metricas
covid
Buscar en
Atención Primaria
Toda la web
Inicio Atención Primaria Panorama de los tratamientos actuales disponibles para los pacientes con diabete...
Información de la revista
Vol. 42. Núm. S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Páginas 24-32 (septiembre 2010)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 42. Núm. S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Páginas 24-32 (septiembre 2010)
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Acceso a texto completo
Panorama de los tratamientos actuales disponibles para los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Algoritmo terapéutico de la ADA/EASD. Seguridad y tolerabilidad
Panorama of currently available treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes. The ADA/EASD treatment algorithm. Safety and tolerability
Visitas
5458
Sara Artola Menéndez
Centro de Salud Hereza, Leganés, Madrid, España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen

La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad que se define por la hiperglucemia crónica derivada, al menos, de una doble alteración patogénica: resistencia a la acción periférica de la insulina e insuficiente secreción pancreática. Para el abordaje farmacológico de la hiperglucemia en la diabetes tipo 2 debe prevalecer la individualización terapéutica. La elección de un fármaco oral concreto (o de una combinación) se fundamenta en: el mecanismo fisiopatológico de actuación, las recomendaciones generales de las guías de práctica clínica, las revisiones sistemáticas y el análisis de los datos de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales. En líneas generales, las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan comenzar con modificaciones en el estilo de vida junto al tratamiento con metformina desde el inicio, o a los 3 meses; individualizar la combinación según el perfil de paciente, e intensificar (cada 3-6 meses) hasta objetivos (HbA1c 6,5-7,5%). Para elegir el segundo fármaco, se debe considerar tanto su eficacia (mecanismo de acción) como los efectos secundarios (hipoglucemias, efecto sobre el peso, intestinales, edema/insuficiencia cardíaca, insuficiencia renal o hepática). La controversia acerca de la seguridad de los fármacos orales y de las insulinas es objeto de continua revisión. La seguridad cardiovascular del tratamiento intensivo de la hiperglucemia en los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y, en particular, con determinados agentes sigue siendo un debate abierto. Finalmente, la relación entre insulina y cáncer ha suscitado máximo interés, pero el significado clínico es por el momento incierto, aunque indica la necesidad de realizar más análisis que clarifiquen la situación.

Palabras clave:
Diabetes tipo 2
Guías de práctica clínica
Tratamiento
Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is defined by chronic hyperglycemia due to at least two pathogenic alterations: resistance to the action of peripheral insulin and insufficient pancreatic insulin secretion. The pharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes should be individualized. The choice of specific oral drug (or combination of drugs) is based on the drug's physiological mechanism, the general recommendations of the clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews and analysis of data from clinical trials and observational studies. In general terms, clinical practice guidelines recommend starting with lifestyle modifications together with metformin, either from the outset or at 3 months; the combination should be individualized depending on the patient's profile. Therapy may be intensified every 3-6 months until targets (HbA1c 6.5-7.5%) have been reached. To chose the second drug, both its efficacy (mechanism of action) and side effects (hypoglycemic episodes, effect on weight, intestinal effects, edema/cardiac insufficiency and renal or liver insufficiency) should be considered. The controversy on the safety of oral drugs and insulin is constantly reviewed. The cardiovascular safety of intensive hyperglycemia treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly with certain agents, is an open debate. Finally, the association between insulin and cancer has aroused huge interest but the clinical significance of this association remains uncertain and further analyses are required to clarify this issue.

Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes
Clinical practice guidelines
Treatment
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
D.M. Nathan, J.B. Buse, M.B. Davidson, E. Ferrannini, R.R. Holman, R. Sherwin, American Diabetes Association European Association for the Study of Diabetes, et al.
Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.
Diabetes Care, 32 (2009), pp. 193-203
[2.]
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Type 2 diabetes. The management of type 2 diabetes. Nice Clinical Guideline 66. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/CG066
[3.]
Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee.
Canadian Diabetes Association 2008: clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada.
Can J Diabetes, 32 (2008), pp. 1-2001
[4.]
International Diabetes Federation Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes, 2005. Disponible en: http://www.idf.org/Guidelines
[5.]
R.A. Defronzo.
Banting lecture From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes, 58 (2009), pp. 773-795
[6.]
Red de Grupos de Estudio de la Diabetes en Atención Primaria de la Salud RedGedaps. Nuevo algoritmo de tratamiento de la DM2 RedGedaps-2009. Disponible en: http://www.redgedaps.org/index.php
[7.]
H.W. Rodbard, P.S. Jellinger, J.A. Davidson, D. Einhorn, A.J. Garber, G. Grunberger, et al.
Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control.
Endocr Pract, 15 (2009), pp. 540-559
[8.]
A. Patel, S. MacMahon, J. Chalmers, B. Neal, L. Billot, M. Woodward, The ADVANCE Collaborative Group, et al.
Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med., 358 (2008), pp. 2560-2572
[9.]
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
Lancet, 352 (1998), pp. 837-853
[10.]
S.E. Kahn, S.M. Haffner, M.A. Heise, W.H. Herman, R.R. Holman, N.P. Jones, et al.
ADOPT Study Group. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 2427-2443
[11.]
S.E. Nissen, K. Wolski.
Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 2457-2471
[12.]
P.D. Home, S.J. Pocock, H. Beck-Nielsen, P.S. Curtis, R. Gomis, M. Hanefeld, RECORD Study Team, et al.
Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial.
Lancet, 373 (2009), pp. 2125-2135
[13.]
R.E. Amori, J. Lau, A.G. Pittas.
Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA, 298 (2007), pp. 194-206
[14.]
S. Bolen, L. Feldman, J. Vassy, L. Wilson, H.C. Yeh, S. Marinopoulos, et al.
Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ann Intern Med, 147 (2007), pp. 386-399
[15.]
R.J. Heine, L.F. Van Gaal, D. Johns, M.J. Mihm, M.H. Widel, R.G. Brodows, et al.
Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med, 143 (2005), pp. 559-569
[16.]
S. Mudaliar, R.R. Henry.
Incretin therapies: effects beyond glycemic control.
Am J Med, 122 (2009), pp. 25-36
[17.]
L. Blonde, E.J. Klein, J. Han, B. Zhang, S.M. Mac, T.H. Poon, et al.
Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Obes Metab, 8 (2006), pp. 436-447
[18.]
F.M. Turnbull, C. Abraira, R.J. Anderson, R.P. Byington, J.P. Chalmers, W.C. Duckworth, et al.
Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 2288-2298
[19.]
K.K. Ray, S.R. Seshasai, S. Wijesuriya, R. Sivakumaran, S. Nethercott, D. Preiss, et al.
Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Lancet, 373 (2009), pp. 1765-1772
[20.]
I. Tzoulaki, M. Molokhia, V. Curcio, M.P. Little, C.J. Millett, A. Ng, et al.
Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database.
BMJ, 339 (2009), pp. B4731
[21.]
Y. Loke, S. Singh, C. Furberg.
Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
CMAJ, 180 (2009), pp. 32-39
[22.]
U. Smith, E.A. Gale.
Does diabetes therapy influence the risk of cancer?.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 1699-1708
[23.]
D.J. Drucker, S.I. Sherman, F.S. Gorelick, R.M. Bergenstal, R.S. Sherwin, J.B. Buse.
Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: evaluation of the risks and benefits.
Diabetes Care, 33 (2010), pp. 428-433
[24.]
L.G. Hemkens, U. Grouven, R. Bender, C. Günster, S. Gutschmidt, G.W. Selke, et al.
Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 1732-1744
[25.]
J.M. Jonasson, R. Ljung, M. Talbäck, B. Haglund, S. Gudbjörnsdòttir, G. Steineck.
Insulin glargine use and short-term incidence of malignancies-a population-based follow-up study in Sweden.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 1745-1754
[26.]
H.M. Colhoun, SDRN Epidemiology Group.
Use of insulin glargine and cancer incidence in Scotland: a study from the Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 1755-1765
[27.]
C.J. Currie, C.D. Poole, E.A. Gale.
The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetologia, 52 (2009), pp. 1766-1777
Copyright © 2010. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos