array:24 [ "pii" => "S2173579418300604" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2018.04.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-06-01" "aid" => "1304" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2018" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:263-73" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0365669118300418" "issn" => "03656691" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2018.01.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-06-01" "aid" => "1304" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:263-73" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 75 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 62 "PDF" => 13 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artículo original</span>" "titulo" => "Mapeo de los cambios de grosor en el glaucoma de las capas retinianas maculares segmentadas usando el programa de polo posterior de la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "273" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Mapping the thickness changes on retinal layers segmented by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the posterior pole program in glaucoma" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figura 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1039 "Ancho" => 1578 "Tamanyo" => 54817 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mapa de calor de las diferencias de grosor en la capa nuclear externa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>plexiforme externa (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL). Se representa en rojo los engrosamientos y en azul los adelgazamientos del grupo glaucoma respecto del grupo control. En blanco se representan las celdas sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La gradación de colores indica las diferencias en micras. El mapa se presenta como si todos los ojos fueran derechos.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.J. García-Medina, M. del-Rio-Vellosillo, A. Palazón-Cabanes, M. Tudela-Molino, C. Gómez-Molina, A. Guardiola-Fernández, M.P. Villegas-Pérez" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.J." "apellidos" => "García-Medina" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "del-Rio-Vellosillo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Palazón-Cabanes" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Tudela-Molino" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Molina" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Guardiola-Fernández" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.P." 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"apellidos" => "Novalbos-Ruiz" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0365669117303611" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2017.12.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669117303611?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579418300410?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735794/0000009300000006/v1_201805290408/S2173579418300410/v1_201805290408/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2173579418300598" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2018.04.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-06-01" "aid" => "1316" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:261-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Artificial sight: A therapeutic alternative for the future" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "262" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Visión artificial: una alternativa terapéutica de futuro" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. 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García-Medina, M. del-Rio-Vellosillo, A. Palazón-Cabanes, M. Tudela-Molino, C. Gómez-Molina, A. Guardiola-Fernández, M.P. Villegas-Pérez" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.J." 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"apellidos" => "Villegas-Pérez" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Red Temática de Patología Ocular OFTARED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Mapeo de los cambios de grosor en el glaucoma de las capas retinianas maculares segmentadas usando el programa de polo posterior de la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1023 "Ancho" => 1575 "Tamanyo" => 57996 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the photoreceptor layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glaucoma is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. The incidence of glaucoma is increasing and is estimated to affect nearly 18,000,000 people worldwide by 2020, constituting the first cause of irreversible blindness.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Glaucoma is characterized by damage and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) that involves characteristic centripetal visual field deterioration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The macula concentrates over 50% of all RGC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and, in contrast with the papilla and the papillary region, exhibits lower anatomic variability. For this reason, in the absence of macular comorbidity, it seems to be a good region to study changes in RGC in neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RGC are located in the internal retina and are the last link in the chain that transmits luminous information to the lateral geniculate ganglion after its conversion, processing and modulation by means of electrical and chemical signals. This is done by the cells located in the outermost retinal layers, i.e., photoreceptor, bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years it has become possible to estimate the thickness of each macular retinal layer by means of automatic segmentation thereof utilizing spectral domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT). This development was applied to the study of neurologic alterations such as Parkinson's disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Alzheimer,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> multiple sclerosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> or autism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> with significant results. Glaucoma was not the exception. Several macular segmentation studies with OTC are based on the 6 linear axis pattern,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> the elliptical ring pattern,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a> the 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm pattern,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> the ETDRS pattern<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–18</span></a> or the broad area averages using the 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 posterior pole pattern.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In general, said studies focused predominantly on the internal retinal layers and found contradictory results for the external retina layers. One of said studies took into account only the adjustment of inclination between the fovea and the center of the papilla, comparing aggregate average area thicknesses (superior temporal, superior nasal, inferior temporal and inferior nasal).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Accordingly, in order to assess with greater detail the topographic changes in the thickness of macular retinal layers (MRLs) in glaucoma, the authors carried out a comparison study aggregating data (superior and inferior hemispheres) and without aggregating data (cell to cell) between healthy and glaucomatous subjects utilizing a broad macular pattern (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 grid, 64 cells) of the posterior pole, taking into account the disc-fovea inclination and considering all the MRLs, including the outer ones. The results of the cell to cell comparisons were portrayed in heat maps. In the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study in this area carried out with this methodology.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prospective, observational and transversal study. The examinations were carried out at the Ophthalmology Dept. of the Reina Sofía General University Hospital of Murcia, Spain, between January 1, 2014 and May 31, 2016. All participants signed informed consents. The study was carried out in compliance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration and the project was previously approved by the local Research Committee.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Recruitment and inclusion/exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study consecutively included healthy Caucasian controls and patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) over 50 years of age. All participants underwent the following examinations: automatic auto-refraction, best corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopy examination of anterior chamber, Goldmann applanation tonometry, automated 30-2 SITA standard perimetry (Humphrey, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, United States), SD-OCT posterior pole exploration utilizing the Spectralis device (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> version 6.0), gonioscopy prior to midriasis and funduscopy after midriasis.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included individuals with refractive error under 6 spherical diopters (in absolute value) and under 2.5 cylindrical diopters (in absolute value), best corrected visual acuity ≥0.5 in decimal scale, without clinically significant opacity or biomicroscopic alterations and with open angle.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Healthy controls were individuals with automated perimetry within normal ranges (see normal campimetric criteria below), without signs of glaucomatous damage in the optic nerve and intraocular pressure within normal values, i.e. equal to or under 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hg without the use of ocular hypotensor medications.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with POAG were those having automated perimetry and/or optic nerve with functional and structural alterations typical of glaucoma, open angle and intraocular pressure above 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hg prior to treatment (on the basis of their clinical records).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study excluded patients with:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous ocular surgery in the past 6 months.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical or mental difficulties for obtaining reliable and reproducible perimetries.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">History of neuro-ophthalmological disease (optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer, Parkinson, etc.).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ocular malformations, angle or optic nerve anomalies.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0021"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0071" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any type of retinopathy or maculopathy.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0022"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0072" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe general syndromes or diseases mental.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0023"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0073" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retard or any other limitation for obtaining informed consent.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0024"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0074" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any other type of glaucomatous disease not matching primary open angle glaucoma.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0026"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0076" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unreliable automated perimetry or SD-OCT examination (see reliability criteria below).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ocular hypertension, defined as individuals with automated perimetry within normal ranges, without signs of glaucomatous damage in the optic nerve and intraocular pressure above 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hg before initiating ocular hypotensor treatment.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Automated perimetry examination</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">White-white 30-2 campimetries were taken for both eyes of each patient utilizing the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm</span> (SITA) fast strategy and the Humphrey Field Analyzer II (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, United States). For this examination, the stimuli was Goldmann size III and a duration of 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, with the white background being 31.5 apostilbis. Campimetries out of normal ranges were those exhibiting a presence of 3 adjacent dots with a significance level below 5%, or 2 with a probability below 1% in the pattern deviation map, or a deviation from the model with a probability under 5%, or a glaucomatous hemi-field test outside of normal limits. Perimetries in which the fixation losses exceeded 20% were regarded as unreliable, together with those exhibiting false positives or false negatives exceeding 33%.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Spectral domain optic coherence tomography examination</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SD-OCT examinations were performed in both eyes of each patient utilizing the Spectralis device (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> version 6.0) which comprises a system for following the eye (TruTrack Active Eye Tracking) in order to offset ocular movements. The posterior pole (PP) pattern was used, producing a 64 cell map (8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) centered on the fovea of the 20 central PP degrees and automatically aligning the horizontal meridian with the fovea-disc axis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each cell has an area of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 degrees, approximately one square millimeter of the retina.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The denomination of each cell is symmetrical depending on whether analyzing the right or left eye (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The MRLs were automatically segmented utilizing a prototype software by Spectralis (Segmentation Technology; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The following individual segmentations were considered: macular layer of the retina nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor layer and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poor quality examinations (single strength under 20) were not taken into account. In addition, all the images were assessed by the same experienced operator (JJGM) in order to exclude eyes with segmentation errors, decentering or any other artifact. No manual corrections were made to the automatic segmentation performed by the prototype software.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thickness in each individual layer mentioned above was automatically calculated by the device and exported as a Microsoft Excel table (version 2016; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Microsoft</span> Corporation, Redmond, WA, United States). OPL and ONL taken jointly (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL) to avoid automatic segmentation errors due to the orientation of the Henle fibers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outer retina (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> photoreceptors) and the outer retina <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE) were also taken together. This addition was done by adding the thicknesses in the Excel table.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, the mean thickness of the inferior hemisphere was calculated for each mRLs (arithmetical mean of the values of cells 1.1–4.8) and of the superior hemisphere (arithmetical mean of the values of cells 5.1–8.8) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only one eye per patient was taken for statistical calculation. When both eyes of the same patient fulfilled the inclusion criteria, one of them was randomly selected. The statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS statistical software (version 22.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, United States).</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fisher's exact test was utilized for comparing 2 proportions of independent samples (sex and eye laterality).</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For continuous quantitative variables, first a normality verification was done with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. All variables exhibited Gaussian distribution, and accordingly the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> for Student test for independent samples was applied for comparing both groups in the case of comparisons between groups, and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> for Student test for paired samples in the case of intra-group comparisons. Statistical significance was established at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05. The values of continuous variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> standard deviation.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average thicknesses of the superior and inferior hemispheres were compared between both groups (controls versus healthy subjects) and intra-group (superior hemisphere versus inferior hemisphere) for each mRLs.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In each mRLs the results of the comparison between groups (control versus glaucoma) of the thickness of each cell of the 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 pattern were portrayed in a heatmap utilizing the OriginPro 2015 software (OriginLab, Northampton, MA, United States). Each cell was shown in blue when significant thinning was found (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) in the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group, red was used to show thickening and white when a significant difference (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) was not founded between both groups. Automatic and proportional grading of color intensity was adopted to show in darker blue or red the cells with larger thickness differences in microns, and in lighter blue or red the cells with smaller differences. The maps were represented as if all eyes were right eyes.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 103 eyes of 103 healthy controls and 128 eyes of 128 patients with POAG were selected. In the group of POAG patients, 70 had slight glaucoma, 31 had moderate glaucoma and 27 had severe glaucoma according to the Hodapp classification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The remaining demographic and ophthalmological characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When comparing average thicknesses (aggregate data) of the superior and inferior hemispheres between groups and for the various mRLs, thinning was observed in the inner layers in both hemispheres of the glaucoma group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) and thickening in INL, the photoreceptor layer and RPE in the superior hemisphere (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). Even though not all results were significant, the tendency toward thickening in both hemispheres of the INL layers and of the outer retina in the glaucoma group is worthy of note.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, when comparing intra-group differences between the superior and inferior hemisphere, greater mRNFL thicknesses were observed in the superior hemisphere and lower thicknesses in the inferior hemisphere of the outer retina layers in both study groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of comparing cell-by-cell thicknesses (non-aggregated data) are shown below. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a> illustrates the differences between cells in the macular retina nerve fiber layers. A relatively symmetrical thinning can be observed between the superior and inferior hemisphere. When analyzing differences in the GCL, generalized but less significant thinning can be observed in the temporal paracentral area, approximately respecting the superior-inferior symmetry (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). IPL exhibited similar results although with smaller thinning in microns (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>). However, INL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>), OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>), the photoreceptor layer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>), RPE (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>), the outer retina (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig. 11</a>) and the outer retina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig. 12</a>) exhibit thickening, predominantly in the inferior hemisphere, with defined patterns.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study enables a topographic evaluation of differences in the thickness of the various retinal layers between a group of healthy controls and a group of patients with glaucoma. Different results are obtained when data are aggregated (considering complete hemispheres) or not. In addition, inner retina layers (excepting the inner nuclear layer) showed different behaviors when compared to the behavior of the outer retina layers.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retinal layers in glaucoma were previously studied with OCT. Generally, all studies found inner retina layer thinning although the results for the outer retina are contradictory.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using time domain OCT (TD-OCT), Ishikawa et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found that the thicknesses of mRNFL and the sum of GCL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>INL layers were lower in patients with glaucoma than in healthy controls. In addition, they found thickening of what they termed “outer retina complex”, i.e., the outer nuclear layers<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors. Subsequently, in a more detailed analysis also utilizing TD-OCT, Tan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> concluded that glaucoma brings about thinning of the mRFNL, GCL, IPL and INL layers and, to a lesser extent, of the outer retina. Both studies used a radial 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm pattern in 6 meridians centered on the fovea and assessed mean thicknesses of each layer for the entire macula.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Later on, using SD-OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) and a 6-sector annular ring pattern (temporal superior, temporal inferior, superior, inferior, nasal superior and nasal inferior), Mwanza et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> found that all the ganglion cell layer sectors together with the inner plexiform layer (GCL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IPL) were thinner in patients with glaucoma. The pattern of said study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> theoretically respected the horizontal meridian but did not consider the disc-fovea orientation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Utilizing the same pattern, Kotowsky et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> found thinning in the inner layers of glaucoma patients but did not find changes in outer retina thicknesses.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other authors, including Kita et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> have used a macular pattern that covered an area of 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and took into account only the mean overall thicknesses as well as those of the superior and inferior sector calculated by SD-OCT RTVue (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). They also found thinning in the inner retina layers but did not find changes in the outer retina. This pattern also theoretically respected the horizontal meridian but did not take into account either the disc-fovea angle.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors, including Martínez-de-la-Casa et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Kim et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Pazos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Chen et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> adopted the ETDRS pattern for macular analysis. The first two studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> utilized OCT Spectralis (Heidelgerg) and only analyzed the inner retinal layers and found generalized thinning in glaucoma. The study by Pazos et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> also utilizing OCT Spectralis (Heidelgerg), apart from finding thinning in inner retinal layer sectors in the glaucomatous group did not find changes in the outer layers. In contrast, the study by Chen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> was made with a non-marketed prototype of ultrahigh resolution OCT and also analyzed the outer layers and found thinning in glaucoma of certain ETDRS sectors in the entire outer retina, ONL and external photoreceptor segments. However, matching the results of the present study in the cell-to-cell comparison, they found thickening in the inferior sectors in some more detailed layers of the outer retina (in the myoid and ellipsoid zone and the RPE). It should be pointed out that the studies by Pazos et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Chen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> took the OPL and ONL layers individually, and accordingly segmentation defects could appear in detriment of the results for these layers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The present study decided to take said layers jointly to avoid the possibility of said artifacts.</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, when assessing studies based on the ETDRS map, it should be borne in mind that this map takes into account sectors that do not respect the horizontal meridian such as the inner and outer temporal and nasal sectors as well as the central zone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a>). As glaucoma lesions could affect the inferior (or superior) zone of a sector (for example, the outer temporal zone) leaving the area above (or below) the horizontal meridian of said sector undamaged, with the thickness of said sector being the mean thickness of the entire area (above and below the meridian), the present authors regard that the study of said sectors is not adequate in glaucoma due to the characteristics of said disease. In addition, said 3 studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15–17</span></a> did not take into account the fovea-disc angle (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a>). This could lead to erroneous macular thickness measurements, particularly in large disc-fovea angles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> For the above reasons, the authors believe that the method applied in this study is more precise because it takes into account the disc-fovea angle and the cells of the studied zone respect the horizontal meridian.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent study utilized a similar method<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>: it applied the 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 Heidelberg posterior pole pattern taking into account the disc-fovea angle to study only the inner retinal layers in glaucoma and found these to be thinned. However, instead of carrying out a cell to cell comparison as in the present study, the aggregated cells (an arithmetic mean of 16 cells per sector to obtain 4 sectors – temporal superior, temporal inferior, nasal superior and nasal inferior – and global mean).</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study evidences disparity in results when data are aggregated (hemispheres) and not aggregated (cells). It appears that outer retinal layer thickening in glaucoma, which is smaller in microns than inner layer thinning, can only be detected with a more detailed study (cell to cell) due to specific topographic patterns that are diluted when data are aggregated. This could be the reason why many of the above mentioned studies did not find variations in outer retina thicknesses when comprising extended areas. The merit of the present study lies in the cell to cell comparison and presenting results in a heat map for quick and intuitive assessment.</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The topography of internal layer thinning found in the present study matches the evidence found in the literature, being attributed to ganglion cell apoptosis. The cause of the thickening found in outer layers is unknown but could be due to factors such as infiltration of glyal or inflammatory cells, or increased extracellular matrix deposits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The heat maps of the present study found asymmetries in the compromise of IML and outer macular retina layers in glaucoma. At present, the only superior/inferior macular symmetry studies have taken the overall macular thickness,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> but it could be clinically relevant to consider various layers in the light of the present results (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0020">Figs. 4–12</a>). It is particularly relevant to verify whether the thickening of the outer retinal layers are related to functional impairment (campimetric loss) in glaucoma, although more studies are required to do this.</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, thickness changes in mRLs represented as heat maps demonstrate compromise with different patterns in the inner layers (which symmetrically become thinner with respect to the horizontal meridian) than in the INL and the outer layers (which should become thicker asymmetrically, predominantly in the inferior macular hemisphere). The aggregation of thickness data in hemispheres does not seem to be adequate to identify said change patterns.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1031524" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec988635" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1031523" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec988636" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Recruitment and inclusion/exclusion criteria" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Automated perimetry examination" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Spectral domain optic coherence tomography examination" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack348362" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-10-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-01-16" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec988635" "palabras" => array:8 [ 0 => "Glaucoma" 1 => "Thickness" 2 => "Layer" 3 => "Macula" 4 => "Posterior pole" 5 => "Segmentation" 6 => "Mapping" 7 => "8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec988636" "palabras" => array:8 [ 0 => "Glaucoma" 1 => "Grosor" 2 => "Capa" 3 => "Mácula" 4 => "Polo posterior" 5 => "Segmentación" 6 => "Mapeado" 7 => "8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate changes in retinal layers of the macula (mRLs) using OCT posterior pole program (PPP) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 128 patients with POAG and 103 healthy controls who had PPP maps (macular grid 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) drawn by SD-OCT. Only one eye per patient was studied. The 9 mRLs were automatically segmented by prototype software, obtaining: a macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nuclear layer, photoreceptor layer, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), outer retina and RPE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>outer retina. Thickness values were obtained on 64 cells of the grid for each mRL, and mean thickness of superior and inferior hemispheres were calculated. Comparisons of mean thickness of these hemispheres and thickness of each cell between groups were determined. Differences in the cell by cell comparisons were represented quantitatively by heat maps for each mRL.