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Fanlo, H. Heras, G. Espinosa, A. Adan" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Fanlo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Heras" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Espinosa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." 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Pastor Jimeno" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Pastor Jimeno" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pastor@ioba.med.uva.es" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Catedrático de Oftalmología, IOBA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Jefe de Departamento, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Coordinador General de Oftared, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sensacionalismo y revistas científicas de referencia" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2018, a group of ophthalmologists led by Demetrios Vavvas from Harvard Medical School that included Javier Moreno-Montañés, María Dolores Pinazo-Duran and myself (all Oftared members), sent a letter to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nature</span>'s editors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> regarding a paper published in 2016 by Lin and collaborators<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> who claimed to have developed a new congenital cataract surgery technique that achieved lens regeneration after injecting stem cells in the capsular bag and, what is even more important, visual acuity improved.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our reply emphasized the issues that any ophthalmologist would think of. To begin with, it is very difficult to accept that lens architecture could be reconstructed with a simple cell injection. In addition, the article photographs did not show details and the proof of the regenerated lens transparency was a photograph taken through an inverted image ophthalmoscope instead of a slit lamp. What is even worse: there was no data regarding the children's refractive status, the visual results were awful compared to the control group and, if that were not enough, no genetic studies were made even though the stem cells used were autologous, meaning that they could have the same genetic defect as the ones they were trying to replace. In short, a series of errors that in our opinion would have been enough for the work to be rejected in many ophthalmology journals. Regardless, the headline was sensational and attractive enough to be able to influence the evaluators and the editorial team's assessment.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our reply was finally published, but during a number of months many ophthalmologists had to explain to the parents of children with congenital cataracts why we had not incorporated that revolutionary technique in our daily practice. In some cases they looked at us with sarcasm when we tried to explain that we did not believe in it, even though it was published in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nature</span> magazine.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eventually, in April this year a report was published revealing serious clinical research infringements involving the senior researcher of the original work, Kang Zhang, head of eye genetics at the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shiley Eye Institute, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine</span>, from the University of California in San Diego.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was known that said author had been conducting clinical trials with drugs to treat age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) in its initial stages, among other projects, for 5 years. It aimed at including patients who already had impaired visual acuity. Dr. Zhang and his collaborators injected ranibizumab once a month to 12 patients in both eyes. When reviewing the documentation, the FDA found that 5 of them did not present any visual defect and that at least one of them was not properly evaluated before the injection. The FDA suspended the project, but the issue was not disclosed.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The impact of this technique which allegedly “cured” congenital cataracts produced immediate fame. The aforementioned author was interviewed by the CBS in “60 Minutes”, by the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times. He also received a lot of recognition, co-authored more than 100 papers in the best indexed journals and recruited patients from all over the world for his clinical trials. In addition, this researcher has received millions of dollars in grants and invitations to meetings and conferences all over the world.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But in 2017 another alert from the FDA about the behavior of this doctor in certain clinical trials was published. In a stem cell study, the participants were tested for HIV without proper authorization, and when reviewing the documentation, gaps in the collection of data and the necessary preparation to meet the ethical standards were found. Faced with the request for supplementary information from the FDA, Zhang simply did not answer.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Then, his university conducted an internal audit and found problems since 2012, in several cases requesting test suspensions. Among other irregularities, patients were included without meeting criteria or in studies that had been suspended. Mistakes in informed consents and responses to the ethical committee, loss of documents and lack of training required by the health authorities to work with embryonic stem cells were detected as well.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one of his studies, funded by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">California Institute for Regenerative Medicine</span> in which they sought to collect tissue from patients over 50 years with pathologies that cause blindness in order to create a stem cell bank, it was found that at least 7 of the 50 audited patients were under the established age limit.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Truthfully, the authors of said reply letter did not expect this scandal, which naturally affects the credibility of the entire team that “cured” congenital cataracts. But now we have a better understanding of the mistakes in which said study incurred. And we are glad to have been the first to report it.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, my reflection goes further. It is good that a completely fraudulent behavior has been evidenced and that the author's picture now appears in many media in which he surely will not be interested in appearing. But… what about <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nature</span> magazine? How could a scam like this slip through?</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For any biomedical researcher in the world, having a job in a journal of that caliber is like a dream. In fact, there are some researchers that will despise you if your name has not appeared in it and consider that what you do is not science; that you just have fun and hang out. I think this story should make you reflect, be more cautious and, above all, more humble.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But history has many other perplexing situations, such as the existence of increasingly competitive research caused by a growing scarcity of funds throughout the world, and the pursuit of fame and recognition as the main priority of some researchers. In short, a very dangerous and explosive combination.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, there is still some idolatry toward highly renowned publications, as if reaching them was an end in itself and not the means to disseminate research that could benefit a lot of people. And as we have seen, not even those highly renowned journals seem immune to sensationalist headlines that spread misinformation and a good dose of frustration, in this particular case for the parents of afflicted children.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subject has other connotations, such as the pressure that certain companies exert on higher or lower paid researchers to publish their, of course, “excellent results”, wrapping in a thin layer of science what in the end is nothing but a simple commercial advertisement. But this could be the subject for another discussion.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Pastor Jimeno JC. Sensacionalismo y revistas científicas de referencia. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:417–418.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lens regeneration in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.G. Vavvas" 1 => "T.P. Dryja" 2 => "M.E. Wilson" 3 => "T.W. Olsen" 4 => "A. Shah" 5 => "U. Jurkunas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nature26149" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nature" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "556" "paginaInicial" => "E2" "paginaFinal" => "E3" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620729" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lens regeneration using endogenous stem cells with gain of visual function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "H. Lin" 1 => "H. Ouyang" 2 => "J. Zhu" 3 => "S. Huang" 4 => "Z. Liu" 5 => "S. Chen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nature17181" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nature" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "531" "paginaInicial" => "323" "paginaFinal" => "328" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958831" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Human research violations by UCSD eye doctor showcase a national problem. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.kpbs.org/news/2019/apr/18/human-research-violations-ucsd-eye-doctor-showcase/">https://www.kpbs.org/news/2019/apr/18/human-research-violations-ucsd-eye-doctor-showcase/</a>." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009400000009/v1_201909020954/S2173579419301124/v1_201909020954/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5814" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009400000009/v1_201909020954/S2173579419301124/v1_201909020954/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579419301124?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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