The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of growth hormone receptor in plexiform neurofibromas of neurofibromatosis type 1 patients.
INTRODUCTIONThe development of multiple neurofibromas is one of the major features of neurofibromatosis type 1. Since neurofibromas commonly grow during periods of hormonal change, especially during puberty and pregnancy, it has been suggested that hormones may influence neurofibromatosis type 1 neurofibromas. A recent study showed that the majority of localized neurofibromas from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients have growth hormone receptor.
METHODSGrowth hormone receptor expression was investigated in 5 plexiform neurofibromas using immunohistochemistry.
RESULTSFour of the 5 plexiform neurofibromas were immunopositive for growth hormone receptor.
CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that growth hormone may influence the development of plexiform neurofibromas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen’s disease, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which is located on chromosome 17q11.2.1,2 NF1 is the most common form of neurofibromatosis (NF) and is one of the most frequently occurring human genetic diseases, with a prevalence of 1 in 3,000 births.3
Neurofibromas, café-au-lait spots, freckling in the inguinal and axillary regions and Lisch nodules develop in most affected patients.1,4 The defining feature of NF1 is the development of multiple neurofibromas.2,5 In clinical terms, these tumors can be classified into two major groups: localized (or discrete) and plexiform.2,5 Localized neurofibromas are the most common type of neurofibroma in NF1, and present as a focal mass with well-defined margins. 2,5 Most of these tumors begin to appear in later childhood, especially in early puberty. 2, 5 Their number varies widely between patients and tends to increase over time. 2,5 In spite of their presence in large numbers, localized neurofibromas rarely, if ever become malignant. 5
Plexiform neurofibromas are almost always associated with NF1 and occur in only about 30% of all patients. They are the main source of morbidity in NF1 individuals, due to their tendency to grow to large sizes and their capacity to cause significant deformity. 2,5,6 Malignant transformation into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) occurs in 4% of these tumors and is the main cause of mortality in adult patients with NF1. 2,5,6 Plexiform neurofibromas are thought to be congenital in origin, and those that involve the skin usually become visible within the first two years of life. 5, 6, 7
Based on the observation that neurofibromas commonly increase in size and number during periods of hormonal change, especially during puberty and pregnancy, it has been suggested that hormones may influence neurofibroma growth in NF1 patients.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Since high plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) occur during adolescence, it is possible that this hormone may influence the growth of neurofibromas in NF1 individuals. Our previous study showed that most patients with NF1 have localized neurofibromas that express growth hormone receptor (GHR), suggesting that GH may play a role in the development of these neoplasms.12 The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of GHR in plexiform neurofibromas of NF1 patients.
METHODSThis study was approved by the ethics committee of Fluminense Federal University, Brazil.
PatientsFive plexiform neurofibromas from NF1 patients were retrieved from the files of the pathological anatomy service of Antônio Pedro University Hospital of Fluminense Federal University (Table 1).
All patients included in this study were diagnosed with NF1 according to the diagnostic criteria established at the 1987 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference on Neurofibromatosis14 (Table 2).
Diagnostic criteria for Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) established by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference (1988)15
Individual is affected with NF1 if two or more of the following conditions are met:
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Serial 5 μm sections were cut from paraffin wax blocks and collected on silane-coated slides. After dewaxing, GHR presence was detected immunohistochemically using the EnVision kitTM (code K1392; Dako, Capenteria, California, USA). Briefly, antigen retrieval was performed using a microwave oven and citrate buffer in a pressure cooker. Endogenous peroxidase activity was eliminated by in disincubation for 10, 15 and 20 minutes in 6% H2O2 tilled water at room temperature. Non-specific protein binding was blocked by incubation with a 1/100 dilution of normal goat serum in antibody diluent with background reducing component (code S3022; Dako) for 30 minutes at 37 oC. Sections were incubated: (1) overnight at 4 oC with a 1/100 dilution of the primary monoclonal antibody against GHR (263; code MCA 1555; Serotec, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA); or (2) for one hour at room temperature with EnVisionTM. Visualization of bound antibody was performed by incubation for 5 minutes in diaminobenzidine. Between each step, sections were washed three times for 10 minutes in Tris buffered saline. All incubations were carried out in humidified chambers to prevent evaporation. Sections were counterstained in Mayer’s haematoxylin and coverslipped with Entellan (code 107961; Merck, Frankfurt, Bradenburg, Germany). Negative controls were performed by omitting the primary monoclonal antibody, and normal fetus bone marrow was used as a positive control.
