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Vol. 42. Núm. S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Páginas 24-32 (septiembre 2010)
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Vol. 42. Núm. S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Páginas 24-32 (septiembre 2010)
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Acceso a texto completo
Panorama de los tratamientos actuales disponibles para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Algoritmo terapéutico de la ADA/EASD. Seguridad y tolerabilidad
Panorama of currently available treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes. The ADA/EASD treatment algorithm. Safety and tolerability
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5451
Sara Artola Menéndez
Centro de Salud Hereza, Leganés, Madrid, España
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Resumen

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad que se define por la hiperglucemia crónica derivada, al menos, de una doble alteración patogénica: resistencia a la acción periférica de la insulina e insuficiente secreción pancreática. Para el abordaje farmacológico de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes tipo 2 debe prevalecer la individualización terapéutica. La elección de un fármaco oral concreto (o de una combinación) se fundamenta en: el mecanismo fisiopatológico de actuación, las recomendaciones generales de las guías de práctica clínica, las revisiones sistemáticas y el análisis de los datos de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales. En líneas generales, las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan comenzar con modificaciones en el estilo de vida junto al tratamiento con metformina desde el inicio, o a los 3 meses; individualizar la combinación según el perfil de paciente, e intensificar (cada 3-6 meses) hasta objetivos (HbA1c 6,5-7,5%). Para elegir el segundo fármaco, se debe considerar tanto su eficacia (mecanismo de acción) como los efectos secundarios (hipoglucemias, efecto sobre el peso, intestinales, edema/insuficiencia cardíaca, insuficiencia renal o hepática). La controversia acerca de la seguridad de los fármacos orales y de las insulinas es objeto de continua revisión. La seguridad cardiovascular del tratamiento intensivo de la hiperglucemia en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y, en particular, con determinados agentes sigue siendo un debate abierto. Finalmente, la relación entre insulina y cáncer ha suscitado máximo interés, pero el significado clínico es por el momento incierto, aunque indica la necesidad de realizar más análisis que clarifiquen la situación.

Palabras clave:
Diabetes tipo 2
Guías de práctica clínica
Tratamiento
Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is defined by chronic hyperglycemia due to at least two pathogenic alterations: resistance to the action of peripheral insulin and insufficient pancreatic insulin secretion. The pharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes should be individualized. The choice of specific oral drug (or combination of drugs) is based on the drug's physiological mechanism, the general recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews and analysis of data from clinical trials and observational studies. In general terms, clinical practice guidelines recommend starting with lifestyle modifications together with metformin, either from the outset or at 3 months; the combination should be individualized depending on the patient's profile. Therapy may be intensified every 3-6 months until targets (HbA1c 6.5-7.5%) have been reached. To chose the second drug, both its efficacy (mechanism of action) and side effects (hypoglycemic episodes, effect on weight, intestinal effects, edema/cardiac insufficiency and renal or liver insufficiency) should be considered. The controversy on the safety of oral drugs and insulin is constantly reviewed. The cardiovascular safety of intensive hyperglycemia treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly with certain agents, is an open debate. Finally, the association between insulin and cancer has aroused huge interest but the clinical significance of this association remains uncertain and further analyses are required to clarify this issue.

Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes
Clinical practice guidelines
Treatment
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Copyright © 2010. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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