&#44; similar al de Canad&#225; y los pa&#237;ses europeos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a>&#44; pero ninguno hab&#237;a realizado un procedimiento rob&#243;tico como primer cirujano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; Estas deficiencias podr&#237;an verse reflejadas en los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">logbooks</span> y los residentes podr&#237;an subsanarlas durante la formaci&#243;n&#46; En un estudio realizado por Cadish et al&#46; con residentes de cirug&#237;a&#44; descubrieron que la mitad de los residentes utilizaban una m&#233;trica incorrecta para registrar sus funciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; El uso m&#225;s efectivo del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">logbook</span> en HGIF que en HU&#44; puede ser la causa de la diferencia en la autoconfianza para realizar intervenciones entre las 2 instituciones&#46; Fitzpatrick et al&#46; probaron la nueva aplicaci&#243;n m&#243;vil del sistema de registro de casos O-SCORE&#44; observando que la plataforma electr&#243;nica es una herramienta de evaluaci&#243;n m&#225;s efectiva en comparaci&#243;n con el formato f&#237;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Creemos que es necesaria una aplicaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea de registro y publicaci&#243;n de casos&#44; que pueda ser controlada d&#237;a a d&#237;a por el supervisor de formaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; el director del hospital&#47;universidad y el director de la junta de especialidades&#46; El motivo principal al preferir HGIF fue la realizaci&#243;n de un n&#250;mero mayor de pr&#225;cticas &#40;53&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#44; pues la autoconfianza al realizar intervenciones est&#225; relacionada con la exposici&#243;n quir&#250;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Podemos decir que los encuestados lograron sus objetivos al obtener una mayor confianza para realizar los procedimientos laparosc&#243;picos&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una revisi&#243;n&#44; Akgun et al&#46; encontraron que la educaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica basada en videos reduce la curva de aprendizaje y proporciona m&#225;s beneficios a los aprendices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio observamos un beneficio mayor y una tasa de asistencia m&#225;s alta en los respondedores que recibieron v&#237;deos de educaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#46; Esto puede deberse a que muchos residentes no tienen la posibilidad de observar suficientes casos&#47;cirug&#237;as en sus cl&#237;nicas&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la mayor&#237;a de los v&#237;deos se ven a trav&#233;s de YouTube&#174;&#44; la cual carece de datos exhaustivos actualmente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Con fines educativos&#44; ser&#237;a necesaria una videoteca revisada por pares&#46; Se ha observado una baja participaci&#243;n y beneficio de los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">webinars&#44;</span> y tienen algunas desventajas&#46; En primer lugar&#44; los <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">webinars</span> est&#225;n lejos de tener un enfoque personalizado&#44; y los horarios no siempre son adecuados&#46; Se entendi&#243; que hab&#237;a deficiencias en la centralizaci&#243;n y estandarizaci&#243;n de la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea&#44; la cual cobr&#243; m&#225;s importancia en el periodo de la COVID-19&#46; Aunque la pandemia ha tenido un impacto negativo en la formaci&#243;n pr&#225;ctica de los residentes de urolog&#237;a&#59; se ha intentado minimizar las deficiencias en las modalidades de aprendizaje inteligente en este periodo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; los investigadores dan prioridad a la optimizaci&#243;n de la ense&#241;anza de la urolog&#237;a en l&#237;nea por su amplia gama de contenidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La mayor&#237;a de los encuestados se sienten satisfechos de haber realizado la especialidad de urolog&#237;a&#44; de forma similar a otros estudios &#40;87&#44;22&#37;&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; hemos tratado de revelar objetivamente los factores de insatisfacci&#243;n mediante una pregunta abierta&#46; En comparaci&#243;n con el estudio de Ballario et al&#46; de 2004&#44; los ingresos mensuales se mantuvieron al mismo nivel en Turqu&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Esto explica que los ingresos deficientes sean el factor relacionado con una mayor insatisfacci&#243;n&#46; Los encuestados informaron de la dificultad para acceder a equipos modernos de t&#233;cnicas m&#237;nimamente invasivas como la rob&#243;tica&#44; la laparoscopia y el l&#225;ser&#46; Al igual que en otros estudios&#44; los residentes no tuvieron muchas oportunidades de formarse en t&#233;cnicas m&#237;nimamente invasivas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a>&#46; Aunque la mayor&#237;a de las cl&#237;nicas disponen de equipos de laparoscopia&#44; solo unas pocas permiten a los residentes realizar cirug&#237;as laparosc&#243;picas&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las cl&#237;nicas han iniciado la realizaci&#243;n de laparoscopia en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#46; Con la experiencia adquirida a lo largo del tiempo&#44; la cirug&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica ser&#225; m&#225;s habitual durante la formaci&#243;n de los residentes&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La fortaleza de nuestro estudio es que se ha realizado mediante conversaciones telef&#243;nicas individuales y el hecho de haber incluido tambi&#233;n una pregunta abierta como indicador de insatisfacci&#243;n&#46; Nuestro estudio tiene limitaciones&#46; En el an&#225;lisis de las publicaciones no se tuvo en cuenta la calidad del art&#237;culo&#46; Podr&#237;amos clasificar las publicaciones seg&#250;n &#237;ndices como PubMed&#46; Podr&#237;an incluirse opciones quir&#250;rgicas m&#225;s detalladas para la autoconfianza al realizar intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas&#44; pero pensamos que incluir demasiados detalles nos alejar&#237;a de la idea principal&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; no investigamos la relaci&#243;n entre el nivel de confianza y el n&#250;mero de intervenciones realizadas&#46; La encuesta incluy&#243; a jefes de residentes&#47;reci&#233;n graduados&#44; el an&#225;lisis de todos los datos juntos puede llevar a alg&#250;n sesgo en categor&#237;as como los ingresos&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusiones</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se ha constatado que no existe una formaci&#243;n cualificada y estandarizada&#44; y que a&#250;n no se ha visto el impacto positivo de la certificaci&#243;n&#46; Se requiere modernizar la formaci&#243;n en todos los aspectos y no existe un plan de estudios estandarizado que aborde la investigaci&#243;n acad&#233;mica&#46; Aunque la mitad de los encuestados ya han terminado o terminar&#225;n pronto su formaci&#243;n&#44; las competencias sigue siendo baja para los procedimientos con abordaje abierto y laparosc&#243;pico-rob&#243;tico&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; los futuros ur&#243;logos corren el riesgo de no tener las competencias suficientes&#46; Esperamos que este estudio proporcione una gu&#237;a para la modernizaci&#243;n y estandarizaci&#243;n de la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta investigaci&#243;n no ha recibido ninguna subvenci&#243;n espec&#237;fica de organismos de financiaci&#243;n del sector p&#250;blico&#44; comercial o sin &#225;nimo de lucro&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Datos demogr&#225;ficos y caracter&#237;sticas basales"
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              "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas del programa&#44; resultados de las publicaciones y competencias obtenidas"
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              "titulo" => "Participaci&#243;n en la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-02-17"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-05-23"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La formaci&#243;n adecuada de los residentes de urolog&#237;a es importante para garantizar no solo una atenci&#243;n de alta calidad a los pacientes&#44; sino tambi&#233;n un futuro promisorio para nuestra especialidad&#46; Nuestro objetivo es investigar la formaci&#243;n de los residentes desde el punto de vista de la cualificaci&#243;n y la estandarizaci&#243;n&#44; y evaluar de forma exhaustiva la formaci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica&#44; la producci&#243;n de publicaciones&#44; las condiciones de trabajo&#44; los planes de futuro y la satisfacci&#243;n global&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una encuesta a los jefes de residentes&#47;reci&#233;n graduados en Turqu&#237;a para identificar las diferencias entre instituciones y las deficiencias en la formaci&#243;n de los residentes de urolog&#237;a&#46; Se contact&#243; telef&#243;nicamente a un total de 155 jefes de residentes&#47;especialistas reci&#233;n graduados para completar la encuesta&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de respuesta a la encuesta fue del 96&#44;1&#37;&#46; Los encuestados presentaron un nivel alto de competencias en endourolog&#237;a &#40;97&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; similar al de Canad&#225; y los pa&#237;ses europeos&#46; Sin embargo&#44; manifestaron una falta de competencias en laparoscopia &#40;28&#44;9&#37;&#41; y urolog&#237;a funcional &#40;26&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; ninguno hab&#237;a realizado un procedimiento rob&#243;tico como primer cirujano&#46; El 75&#44;2&#37; de los encuestados no ten&#237;a ninguna publicaci&#243;n como primer autor&#44; y el 10&#44;1&#37; no ten&#237;a presentaciones de res&#250;menes como primer autor&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas entre los distintos tipos de instituciones con o sin certificaci&#243;n&#46; Hubo un &#237;ndice de satisfacci&#243;n del 87&#44;2&#37; entre los participantes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha observado que no se ha conseguido una formaci&#243;n cualificada y estandarizada&#44; y que a&#250;n no se evidencian los efectos positivos de la certificaci&#243;n&#46; Se debe modernizar la formaci&#243;n en todos los aspectos&#44; y no existe un plan de estudios estandarizado que aborde la investigaci&#243;n acad&#233;mica&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; existe el riesgo de que los futuros ur&#243;logos no tengan las habilidades suficientes&#46; Esperamos que este estudio sirva de gu&#237;a para la modernizaci&#243;n y la estandarizaci&#243;n de la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appropriate training of urology residents is important to secure not only high-quality patient care&#44; but also the bright future of our specialty&#46; We aimed to investigate residency training from the perspective of qualification and standardization and to evaluate surgical education&#44; publication output&#44; working conditions&#44; future plans&#44; and overall satisfaction&#44; in a comprehensive way&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a survey of urology chief residents&#47;recent graduates in Turkey to identify differences between institutions and deficiencies in urology resident training&#46; A total of 155 chief residents&#47;recently graduated specialists were contacted by phone and a survey was completed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The survey response rate was 96&#46;1&#37;&#46; Respondents had high proficiency in endourology &#40;97&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; similar to Canada and European countries&#46; However&#44; they reported a lack of proficiency in laparoscopy &#40;28&#46;9&#37;&#41; and functional urology &#40;26&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Also&#44; no one had completed a robotic procedure as first surgeon&#46; A total of 75&#46;2&#37; respondents had no first author publication&#44; and 10&#46;1&#37; had no first author abstract presentation&#46; There was no significant difference between institution types with or without certification&#46; There was a satisfaction rate of 87&#46;2&#37; among participants&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was observed that qualified and standardized training could has not been achieved and the positive effects of certification have not been seen yet&#46; There is a lack of modernization in all aspects of education&#44; and there is no standardized curriculum addressing academic research&#46; Therefore&#44; there is a risk that future urologists will have insufficient skills&#46; We hope this study serves as a guide for modernization and standardization in urology training&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anatolia suroriental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;67&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospital gubernamental de investigaci&#243;n y formaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;17&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">123 &#40;82&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;23&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;34&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;28&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s pr&#225;ctica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;30&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mejor educaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prop&#243;sito acad&#233;mico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ninguna raz&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#225;s ingresos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Horas de formaci&#243;n did&#225;ctica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71 &#40;57&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Consejo multidisciplinar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Consejo Uro&#44;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presentaciones te&#243;ricas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disponibilidad de laboratorio de simulaci&#243;n&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Simulador de laparoscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Logbook&#44;</span> n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Disponibilidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uso adecuado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;23&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tipo de tesis m&#233;dica&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cohorte retrospectiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;42&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cohorte prospectiva&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Estudio en animales&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Transversal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Competencias percibidas para intervenciones quir&#250;rgicas&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Endourolog&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">119 &#40;96&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cirug&#237;a mayor abierta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;52&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;51&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;52&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laparoscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;20&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;46&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;19&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rob&#243;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urolog&#237;a funcional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;25&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;28&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;29&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Planes de carrera&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No se ha decidido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;18&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;15&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pr&#225;ctica acad&#233;mica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;57&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;59&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;65&#44;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69 &#40;56&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Beca nacional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;6&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Beca en el extranjero&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;13&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;12&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;13&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pr&#225;ctica privada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;14&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;11&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;10&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Subespecialidad a futuro&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Endourolog&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;36&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;32&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;38&#44;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;34&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laparoscopia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;29&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;40&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;26&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;34&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rob&#243;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;10&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;4&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;19&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Androlog&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;14&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;7&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;13&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Oncolog&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;6&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urolog&#237;a funcional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;10&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;3&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;6&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urolog&#237;a pedi&#225;trica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primer autor&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;al menos una&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;21&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;32&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;30&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;23&#44;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total de publicacionesMedia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primer autor&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41; &#40;al menos una&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;75&#44;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;85&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;96&#44;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92 &#40;74&#44;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Total res&#250;menesMedia<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Aspectos relevantes</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hay una carencia de modernizaci&#243;n en la educaci&#243;n en todos los aspectos&#44; y no hay un plan de estudios estandarizado que aborde la investigaci&#243;n acad&#233;mica&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen deficiencias en la estandarizaci&#243;n de la educaci&#243;n en l&#237;nea&#44; la cual est&#225; cobrando m&#225;s importancia desde el per&#237;odo de la COVID-19&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existe el riesgo de que los futuros ur&#243;logos no tengan las competencias suficientes&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El impacto positivo de la certificaci&#243;n no se ha visto a&#250;n&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es necesario modernizar todos los aspectos de la formaci&#243;n en urolog&#237;a&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 02104806
Idioma original: Español
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