RESULTSSections of normal epidermis and dermal appendages showed immunoreactivity for GHR and served as positive internal controls. All layers of the epidermis showed immunopositivity for GHR, except for the keratin layer. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands were also GHR immunopositive. The excretory ducts of sweat glands showed immunoreactivity only in the basal cells, and no immunoreaction was seen in the cells of the secretory portion of sweat glands. Vascular endothelial cells and skeletal muscle cells also possessed GHR immunoreactivity.
The control sections were negative for GHR.
Immunohistochemical analyses in neurofibromasOf the five plexiform neurofibromas studied, four were immunopositive for GHR. In two plexiform neurofibromas, staining was seen only in the nucleus and cytoplasm. One plexiform neurofibroma had immunoreactivity associated with the nucleus and cellular membrane. In the other immunopositive plexiform neurofibromas, the immunoreactivity could be detected in the nuclei, cytoplasm and cellular membrane. Staining was granular in all neurofibromas. In two of the four immunopositive neurofibromas, the pattern of staining was heterogeneous, whereas in the remaining two, the staining had a homogeneous distribution.
Table 3 summarizes the results of the immunohistochemical analysis of plexiform neurofibromas. Figure 1 shows typical GHR immunohistochemistry results.
Results of immunohistochemical analyses for GHR
| Case | GHR | Localization of immunoreaction | Pattern of immunoreaction | Distribution of immunoreaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | + | C; N | granular | homogeneous |
| 2 | + | C; N; CM | granular | heterogeneous |
| 3 | − | |||
| 4 | + | C; CM | granular | heterogeneous |
| 5 | + | C; N | granular | homogeneous |
C= cytoplasm; CM= cellular membrane; N= nucleus
Neurofibromin, the protein transcribed by the NF1 gene, contains a region that has high similarity to Ras-specific GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs).15 Both neurofibromin and GAP reduce cell proliferation by accelerating the inactivation of the Ras protein, which has a pivotal role in mitogenic intracellular signaling pathways.16 Therefore, mutations in the NF1 gene cause an increased risk of developing both benign (mainly neurofibromas) and malignant neoplasms (mainly MPNST), supporting the classification of NF1 as a tumor predisposition syndrome.2,5
GH acts on cells by binding to GHR and can activate a variety of signaling pathways to exert its effects upon mitogenesis, differentiation and metabolism.17 Interestingly, the Ras pathway, which is altered in NF1 patients, is one of the pathways used by GH. 18,19
In the present study, it was observed that four of five plexiform neurofibromas from NF1 patients expressed GHR. Therefore, high levels of GH during puberty could cause the growth of these neoplasms.
Lincoln et al.30 verified using immunohistochemistry, that the ratio of immunopositive cells for GHR was higher in neoplasias than in normal tissues. An increased incidence of benign and malignant neoplasias has been detected in individuals with acromegaly.20,21,23,24,31 A role for GH in neoplastic dissemination has also been suggested, since it was observed that patients with prostate cancer who developed metastases had higher serum concentrations of GH than patients without metastases.25 An increased incidence of leukemia has also been reported in individuals treated with recombinant GH.22,32
NF1 patients may have short stature, and some NF1 children with short stature of unknown cause have been treated with recombinant GH.33 Since many studies have suggested that GH is a potent inducer of cell growth in many neoplasias, the safety of GH in NF1 patients has been questioned.20–32
The presence of GHR in plexiform neurofibromas does not necessarily prove that this hormone plays a role in the development of plexiform neurofibromas in NF1 patients, but their presence at least suggests the capacity of these lesions to respond to GH. Therefore, recombinant GH should be used with caution when treating short stature NF1 children, especially those who have plexiform neurofibroma. It is important to emphasize that plexiform neurofibroma is the most common precursor of MPNST, which has a very poor prognosis, and previous studies have suggested that GH may influence the development of other malignant neoplasms.2,5,6,21,22,25,26,27,28,29,31,32
CONCLUSIONSOur results show that most plexiform neurofibromas expressed GHR. Therefore, it is possible that GH may influence the development of these tumors. Although the concept that GH can stimulate the growth of neurofibromas in NF1 patients is still only a theory, the potential role of GH in the development of these lesions cannot be ignored.