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Photoreceptors and RPE were found in POAG group when comparing thickness of hemispheres, thinning of mRNFL, GCL, IPL, and thickening of INL. Heat maps showed symmetrical thinning patters between superior and inferior hemispheres in inner retinal layers (except for INL) and asymmetrical thickening patters in outer retinal layers in GPAA group.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There are thickness changes in all mRLs in POAG, when studied by PPP. Thinning of inner layers (except for INL), and thickening of outer layers in POAG show different symmetry patterns in relation to horizontal meridian.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar los cambios de las capas retinianas maculares (CRM) usando el programa de OCT de polo posterior (PP) en el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto (GPAA).</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ciento veintiocho pacientes con GPAA y 103 controles sanos con mapas de PP (rejilla macular 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) obtenidos mediante SD-OCT fueron incluidos. Solo un ojo por paciente fue considerado. Entonces 9 CRM se segmentaron automáticamente mediante un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">software</span> prototipo obteniendo: capas de fibras nerviosas maculares, capa de células ganglionares (GCL), plexiforme interna, nuclear interna (INL), plexiforme<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nuclear externa, capa de fotorreceptores, epitelio pigmentario de la retina (RPE) y retina externa completa. Se obtuvieron los valores de grosor de las 64 celdas de la rejilla para cada una de las CRM y se calcularon los grosores promedio de los hemisferios superior e inferior. Se realizó una comparación de los grosores promedio de dichos hemisferios y de los grosores celda a celda entre los 2 grupos. Las diferencias en comparaciones celda a celda fueron representadas mediante mapas de calor para cada CRM.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Al comparar los grosores de los hemisferios se encontraron adelgazamientos en capas de fibras nerviosas maculares, capa de células ganglionares y plexiforme interna y engrosamientos en INL, fotorreceptores y RPE en GPAA. Los mapas de calor mostraron patrones de adelgazamiento simétricos entre ambos hemisferios (superior e inferior) en capas de la retina interna (excepto INL) y patrones de engrosamiento asimétricos en las CRM externas en GPAA.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Existen patrones de cambio en el grosor en todas las CRM en el GPAA estudiadas mediante el programa PP. Los adelgazamientos de las capas internas (excepto INL) y los engrosamientos de las externas en el GPAA presentan diferentes patrones de simetría respecto al meridiano horizontal.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: García-Medina JJ, del-Rio-Vellosillo M, Palazón-Cabanes A, Tudela-Molino M, Gómez-Molina C, Guardiola-Fernández A, et al. Mapeo de los cambios de grosor en el glaucoma de las capas retinianas maculares segmentadas usando el programa de polo posterior de la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:263–273.</p>" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Galo and Gustavo Leoz Award for the best research communication at the 2017 Zaragoza SEO Congress.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1163 "Ancho" => 2922 "Tamanyo" => 459561 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 posterior pole pattern utilized in the study for the right and left eye, showing rotated grid and horizontal axis corresponding to the fovea-disc axis.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1150 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 310127 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nomenclature of 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 grid in OCT, showing the right eye (RE) and the left eye (LE). It can be seen that the cells are symmetrical. For example, RE and LE cell 8.1 are temporal superior (and therefore corresponding). The horizontal meridian, that occupies the superior and inferior hemisphere, is represented by a thick horizontal line.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 425 "Ancho" => 1000 "Tamanyo" => 125016 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Automatic segmentations of the Spectralis device for the different macular retinal layers.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1039 "Ancho" => 1579 "Tamanyo" => 56508 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the nerve fiber layer of the macular retina. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1031 "Ancho" => 1573 "Tamanyo" => 61029 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the ganglion cell layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1032 "Ancho" => 1574 "Tamanyo" => 65234 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the inner plexiform layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1017 "Ancho" => 1581 "Tamanyo" => 59453 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the inner nuclear layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1039 "Ancho" => 1578 "Tamanyo" => 53843 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the outer nuclear layer<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>the outer plexiform (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL). Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1023 "Ancho" => 1575 "Tamanyo" => 57996 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the photoreceptor layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1029 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 58075 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the retina pigment epithelium layer. Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1036 "Ancho" => 1576 "Tamanyo" => 53634 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the outer retina (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors). Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1040 "Ancho" => 1578 "Tamanyo" => 52094 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heatmap showing thickness differences in the outer retina<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> retina pigment epithelium (OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE). Thickening areas are shown in red and thinning areas in blue for the glaucoma group vis-à-vis the control group. Cells without statistically significant differences are shown in white. The different shades of color indicate differences in microns. The map is shown as if all the eyes were right eyes.</p>" ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0065" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 13" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg" "Alto" => 1583 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 223594 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macular ETDRS pattern utilized in several studies. The sectors indicated in red (T1, T2, C0, N1 and N2) are cut across by the horizontal meridian. Those indicated in green are not affected. The disc-fovea axis (dashed yellow line) to not match the horizontal meridian (full blue line). Compare with <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p>" ] ] 13 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significant results are shown in bold. Values are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation.</p><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NA: not applicable.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>103) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glaucoma group (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> (test) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sex (male/female) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">45/58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">60/68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.690 (Fisher) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">69.73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.235 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> Student) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophthalmological data</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right/left eye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">49/54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63/65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.894 (Fisher) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Visual acuity (decimal) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.210 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> Student) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IOP (mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.246 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> Student) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Papillary cup vertical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001 (</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">t</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Student)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DM (dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−7.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001 (</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">t</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Student)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DSM (dB) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001 (</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">t</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Student)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1756187.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects.</p>" ] ] 14 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significant results are shown in bold. Thickness values are expressed in microns and shown as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation. The statistical test is the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> for Student test for independent samples.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Layer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior hemisphere control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior hemisphere glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Difference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">mRNFL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">GCL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IPL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">INL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Photoreceptors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.010</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0.033</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.118 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.069 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1756185.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean superior hemisphere thickness comparisons in the studied layers between the control and glaucoma groups.</p>" ] ] 15 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significant results are shown in bold. Thickness values are expressed in microns and shown as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation. The statistical test is the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> for Student test for independent samples.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Layer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inferior hemisphere controls \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inferior hemisphere glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Difference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">mRNFL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">GCL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">IPL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">INL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.131 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.787 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Photoreceptors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.108 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">RPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.168 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.787 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.651 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1756186.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean inferior hemisphere thickness comparisons in the studied layers between the control and glaucoma groups.</p>" ] ] 16 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Significant results are shown in bold. Thickness values are expressed in microns and shown as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation. The statistical test is the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> for Student test for paired samples.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Layer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior hemisphere \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inferior hemisphere \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Difference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">mRNFL</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">GCL</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.710 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.242 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">IPL</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.78<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">INL</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.134 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−5.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Photoreceptors</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">RPE</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.831 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−5.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">OPL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ONL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>photoreceptors<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPE</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−5.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><0.001</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1756184.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thickness comparisons of macular retinal layers between the superior and inferior hemisphere in each group.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H.A. 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Original article
Mapping the thickness changes on retinal layers segmented by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the posterior pole program in glaucoma
Mapeo de los cambios de grosor en el glaucoma de las capas retinianas maculares segmentadas usando el programa de polo posterior de la tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral
J.J. García-Medinaa,b,c,d,e,f,
, M. del-Rio-Vellosillog, A. Palazón-Cabanesa, M. Tudela-Molinoa, C. Gómez-Molinaa, A. Guardiola-Fernándeza, M.P. Villegas-Péreza,c,d,e
Autor para correspondencia
a Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
b Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
c Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
d Red Temática de Patología Ocular OFTARED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
f Unidad de Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Valencia, Spain
g Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain