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Estado actual del tratamiento de la axila en la cirugía primaria del cáncer de mama: Revisión sistemática de su impacto en la supervivencia
Treatment of the axila in breast cancer surgery: Systematic review of its impact on survival
Alejandra García Novoa
Autor para correspondencia
maria.alejandra.garcia.novoa@sergas.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Benigno Acea Nebril
Unidad de Mama, Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, La Coruña, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os hemos asistido a un cambio en la toma de decisiones para el tratamiento adyuvante en la mujer con c&#225;ncer de mama&#46; Anta&#241;o&#44; la estadificaci&#243;n de la enfermedad basada en el tama&#241;o del tumor y en la afectaci&#243;n ganglionar constitu&#237;an los elementos para la elecci&#243;n del tratamiento locorregional y sist&#233;mico&#46; En la actualidad&#44; los factores biol&#243;gicos del tumor son la base para la selecci&#243;n del tratamiento sist&#233;mico&#44; de tal forma que la elecci&#243;n de los f&#225;rmacos queda casi exclusivamente limitada a las caracter&#237;sticas inmunohistoqu&#237;micas o gen&#233;ticas del tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-4</span></a>&#46; Por el contrario&#44; la decisi&#243;n del tratamiento axilar no ha experimentado esta evoluci&#243;n y&#44; por ello&#44; la estadificaci&#243;n axilar contin&#250;a siendo el factor clave para la indicaci&#243;n de una linfadenectom&#237;a axilar &#40;LA&#41; o una radioterapia axilar &#40;RA&#41;&#46; Actualmente est&#225; decisi&#243;n es controvertida&#44; por diferentes motivos&#46; El primero&#44; ensayos cl&#237;nicos &#40;EC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-10</span></a> antiguos con grupos seleccionados de pacientes han indicado que el tratamiento axilar no tiene impacto en la supervivencia global &#40;SG&#41;&#46; El segundo&#44; otros ensayos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11-13</span></a> demuestran que la LA puede ser suprimida en un grupo seleccionado de mujeres con afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del ganglio centinela &#40;GC&#41; sin comprometer la supervivencia libre de enfermedad &#40;SLE&#41; y la SG&#46; Finalmente&#44; algunos EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> han demostrado la no inferioridad de la RA frente a la LA en mujeres con GC metast&#225;sico&#44; con menor incidencia de linfedema&#46; Estos hechos han condicionado unas modificaciones en la t&#225;ctica del tratamiento axilar en mujeres con afectaci&#243;n N1 &#40;de 1 a 3 ganglios&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica para analizar el impacto del tratamiento axilar &#40;LA&#44; RA&#41; en la cirug&#237;a primaria del c&#225;ncer de mama&#44; con la finalidad de establecer recomendaciones cl&#237;nicas&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">M&#233;todo</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica en PubMed&#44; la Librer&#237;a Cochrane y Google Acad&#233;mico introduciendo las palabras&#58; &#171;linfadenectom&#237;a axilar&#187;&#44; &#171;radioterapia axilar&#187; y &#171;micromet&#225;stasis&#187;&#44; asociadas a las palabras &#171;c&#225;ncer de mama&#187;&#46; La b&#250;squeda se formul&#243; de acuerdo con el modelo &#171;PICOS&#187;&#44; en donde P&#58; mujeres con c&#225;ncer de mama y cirug&#237;a primaria&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#58; linfadenectom&#237;a axilar&#59; C&#58; RA o seguimiento&#59; O&#58; SG y morbilidad&#59; S&#58; ensayos cl&#237;nicos y metaan&#225;lisis&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la metodolog&#237;a PRISMA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46; Se realiz&#243; la b&#250;squeda de los EC en evoluci&#243;n en la p&#225;gina <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www&#46;clinicaltrials&#46;gov</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Criterios de inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n&#58; se incluyen los EC que han analizado la SG con al menos 5 a&#241;os de seguimiento medio&#44; as&#237; como los metaan&#225;lisis de calidad que comparan los tratamientos axilares publicados entre 1980 y el 2017 en espa&#241;ol o ingl&#233;s&#46; La poblaci&#243;n a estudio son mujeres con cirug&#237;a primaria de su enfermedad &#40;Tis-T4a&#44; N0-N3&#44; M0&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; se incluyen en esta revisi&#243;n aquellos EC en evoluci&#243;n que analizan el impacto del tratamiento axilar en la supervivencia&#44; con la finalidad de discutir las l&#237;neas de investigaci&#243;n futuras&#46; Se excluyeron estudios duplicados&#44; publicados en otros idiomas y aquellos que&#44; por su metodolog&#237;a&#44; tiempo de seguimiento o n&#250;mero de pacientes incluidos no se consideraron relevantes&#46; De igual forma&#44; se excluyeron los EC y metaan&#225;lisis que no informaron de la SG o que incluyeron a pacientes con quimioterapia neoadyuvante o carcinoma de mama metast&#225;sico &#40;estadio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">IV</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos revisores &#40;BA y AGN&#41; examinaron los t&#237;tulos y los res&#250;menes de las referencias detectadas en la b&#250;squeda para identificar las publicaciones potencialmente elegibles&#46; Se obtuvo el texto completo de los art&#237;culos seleccionados a trav&#233;s de la lectura del t&#237;tulo&#47;resumen y se aplicaron los criterios de selecci&#243;n para revisar cada ensayo&#46; Los 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>revisores evaluaron de forma independiente cada uno de los ensayos potencialmente elegibles para su inclusi&#243;n en la revisi&#243;n y las discrepancias se resolvieron mediante discusi&#243;n y&#44; por acuerdo mutuo&#44; se eligieron aquellos de mayor importancia&#46; Se seleccionaron los EC y metaan&#225;lisis que analizan el tratamiento axilar en la cirug&#237;a primaria del c&#225;ncer de mama&#46; Finalmente&#44; se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis cr&#237;tico para establecer recomendaciones para la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica&#46; El nivel de evidencia y recomendaci&#243;n se ha establecido seg&#250;n los criterios de la U&#46;&#160;S&#46; Preventive Service Task Force<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Resultados</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 6&#46;891 art&#237;culos fueron potencialmente elegibles&#44; de los cuales 359 estaban duplicados&#46; Despu&#233;s de la lectura del t&#237;tulo o del resumen se excluyeron 5&#46;873 estudios no relacionados con el tema y 535 fueron excluidos&#58; 35 por ser retrospectivos&#44; 108 por ser estudios observacionales&#59; 335 por opini&#243;n o con metodolog&#237;a incorrecta y 57 por estar publicados antes de 1980&#46; Un total de 23 EC y 12 metaan&#225;lisis fueron incluidos para la revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; La b&#250;squeda identific&#243; 13 EC en marcha que estudian el tratamiento axilar en distintos escenarios cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Linfanedectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n ganglionar &#40;N0&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron 7 EC que analizaban el impacto de la LA en la SG de pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la axila &#40;cN0&#41; previamente a la introducci&#243;n de la biopsia de ganglio centinela &#40;BGC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;18&#44;19</span></a>&#46; Cuatro de ellos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;18&#44;19</span></a> compararon la LA con el seguimiento y no evidenciaron diferencias significativas en la SG de ambos grupos despu&#233;s de un seguimiento medio de al menos 5 a&#241;os&#46; No obstante&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>de estos EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> solo incluyeron a pacientes ancianas&#46; Otros 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC compararon la LA frente a la RA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6-8</span></a>&#46; Uno de ellos&#44; de Cabanes et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; describe un beneficio significativo de la LA&#44; sin embargo&#44; en el seguimiento a largo plazo &#40;180 meses&#41;&#44; este beneficio desaparece&#46; Finalmente&#44; el estudio NSABP B-04 aleatoriz&#243; a los pacientes con mastectom&#237;a a LA&#44; RA y seguimiento&#44; sin evidenciar beneficios en la SLE ni SG en pacientes con axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa &#40;cN0&#41; sin una LA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tres EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20-22</span></a> que incluyen m&#225;s de 7&#46;000 pacientes han comparado la BGC frente a la LA en las pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n patol&#243;gica de la axila &#40;pN0&#41; y evidencian una incidencia similar de recidivas axilares y SG&#44; con menor morbilidad en las pacientes con BGC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tres metaan&#225;lisis recogen los resultados de estos estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23-25</span></a>&#46; Los metaan&#225;lisis de Sanghani et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> y de Rao et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> no demuestran beneficio de la LA en la SG de las pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la axila &#40;cN0&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; el metaan&#225;lisis de Orr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> describe un beneficio del 5&#37; en la supervivencia de mujeres con una LA&#46; Sin embargo&#44; este estudio presenta 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>limitaciones&#58; en primer lugar&#44; se incluyen pocos pacientes con tumores T1a y&#44; por ello&#44; la extrapolaci&#243;n de estos resultados puede ser inadecuada&#44; ya que actualmente un gran n&#250;mero de pacientes presentan tumores no palpables&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; ninguna paciente recibi&#243; quimioterapia adyuvante&#44; lo que podr&#237;a influir en la reducci&#243;n del riesgo evidenciado en el metaan&#225;lisis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Finalmente&#44; la revisi&#243;n de la Cochrane de 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> evidencia similar SG en pacientes tratadas con una BGC y aquellas con una LA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Linfadenectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n del ganglio centinela</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Micromet&#225;stasis &#40;pN1mic&#41;&#46; Dos EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> comparan la LA frente a la observaci&#243;n en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica de la axila en la cirug&#237;a conservadora y la mastectom&#237;a&#46; En ambos EC el seguimiento medio de 5 a&#241;os no mostr&#243; diferencias significativas en la SLE ni en la SG entre ambos grupos&#44; por lo que los autores concluyen que la LA puede omitirse en mujeres con afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del GC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macromet&#225;stasis &#40;pN1&#41;&#46; El ensayo ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> es el &#250;nico que analiza de forma espec&#237;fica el beneficio de la LA en mujeres con macromet&#225;stasis del GC&#46; Este estudio incluy&#243; mujeres con hasta 2 GC metast&#225;sicos &#40;44&#44;8&#37; con micromet&#225;stasis&#41; intervenidas mediante cirug&#237;a conservadora y radioterapia&#44; aleatorizadas a seguimiento o LA&#46; Los datos actualizados de este EC con un seguimiento medio de 9&#44;25 a&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> muestran una incidencia similar de reca&#237;das axilares &#40;BGC&#58; 1&#44;5&#37; y LA&#58; 0&#44;5&#37;&#41; y SG en ambos grupos&#44; sin diferencias en las reca&#237;das regionales entre las pacientes con radioterapia de los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niveles ganglionares y las que solo recibieron campos tangenciales&#46; Los autores concluyen que&#44; en un grupo de mujeres con carcinoma de mama en estadio precoz y afectaci&#243;n del GC&#44; se puede omitir la LA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Algunos autores han se&#241;alado que este estudio presenta ciertas limitaciones y entre ellas destacan el cierre precoz del estudio &#40;891 pacientes en vez de 1&#46;900 que se pretend&#237;an&#41;&#44; la inclusi&#243;n mayoritaria de pacientes con tumores luminales &#40;80&#37;&#41;&#44; la no realizaci&#243;n de estudio inmunohistoqu&#237;mico del GC y&#44; especialmente&#44; la omisi&#243;n de la descripci&#243;n de los campos de radioterapia ganglionar&#46; Este &#250;ltimo factor llev&#243; a los autores del ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> a revisar la planificaci&#243;n de los campos de radioterapia utilizados en las pacientes incluidas en el estudio&#46; En 2014 los autores publicaron un art&#237;culo con el an&#225;lisis de los campos de radioterapia y constataron que el 81&#44;1&#37; de las pacientes solo recibieron radioterapia de la mama y que no existen diferencias en la incidencia de reca&#237;das regionales entre las pacientes con y sin RA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seis metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-34</span></a> han analizado el impacto de la LA en mujeres con met&#225;stasis del GC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Cinco de ellos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-33</span></a> determinan que&#44; en las pacientes con axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa y afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del GC &#40;pN1mic&#41;&#44; la supresi&#243;n de la LA permite un control local adecuado sin comprometer la SG&#46; Por el contrario&#44; el metaan&#225;lisis de Joyce et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> evidenci&#243; beneficio de la LA en t&#233;rminos de reca&#237;da axilar y SG&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Radioterapia axilar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar &#40;N1-N3&#41;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos EC&#44; el DBCG 82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> y el de Ragaz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a>&#44; analizan el impacto de la RA en la supervivencia de pacientes con un carcinoma mamario &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Ambos encontraron una disminuci&#243;n significativa de las reca&#237;das locorregionales y de las met&#225;stasis a distancia&#44; que se traduce en un incremento en la SG a largo plazo en las pacientes con met&#225;stasis en 4 o m&#225;s ganglios linf&#225;ticos y radioterapia regional&#46; El EC de Ragaz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a> determin&#243; los mismos beneficios para las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n de entre 1 y 3 ganglios&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a> analizan el impacto de la radioterapia ganglionar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n axilar&#46; El de McGale et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; que incluye 22 EC aleatorizados&#44; evidencia beneficio en el control locorregional y la SG a los 15 a&#241;os de los pacientes con afectaci&#243;n axilar &#40;N1&#44; N2 y N3&#41; que asociaron radioterapia tras una mastectom&#237;a&#46; El metaan&#225;lisis de Headon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> valor&#243; la irradiaci&#243;n ganglionar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n N1 y una mastectom&#237;a y evidenci&#243; una disminuci&#243;n del riesgo de reca&#237;da locorregional&#44; con m&#237;nimo impacto en la SG &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Radioterapia axilar en pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nico ganglionar &#40;cN0&#41;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;40</span></a> analizan el efecto de la RA sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la axila &#40;cN0&#41;&#46; El primero de ellos&#44; el NSABP B-04<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; no evidenci&#243; diferencias en la SG de mujeres con o sin tratamiento axilar&#46; El estudio de Zurrida et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> incluy&#243; a 435 mujeres con tumores T1 y axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa &#40;cN0&#41;&#44; sin cirug&#237;a axilar &#40;no LA ni BGC&#41;&#44; aleatorizadas a seguimiento o RA y solo evidenci&#243; un discreto incremento de las reca&#237;das axilares en el grupo sin tratamiento axilar &#40;1 vs&#46; 0&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; sin impacto en la supervivencia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Igualmente&#44; el metaan&#225;lisis de McGale et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> no encontr&#243; beneficio de irradiar la axila en pacientes N0&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Radioterapia axilar como alternativa a la linfadenectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes con ganglio centinela metast&#225;sico</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dos EC&#44; el AMAROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> y el OTOASOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; han analizado el impacto de la RA como una alternativa a la LA en las pacientes N1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; En ambos EC se estudi&#243; la no inferioridad de la radioterapia ganglionar frente a la LA en pacientes con axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa y afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica del GC&#46; No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en las recidivas axilares ni en la SG a 5 a&#241;os entre ambos grupos&#44; con una menor tasa de linfedemas en las mujeres sin una LA&#46; Los autores concluyen que la radioterapia ganglionar es una alternativa v&#225;lida frente a la LA en estas pacientes&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados de estos 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> fueron incluidos en el metaan&#225;lisis de Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> y el de Schmidt-Hansen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> y evidenciaron similar SLE y SG en pacientes pN1 tratadas con RA sin una LA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Radioterapia de la mamaria interna</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tres EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42-44</span></a> eval&#250;an la eficacia de la irradiaci&#243;n de la mamaria interna &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; El MA&#46;20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> incluy&#243; pacientes con cirug&#237;a conservadora&#44; con afectaci&#243;n axilar N1 o sin afectaci&#243;n ganglionar y factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da local&#44; a las cuales aleatoriz&#243; a radioterapia ganglionar &#40;incluida la cadena mamaria interna&#41; o seguimiento&#46; Todas las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar ten&#237;an una LA&#46; No se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en la SG a los 10 a&#241;os entre ambos grupos&#44; pero s&#237; una disminuci&#243;n de la tasa de recidiva de la enfermedad&#46; El segundo de los EC&#44; de Poortmans et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#44; incluy&#243; a m&#225;s de 4&#46;000 pacientes con tumores centrales o mediales de mama en estadio <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> o <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&#44; con LA en caso de afectaci&#243;n ganglionar&#44; y analiz&#243; el impacto de la radioterapia de la mamaria interna&#46; Los resultados del estudio no mostraron diferencias para la SG&#44; aunque se evidenci&#243; una disminuci&#243;n de las reca&#237;das locorregionales y met&#225;stasis a distancia en el grupo irradiado&#46; Ambos estudios concluyen que la selecci&#243;n individualizada del esquema terap&#233;utico es la clave para mejorar la supervivencia&#46; El EC multic&#233;ntrico de Hennequin et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> aleatoriz&#243; a pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar &#40;N1-N3&#41; o tumores mediales a irradiaci&#243;n o no de la cadena mamaria interna&#46; Despu&#233;s de 10 a&#241;os de seguimiento no evidenci&#243; beneficio en el control local de la enfermedad ni en la SG&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El metaan&#225;lisis de Budach et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41; que incluy&#243; estos 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC concluye que la irradiaci&#243;n de la cadena mamaria interna genera cierto beneficio en la SG&#44; aunque este beneficio a los 10 a&#241;os es m&#237;nimo &#40;1 vs&#46; 3&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversos EC han demostrado un riesgo de recurrencia axilar entre el 19 y el 37&#37; en axilas cl&#237;nicamente negativas que no reciben tratamiento &#40;sin LA ni radioterapia&#41;&#44; y puede reducirse al 0-3&#44;5&#37; mediante una LA o RA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46-49</span></a>&#46; Estos resultados muestran la importancia de la evaluaci&#243;n axilar&#44; ya sea mediante ecograf&#237;a o BGC&#44; para identificar a las mujeres con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar sin evidencia cl&#237;nica&#44; que se beneficiar&#225;n del tratamiento axilar&#46; Sin embargo&#44; los ensayos realizados previamente a la introducci&#243;n de la BGC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-10</span></a> no demuestran diferencias en la supervivencia de las pacientes con axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa tratadas con LA&#44; RA o seguimiento y tampoco los metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> que incluyen estos estudios&#44; a pesar de una enfermedad residual axilar que oscila entre el 21 y el 40&#37;&#46; Estos EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-10</span></a> son antiguos&#44; por lo que sus resultados no son superponibles en la actualidad&#46; Posteriormente&#44; la introducci&#243;n de la BGC ha demostrado la seguridad en la supresi&#243;n de la LA en las pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica del GC&#46; Este m&#233;todo de estadificaci&#243;n no compromete la SLE ni la SG&#44; a pesar de un 10&#37; de falsos negativos&#44; y se obtiene una menor morbilidad&#46; Estos estudios constituyen la base cient&#237;fica para no tratar la axila &#40;ni LA ni RA&#41; en mujeres sin afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica del GC &#40;pN0&#41; y esta recomendaci&#243;n se recoge en las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas internacionales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3&#44;50</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; En la actualidad&#44; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC en marcha eval&#250;an la necesidad de una BGC en las pacientes con axila cl&#237;nicamente negativa al diagn&#243;stico y comparar&#225;n la estadificaci&#243;n axilar mediante ecograf&#237;a frente a la BGC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51-54</span></a>&#46; Sus resultados se publicar&#225;n entre el a&#241;o 2017 y 2027 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversos estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55-60</span></a> han analizado la relevancia cl&#237;nica de la afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del GC y la necesidad de una LA&#46; Mittendorf et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> no evidenciaron diferencias en la SG y la SLE entre las pacientes con c&#225;ncer de mama en estadio IA &#40;pN0&#41; y IB &#40;pN1mi&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas del tumor&#44; como los receptores hormonales y el grado tumoral&#44; s&#237; se relacionaban con la supervivencia&#46; De la misma forma&#44; Giuliano et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> tampoco evidenciaron disminuci&#243;n de la supervivencia en aquellas mujeres con micromet&#225;stasis del GC detectadas por inmunohistoqu&#237;mica&#46; Los resultados de 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC &#40;IBCSG 23-01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; ATTRM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> y ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#41;&#44; as&#237; como de diversos metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29-33</span></a>&#44; recomiendan la observaci&#243;n sin LA en las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del GC&#44; ya sea en cirug&#237;a conservadora&#44; ya sea en mastectom&#237;a&#46; Solo uno de los metaan&#225;lisis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> incluido en esta revisi&#243;n evidenci&#243; beneficio de la LA en este grupo de pacientes&#46; Sin embargo&#44; este metaan&#225;lisis incluye EC metodol&#243;gicamente dispares&#44; que comparan la LA con la RA previa a la introducci&#243;n de la BGC y los estudios de validaci&#243;n de la BGC&#46; En la actualidad las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas americanas y europeas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;50</span></a> recomiendan omitir el tratamiento axilar &#40;no LA ni RA&#41; en pacientes con micromet&#225;stasis del GC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; El ensayo SENOMIC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#44; cuyos resultados deber&#237;an publicarse este a&#241;o&#44; mostrar&#225; m&#225;s evidencia sobre el impacto de la supresi&#243;n de la LA en pacientes con micromet&#225;stasis del GC y cirug&#237;a conservadora o mastectom&#237;a &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n macrometast&#225;sica de la axila limitada a 1-3 ganglios constituyen en la actualidad el grupo con mayor controversia para el tratamiento axilar&#46; La principal dificultad para una recomendaci&#243;n en estas pacientes es su heterogeneidad&#44; ya que podemos encontrar enfermas con 1-3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ganglios afectados&#44; con y sin afectaci&#243;n extrapapsular&#44; tumores con una biolog&#237;a tumoral adversa y cirug&#237;a conservadora o con una mastectom&#237;a&#46; Esta variedad de pacientes no ha sido convenientemente categorizada en los EC y&#44; por ello&#44; carecemos de un criterio que nos permita identificar qu&#233; pacientes N1 son de elevado riesgo para una reca&#237;da axilar&#46; El estudio ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> se realiza sobre una muestra de pacientes con predominancia de tumores luminales&#44; un gran porcentaje de ellas solo con micromet&#225;stasis&#44; y parece indicar que en este grupo de pacientes la omisi&#243;n de la LA en la cirug&#237;a conservadora es segura&#46; Otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> proponen sustituir la LA por RA en las pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la axila con met&#225;stasis del GC&#46; No obstante&#44; en ambos ensayos &#40;AMAROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> y OTOASOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#41; no se incluy&#243; un grupo control sin tratamiento en la axila&#44; lo cual obliga a cuestionar la necesidad de irradiar los 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>niveles axilares y el &#225;rea supraclavicular en todas las pacientes con GC metast&#225;sico sin una LA&#46; Un estudio observacional de nuestro centro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> propone el tratamiento con RA en las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n macrometast&#225;sica del GC sin una LA que presentan otros factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da regional &#40;tumores triple negativos o HER2&#44; invasi&#243;n linfovascular&#44; alto grado tumoral&#44; entre otros&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; este estudio presenta todas las limitaciones de no ser un EC aleatorizado y sus conclusiones no permiten establecer recomendaciones&#46; Por lo que&#44; en la actualidad&#44; no existe suficiente evidencia para suprimir el tratamiento axilar en estas pacientes&#44; pero tampoco hay evidencia que sustente la indicaci&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de una LA o RA&#46; El futuro de esta discusi&#243;n deber&#237;a orientarse a la introducci&#243;n de criterios biol&#243;gicos en la toma de decisi&#243;n del tratamiento axilar como el realizado con las plataformas g&#233;nicas para la indicaci&#243;n del tratamiento sist&#233;mico&#46; En espera de esta posibilidad&#44; Huang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> recomiendan la incorporaci&#243;n de la preferencia de la paciente en la toma de decisiones&#46; En la actualidad&#44; est&#225;n en marcha 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64-66</span></a> que estudiar&#225;n el impacto de la LA frente al seguimiento en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n macrometast&#225;sica del GC&#46; Otros 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;68</span></a> analizar&#225;n el impacto de la RA&#46; El ensayo OPTIMAL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a> incluye pacientes con afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica del GC sin una LA y las aleatoriza a RA o seguimiento&#46; El ensayo POSNOC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a> incluye pacientes con afectaci&#243;n mestast&#225;sica del GC y las aleatoriza a observaci&#243;n&#44; LA o RA&#46; Los resultados de estos ensayos estar&#225;n disponibles entre el 2022 y 2027 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;&#46; En espera de estos estudios y basados en las premisas planteadas previamente&#44; parece necesaria la individualizaci&#243;n de cada caso en un comit&#233; multidisciplinar&#44; en el que se puede incorporar la opini&#243;n de la paciente&#44; con propuesta de la supresi&#243;n del tratamiento axilar &#40;ni La ni RA&#41; en aquellas mujeres de bajo riesgo de reca&#237;da locorregional y con recomendaci&#243;n de la RA en las pacientes con factores de riesgo de reca&#237;da locorregional&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>EC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35-37</span></a> justifican la asociaci&#243;n de LA y RA en las pacientes con met&#225;stasis en 4 o m&#225;s ganglios axilares&#46; Aunque estos ensayos son antiguos y las pacientes no recibieron tratamientos sist&#233;micos espec&#237;ficos &#40;anticuerpos&#41;&#44; las gu&#237;as cl&#237;nicas&#44; basadas en estos estudios&#44; recomiendan la LA y radioterapia ganglionar &#40;axilar y supraclavicular&#41; en las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar N2-N3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; aunque la irradiaci&#243;n de la mamaria interna disminuye el riesgo de reca&#237;da local&#44; no ha demostrado beneficio en la SG<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42-44</span></a>&#46; Por tanto&#44; no se debe incluir la mamaria interna en los campos de radioterapia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta revisi&#243;n presenta varias limitaciones&#46; En primer lugar&#44; los estudios m&#225;s antiguos incluyen pacientes con tratamiento adyuvante menos efectivo respecto a los ensayos m&#225;s recientes&#46; Esto es especialmente importante en el riesgo de reca&#237;da locorregional de los tumores HER2 sin terapia biol&#243;gica&#46; En segundo lugar&#44; muchos estudios no contemplan la categorizaci&#243;n de factores de riesgo para la reca&#237;da y las caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas de la enfermedad&#44; lo que impide estimar el impacto de los tratamientos&#46; Finalmente&#44; la falta de an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico de nuestra revisi&#243;n no permite establecer el impacto de las recomendaciones propuestas&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; esta revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica establece la supresi&#243;n del tratamiento axilar en la mujer con c&#225;ncer de mama sin afectaci&#243;n patol&#243;gica ganglionar &#40;pN0&#41; o con afectaci&#243;n micrometast&#225;sica del GC&#44; ya que no se beneficia del tratamiento axilar &#40;ni RA ni LA&#41;&#46; Por el contrario&#44; la paciente con enfermedad axilar extensa &#40;N2 y N3&#41; se beneficia de la LA y RA para mejorar su SG y SLE&#46; Por su parte&#44; las pacientes con enfermedad axilar macrometast&#225;sica &#40;pN1&#41; constituyen un grupo heterog&#233;neo que precisan del an&#225;lisis individualizado de sus factores de riesgo para decidir el tratamiento axilar id&#243;neo&#46; Las recomendaciones en este grupo de enfermas estar&#225;n condicionadas por los EC en evoluci&#243;n&#44; disponibles en la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No existe conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Linfanedectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n ganglionar &#40;N0&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Linfadenectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n del ganglio centinela"
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              "titulo" => "Radioterapia axilar en pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar &#40;N1-N3&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Radioterapia axilar en pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n cl&#237;nico ganglionar &#40;cN0&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Radioterapia axilar como alternativa a la linfadenectom&#237;a axilar en pacientes con ganglio centinela metast&#225;sico"
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            1 => "Macromet&#225;stasis"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La biopsia de ganglio centinela &#40;BGC&#41; y los criterios ACOSOG-Z0011 han modificado el tratamiento axilar en la cirug&#237;a primaria del c&#225;ncer de mama&#46; Por esto se realiza una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de los estudios que valoran el impacto del tratamiento axilar en la supervivencia&#46; La b&#250;squeda mostr&#243; 6&#46;891 art&#237;culos potencialmente elegibles&#44; de los cuales&#44; 23 ensayos cl&#237;nicos y 12 metaan&#225;lisis publicados entre 1980 y 2017 cumplieron los criterios del estudio&#46; La revisi&#243;n desvel&#243; que la linfadenectom&#237;a axilar &#40;LA&#41; puede ser omitida en pacientes pN0 y pN1mic&#44; sin comprometer la supervivencia&#46; En pacientes pN1&#44; se propone no tratar la axila o sustituir la LA por radioterapia axilar &#40;RA&#41;&#46; Las principales limitaciones de este estudio es que los ensayos son antiguos&#44; no utilizan terapias dianas ni categorizan el riesgo de reca&#237;da&#46; En conclusi&#243;n&#44; el tratamiento axilar puede ser suprimido en pacientes sin afectaci&#243;n metast&#225;sica o con micromet&#225;stasis del ganglio centinela&#46; No obstante&#44; no hay evidencia para establecer una recomendaci&#243;n de tratamiento axilar en las pacientes con afectaci&#243;n ganglionar N1&#44; por lo que precisan de un an&#225;lisis individualizado de sus factores de riesgo&#46;</p></span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sentinel lymph node biopsy and ACOSOG-Z0011 criteria have modified axillary treatment in breast cancer surgery&#46; We performed a systematic review of studies assessing the impact of axillary treatment on survival&#46; The search showed 6891 potentially eligible items&#46; Of them&#44; 23 clinical trials and 12 meta-analyses published between 1980 and 2017 met the study criteria&#46; The review revealed that axillary lymph node dissection &#40;ALND&#41; can be omitted in patients pN0 and pN1mic&#44; without compromising survival&#46; In patients pN1 it is proposed not to treat the axilla or replace ALND for axillary radiotherapy&#46; The main limitations of this study are the inclusion of old tests that do not use therapeutic targets and lack of risk categorization of relapse&#46; In conclusion&#44; axillary treatment can be avoided in patients without metastatic involvement or micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node&#46; However&#44; there is no evidence to make a recommendation of axillary treatment in N1 patients&#44; so individualized analysis of patient risk factors is needed&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2050
            "Ancho" => 2184
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagrama de flujo para la selecci&#243;n de los estudios incluidos&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Tabla "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a&#58; a&#241;os&#59; ECA&#58; ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado&#59; FN&#58; falso negativo&#59; m&#58; meses&#59; MC&#58; multic&#233;ntrico&#59; MI&#58; mamaria interna&#59; NE&#58; nivel de evidencia&#59; RA&#58; radioterapia axilar&#59; SG&#58; supervivencia global&#59; TE&#58; tipo de estudio&#59; TS&#58; tiempo de seguimiento&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ensayo cl&#237;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estadio cl&#237;nico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&#46;&#176; de pacientes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento evaluado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recidiva axilar en &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">E&#46; residual axilar en &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N0 cl&#237;nico &#40;cN0&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NSABP B-04<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;665&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0 y cN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N0&#58; LA vs&#46; RA vs&#46; seguimiento&#59; N1&#58; LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Johansen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">666&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0 y N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cabanes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">658&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Louis-Sylvestre<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">658&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 vs&#46; 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">180 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Borgstrom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA &#43; RA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#44;5 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin Beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Agresti<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">565&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">127 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Martelli<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">219&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;8 vs&#46; 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IBCSG 10-93<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">473&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;6 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zurrida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">435&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N0 patol&#243;gico &#40;pN0&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Milan Trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">516&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 m&#47;<br>10 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NSABP 32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;536&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">95&#44;6 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GIVOM Trial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">697&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">56 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No concluyente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N1 patol&#243;gico &#40;pN1mic y pN1&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACOSOG Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IB y IIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">891&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;8 vs&#46; 3&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;3 a&#47; 10 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AATRM 048&#47;13&#47;2000<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">233&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1mic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;5 vs&#46; 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IBCSG 23-01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">934&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1mic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 vs&#46; 0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>AMAROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;5 vs&#46; 0&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#44;1 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>OTOASOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 vs&#46; 1&#44;7 &#40;NS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">43 m&#59;<br>8 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar N1-N3</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ragaz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N1&#44; N2&#44; N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 vs&#46; 12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cercano a la significaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DBCG 82<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;083&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N1&#44; N2&#44; N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 vs&#46; 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114 m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ragaz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N1&#44; N2&#44; N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 vs&#46; 12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MA&#46;20<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;832&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN0&#44; pN1&#44; pN2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA &#43; MI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#44;5 vs&#46; 0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#44;5 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hennequin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;334&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N1&#44; N2&#44; N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA &#43; MI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin diferencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Poortmans<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR&#44; MC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N0&#44; N1&#44; N2&#44; N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA &#43; MI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;9 vs&#46; 1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#44;9 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ensayos cl&#237;nicos que analizan el impacto del tratamiento axilar &#40;LA y RA&#41; sobre la supervivencia global</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BGC&#58; biopsia del ganglio centinela&#59; ECA&#58; ensayo cl&#237;nico aleatorizado&#59; EO&#58; estudios observacionales&#59; LA&#58; linfadenectom&#237;a axilar&#59; PNA&#58; estudio prospectivo no aleatorizado&#59; RA&#58; radioterapia axilar&#59; SG&#58; supervivencia global&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes incluidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento evaluado&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudios incluidos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reca&#237;da axilar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Impacto en SG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N0 cl&#237;nico &#40;cN0&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Orr<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 ECR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio 5&#44;4&#37; &#40;4-16&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sanghani<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&#59; LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Martelli&#44; IBSCG 10-93&#44; Louis-Sylvestre&#44; Veronesi&#47;Zurrida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">OR&#58; 0&#44;27&#59; OR&#58; 0&#44;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rao<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&#44; cN&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 estudios&#46; Revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#58; ECR y PNR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Similar &#40;1 vs&#46; 3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio en cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bromham<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&#59; LA vs&#46; seguimiento&#59; LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 ECR &#40;ALMANAC&#44; GIVOM&#44; NSABP B-32&#44; Veronesi&#44; Canvese&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Similar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Zhang<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NSABP 04&#44; Louis-Sylvestre&#44; OTOASOR&#44; AMAROS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin diferencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar N1 &#40;pN1mic y pN1&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glechner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC &#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Z0011&#44; IBCSG 23-01&#44; AATRM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Similares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ram<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC &#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Z0011&#44; IBSCG 23-01&#44; AATRM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin diferencias&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Li<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&#47;pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ECR &#40;Z0011&#44; IBSCG 23-01&#44; AATRM&#41;&#44; 7 EO &#40;Wang&#44; Park&#44; Yi&#44; Crawford&#44; Yi&#44; Bilimoria&#44; Langer&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Joyce<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&#47;pN0-pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 ECR &#40;Z0011&#44; AATRM&#44; Louis-Sylvestre&#44; IBCSG 10-93&#44; Canavese&#44; GIVOM&#44; Martelli&#44; NSABP B-32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Menor en LA &#40;OR&#58; 2&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;22&#59; p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Schmidt-Hansen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC &#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&#59; LA vs&#46; RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Z0011&#44; IBSCG 23-01&#44; AATRM&#44; AMAROS&#44; OTOASOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No significativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Huang<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC &#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 ECR &#40;Z0011&#44; IBSCG 23-01&#44; AATRM&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin diferencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Headon<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mastectom&#237;a &#43; pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 estudios &#40;Ragaz&#44; DBCG 82&#8230;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Disminuye recidivas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sin beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar N0-N3</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>McGale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN0&#44; N1&#44; N2 y N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22 ensayos cl&#237;nicos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Budach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">N0&#44; N1&#44; N2 y N3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">MA&#46;20&#44; Poortmans&#44; Hennequin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Beneficio &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;03&#41;&#59; mayor beneficio para pN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Afectaci&#243;n ganglionar</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Recomendaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nivel de evidencia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grado de recomendaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estudios que avalan la recomendaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">pN0</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Observaci&#243;n&#44; seguimiento&#44; sin radioterapia ni linfadenectom&#237;a axilar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mil&#225;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; NSABP B32<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; GIVOM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">pN1</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1mic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Observaci&#243;n&#44; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IBCSG 23-01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#44; AATRM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#44; ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">pN1<br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Observaci&#243;n&#44; seguimiento o linfadenectom&#237;a axilar o radioterapia axilar&#46;<br>La radioterapia axilar presenta menor tasa de linfedema&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">IB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ACOSOG-Z0011<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><br>AMAROS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; OTOASOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">pN2-N3</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Linfadenectom&#237;a axilar &#43; radioterapia axilar&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">IA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ragaz <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#44; DBCG <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nombre del ensayo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nacionalidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o de finalizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tiempo de seguimiento en a&#241;os&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pacientes en estudio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento que eval&#250;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cN0</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BOOG 2013-08 &#40;NCT02271828&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Holand&#233;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora &#43; cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SOUND &#40;NCT02167490&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Italiano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ecograf&#237;a axilar vs&#46; BGC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ACS Ultrasound NCT01821768<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Americano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2020&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Ecograf&#237;a axilar vs&#46; BGC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>INSEMA &#40;NCT02466737&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Alem&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora &#43; cN0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BGC vs&#46; seguimiento y LA vs&#46; seguimiento en pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pN1</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SENOMIC &#40;NCT02049632&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sueco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora o mastectom&#237;a &#43; pN1mic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BOOG 2013-07 &#40;NCT02112682&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Holand&#233;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mastectom&#237;a &#43; pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NCT01717131<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Franc&#233;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2025&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora o mastectom&#237;a &#43; pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NCT02240472<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sueco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora o mastectom&#237;a &#43; pN1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Espa&#241;ol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">RA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>POSNOC &#40;NCT02401685&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multic&#233;ntrico&#59; Reino Unido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cirug&#237;a conservadora o mastectom&#237;a &#43; 1 o 2 GC con macromet&#225;stasis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">LA vs&#46; RA vs&#46; seguimiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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ISSN: 0009739X
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2018 Enero 22 4 26
2017 Diciembre 32 7 39
2017 Noviembre 261 109 370
2017 Octubre 5 26 31
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos