Información del artículo
Resumen
En el presente artículo se efectúa una revisión y análisis de la evidencia empírica disponible con el fin de responder a la pregunta de si la «paradoja de la productividad» a nivel de empresa ha dejado de ser tal y en qué condiciones. A partir del marco teórico de la función de producción, se clasifica la literatura en torno a varias proposiciones; se revisan y comparan resultados, enfoques metodológicos, técnicas y muestras utilizados. A pesar de la existencia de múltiples sesgos, problemas de medición y factores condicionantes y complementarios, la evidencia existente a nivel de empresa apunta a que la paradoja de la productividad a nivel microeconómico parece haberse superado.
Palabras clave:
Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC)
productividad
cambio organizacional
Abstract
This paper offers a review and an analysis of the available empirical evidence regarding the relationship between ICT and productivity at the firm level. Our aim is to answer the question to what extent and under what sort of conditions, the paradox at the firm level has been refuted. From the theoretical framework of the production function, the literature is classified around various propositions. Results, methodological approaches, techniques and samples are reviewed and compared. Despite the existence of many biases as well as measurement problems and conditioning factors, we conclude that the productivity paradox at microeconomic level seems to be refuted.
Keywords:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
productivity
organisational change
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Referencias bibliográficas
[Arnal et al., 2001]
E. Arnal, W. Ok, R. Torres.
Knowledge, Work Organisations and Economic Growth.
OECD, (2001),
[Arvanitis, 2005]
S. Arvanitis.
Computerization, Workplace Organization, Skilled Labour and Firm Productivity: Evidence For the Swiss Business Sector.
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, XIV (2005), pp. 225-249
[Atrostic and Nguyen, 2002]
B.K. Atrostic, S. Nguyen.
Computer Networks and U.S. Manufacturing Plant Productivity: New Evidence from the CNUS Data.
U.S. Bureau of the Census CES, (2002),
[Atrostic and Nguyen, 2004]
B.K. Atrostic, S. Nguyen.
How Businesses Use Information Technology: Insights for Measuring Capital and Productivity.
U.S. Bureau of the Census CES, (2004),
[Autor et al., 1998]
D. Autor, L. Katz, A. Krueger.
Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXIII (1998), pp. 1169-1213
[Autor et al., 2003]
D. Autor, F. Levy, R. Murnane.
The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: an Empirical Exploration.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXVIII (2003), pp. 1279-1333
[Baldwin et al., 2004]
J.R. Baldwin, D. Sabourin, D. Smith.
Firm Performance in the Canadian Food Processing Sector: the Interaction between ICT. Advanced Technology Use and Human Resource Competencies.
The Economic Impact of I.C.T. Measurement, Evidence and Implication, OECD, (2004),
[Bartelsman and Doms, 2000]
E.J. Bartelsman, M. Doms.
Understanding Productivity: Lessons from Longitudinal Microdata.
Journal of Economic Literature, XXXVIII (2000), pp. 569-594
[Bartelsman et al., 1996]
E.J. Bartelsman, G. Leeuwen, H.R. Nieuwenhuijsen.
Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Firm Performance in the Netherlands.
Netherlands Official Statistics, XI (1996), pp. 40-51
[Barua et al., 1995]
A. Barua, C.H. Kriebel, T. Mukhopadhyay.
Information Technologies and Business Value: an Analytic and Empirical Investigation.
Information Systems Research, VI (1995), pp. 3-23
[Bayo-Moriones et al., 2007]
Bayo-Moriones, J.A., Billón-Currás, M., Lera-López, F. (2007) Skills, Technology and Organisational Innovations in Spanish Firms, International Journal of Manpower.(en prensa).
[Bayo-Moriones and Lera-López, 2007]
J.A. Bayo-Moriones, F. Lera-López.
A Firm-Level Analysis of Determinants of ICT Adoption in Spain.
Technovation, XXVII (2007), pp. 352-366
[Bertschek and Kaiser, 2004]
I. Bertschek, U. Kaiser.
Productivity Effects of Organizational Change: Microeconometric Evidence.
Management Science, L (2004), pp. 394-404
[Biscourp et al., 2002]
P. Biscourp, B. Crépon, T. Heckel, N. Riedinger.
How Do Firms Respond to Cheaper Computers? Microeconometric Evidence for France Based on a Production Function Approach..
INSEE, (2002),
[Black and Lynch, 1996]
S.E. Black, L.M. Lynch.
Human Capital Investments and Productivity.
American Economic Review, LXXXVI (1996), pp. 263-267
[Black and Lynch, 2001]
S.E. Black, L.M. Lynch.
How to Compete: the Impact of Workplace Practices and Information Technology on Productivity.
Review of Economics and statistics, LXXXIII (2001), pp. 435-445
[Black and Lynch, 2004]
S.E. Black, L.M. Lynch.
What's Driving the New Economy?: The Benefits of Workplace Innovation.
The Economic Journal, CXIV (2004), pp. 97-116
[Bresnahan and Trajtenberg, 1995]
T.F. Bresnahan, M. Trajtenberg.
General Purpose Technologies and Aggregate Growth.
Journal of Econometrics, LV (1995), pp. 83-108
[Bresnahan et al., 2002]
T.F. Bresnahan, E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm Level Comments Firm Level Evidence.
Quarterly Journal of Econonics, CXVII (2002), pp. 339-376
[Brynjolfsson, 1993]
E. Brynjolfsson.
The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology.
Communications of ACM, XXXVI (1993), pp. 66-77
[Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1995]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Information Technology as a Factor of Production: The Role of Differences among Firms.
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, III (1995), pp. 183-199
[Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1996]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Paradox Lost?. Firm-Level Evidence on the Returns to Information Systems Spending.
Management Science, XLII (1996), pp. 541-558
[Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1998]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Beyond the Productivity Paradox: Computers Are the Catalyst for Bigger Changes.
Communications of ACM, XLI (1998), pp. 49-55
[Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 2000]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Practices.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, XIV (2000), pp. 23-48
[Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 2003]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt.
Computing Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence.
Review of Economics & Statistics, LXXXV (2003), pp. 793-809
[Brynjolfsson et al., 2002]
E. Brynjolfsson, L.M. Hitt, S. Yang.
Intangible Assets: Computers and Organizational Capital.
Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, MMII (2002), pp. 137-181
[Brynjolfsson and Yang, 1996]
E. Brynjolfsson, S. Yang.
Information Technology and Productivity: a Review of the Literature.
Advances in Computers, XLIII (1996), pp. 179-214
[Brynson and Ko, 2004]
K. Brynson, M. Ko.
Exploring the Relationship Between Information Technology Investments and Firm Performance Using Regression Splines Analysis.
Information & Management, XLII (2004), pp. 1-13
[Clayton et al., 2004]
T. Clayton, C. Criscuolo, P. Goodridge, K. Waldron.
Enterprise e-commerce: Measurement and Impact.
The Economic Impact of ICT. Measurement Evidence Implications, OECD, (2004),
[Colecchia and Schreyer, 1990s]
A. Colecchia, P. Schreyer.
ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s. Is the United States a Unique Case? A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Countries.
Review of Economic Dynamics, V (2002), pp. 408-442
[Dans, 2001]
E. Dans.
IT Investment in Small and Medium Enterprises: Paradoxically Productive?.
The Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation, IV (2001), pp. 1-25
[Daveri, 2002]
F. Daveri.
The New Economy in Europe, 1992–2001.
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, XVIII (2002), pp. 345-362
[Dedrick et al., 2003]
J. Dedrick, V. Gurbaxani, K.L. Kraemer.
Information Technology and Economic Performance: a Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence.
ACM Computing Surveys, XXXV (2003), pp. 1-28
[Dehning and Richardson, 2002]
Y. Dehning, Richardson.
Returns on Investments in Information Technology: A Research Synthesis.
Journal of Information Systems, XVI (2002), pp. 7-30
[Devaraj and Kohli, 2003]
S. Devaraj, R. Kohli.
Performance Impacts of Information Technology: is Actual Usage the Missing Link?.
Management Science, XLIV (2003), pp. 273-289
[Dewan and Min, 1997]
S.M. Dewan, C.K. Min.
Substitution of Information Technology for other Factors of Production: a Firm Level Analysis.
Management Science, XLIII (1997), pp. 1660-1675
[Dewan and Steven, 1998]
S.M. Dewan, C. Steven.
Firm Characteristics and Investments in Information Technology: Scale and Scope Effects.
Information Systems Research, IX (1998), pp. 219-233
[Dewett and Jones, 2001]
T. Dewett, G.R. Jones.
The Role of Information Technology in the Organization: a Review, Model, and Assessment.
Journal of Management, XXVII (2001), pp. 313-346
[DMR Consulting SEDISI, 2003]
DMR Consulting; SEDISI.
Las Tecnologías de la Sociedad de la Información en la Empresa Española.
SEDISI y DMR Consulting, (2003),
[DMR Consulting; AETIC, 2004]
DMR Consulting; AETIC.
Las Tecnologías de la Sociedad de la Información en la Empresa Española.
AETIC y DMR Consulting, (2004),
[Doms et al., 1997]
M. Doms, T. Dunne, K.R. Troske.
Workers, Wages and Technology.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, CXII (1997), pp. 253-290
[Dunne and Schmitz, 1995]
T. Dunne, J. Schmitz.
Wages, Employment Structure and Employer Size-Wage Premia: their Relationship to Advanced-Technology Usage at US Manufacturing Establishments.
Economica, LXII (1995), pp. 89-107
[Entorf and Kramarz, 1998]
H. Entorf, F. Kramarz.
The Impact of New Technologies on Wages: Lessons from Matching Panels on Employees and on their Firms.
Economic Innovation and New Technology, V (1998), pp. 165-197
[Estrada et al., 2006]
A. Estrada, A. Pons, J. Vallés.
La Productividad de la Economía Española: una Perspectiva Internacional.
Información Comercial Española. Revista de Economía, DCCCXXIX (2006), pp. 7-25
[Francalanci and Galal, 1998]
C. Francalanci, H. Galal.
Information Technology and Worker Composition: Determinants of Productivity in the Life Insurance Industry.
MIS Quarterly, XXII (1998), pp. 227-241
[Fuentelsaz et al., 2005]
L. Fuentelsaz, J.P. Maicas, Y. Polo.
Hacia una Gestión Eficiente de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones.
Universia Business Review, VI (2005), pp. 40-53
[Gargallo and Galve, 2004]
Gargallo, A. Galve, C., (2004) Impacto de las Tecnologías de la Información en la Productividad de las Empresas Españolas, DTECONZ 2004-05 C., Universidad de Zaragoza. Facultad de CC. Económicas y Empresariales.
[Gaptel, 2004]
Gaptel.
Productividad, Crecimiento Económico y TIC.
Marzo, Madrid, Red.es, (2004),
[Gilchrist et al., 2001]
S. Gilchrist, V. Gurbaxani, R. Town.
PCs and the Productivity Revolution.
Working paper, Irvine, University of California, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, (2001),
[Gimeno, 2006]
Gimeno.
Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en las PYMES y otros Avatares.
Economía Industrial, CCCLX (2006), pp. 77-91
[Gordon, 2000]
R.J. Gordon.
Does the «New Economy» Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, IV (2000), pp. 49-74
[Goss, 2001]
E. Goss.
The Internet's Contribution to U.S. Productivity Growth.
Bussines Economics, XXXVI (2001), pp. 32-42
[Greenan et al., 2001]
N. Greenan, J. Mairesse, A. Topiol-Bensaid.
Information Technology and Research and Development Impacts on Productivity and Skills: Looking for Correlations on French Firm Level Data.
Information Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth: International Evidence and Implications for Economic Development., pp. 119-148
[Gretton et al., 2002]
P. Gretton, J. Gali, D. Parham.
Uptake and Impacts of ICT in the Australian Economy: Evidence from Aggregate, Sectoral and Firm Levels.
OECD Workshop on ICT and Business Performance, OECD, (2002),
[Hempell, 2005]
T. Hempell.
Does Experience Matter?. Innovations and the Productivity of Information and Communication Technologies in German Services.
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, XIV (2005), pp. 277-303
[Hernando and Núñez, 2004]
I. Hernando, S. Núñez.
The Contribution of ICT to Economic Activity: a Growth Accounting Exercise with Spanish Firm-Level Data.
Investigaciones Económicas, XXVIII (2004), pp. 315-348
[Hitt and Brynjolfsson, 1996]
L.M. Hitt, E. Brynjolfsson.
Productivity, Business Profitability, and Consumer Surplus: Three Different Measures of Information Technology Value.
MIS Quarterly, XX (1996), pp. 121-142
[Hollenstein, 2004]
H. Hollenstein.
The Decision to Adopt Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Firm-Level Evidence for Switzerland.
OECD, The Economic Impact of ICT. Measurement, evidence and implications, OECD, (2004),
[Jorgenson, 2001]
D.W. Jorgenson.
Information Technology and the US Economy.
American Economic Review, XCI (2001), pp. 1-32
[Kohli and Devaraj, 2003]
R. Kohli, S. Devaraj.
Measuring Information Technology Payoff: a Meta-Analysis of Structural Variables in Firm-Level Empirical Research.
Information System Research, XIV (2003), pp. 127-145
[Krueger, 1993]
A.B. Krueger.
How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1984–1989.
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, CVIII (1993), pp. 33-60
[Lehr and Lichtenberg, 1999]
B. Lehr, F. Lichtenberg.
Information Technology and its Impact on Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Government and Private Data Sources.
Canadian Journal of Economics, XXXII (1999), pp. 335-362
[Licht and Moch, 1999]
G. Licht, D. Moch.
Innovation and Information Technology in Services.
Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne d’Economique, XXXII (1999), pp. 363-383
[Lichtenberg, 1995]
F. Lichtenberg.
The Output Contributions of Computer Equipment and Personnel: a firm Level Analysis.
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, III (1995), pp. 201-217
[Llanos Matea, 2006]
M. Llanos Matea.
Los Problemas de Medición por Cambios de Calidad en las TIC: Evidencia para España.
Economía Industrial, CCCLX (2006), pp. 107-115
[López Sánchez, 2004]
J.I. López Sánchez.
¿Pueden las Tecnologías de la Información Mejorar la Productividad?.
Universia Business Review, (2004), pp. 82-95
[López Sánchez et al., 2003]
J.J. López Sánchez, B. Minguela, A. Rodríguez, F.D. Sandulli.
Congreso Nacional ACEDE, (2003),
[Loveman, 1990s]
G.W. Loveman.
An Assessment of the Productivity Impact of Information Technologies.
Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s: Research Studies, pp. 84-110
[Mahmood and Szewczak, 1998]
M.A. Mahmood, Szewczak.
Measuring Information Technology Investment Payoff: Contemporary approaches.
Idea Group Publishing, (1998),
[Mas and Quesada, 2005]
M. Mas, J. Quesada.
Las Nuevas Tecnologías y el Crecimiento Económico en España.
Fundación BBVA, (2005),
[Mas, 2005a]
M. Mas, J. Quesada.
ICT and Economic Growth: A Quantification of Productivity Growth in Spain 1985–2002.
OCDE Statistics Working Paper, 4 (2005), pp. 17
[Mas and Quesada, 2006]
Mas, M.; Quesada, J. (dirs.) (2006): The Role of ICT in the Spanish Productivity Slowdown, Documento de Trabajo n. 5, Bilbao: Fundación BBVA.
[Matteucci et al., 2005]
N. Matteucci, M. O’Mahony, C. Robinson, T. Zwick.
Productivity Workplace Performance and ICT: Industry and Firm-Level Evidence for Europe and the U.S.
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, LII (2005), pp. 359-386
[Melville et al., 2004]
N. Melville, K.L. Kraemer, V. Gurbaxani.
Review: Information Technology and Organizational Performance: an Integrative Model of IT Business Value.
MIS Quarterly, XXVIII (2004), pp. 283-322
[Menon et al., 2000]
N. Menon, B. Lee, L. Eldenburg.
Productivity of Information System in the Healthcare Industry.
Information Systems Research, XI (2000), pp. 83-92
[Milgrom and Roberts, 1990]
P. Milgrom, J. Roberts.
The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization.
American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), pp. 511-528
[Miller and Rice, 1967]
E. Miller, A. Rice.
Systems of Organization: The Control of Task and Sentient Boundaries.
Tavistock, (1967),
[Nordhaus, 2001]
Nordhaus, W.D., (2001) Productivity Growth and the New Economy, NBER Working Paper 8096, [On-line]. Disponible en URL:http://www.nber.org/papers/w8096.
[OCDE, 2001]
OCDE.
Measuring Productivity.
OECD Manual, OCDE, (2001),
[OCDE, 2003]
OCDE.
Information and Communications Technologies. ICT and Economic Growth. Evidence from OECD Countries.
Industries and Firms, OCDE, (2003),
[OCDE, 2004]
OCDE.
The Economic Impact of ICT Measurement.
Evidence and Implications, OCDE, (2004),
[Oliner and Sichel, 2000]
S.D. Oliner, D.E. Sichel.
The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990's: Is Information Technology the Story?.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, IV (2000), pp. 3-22
[Ontiveros et al., 2004]
E. Ontiveros, D. Manzano, I. Rodríguez.
Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC).
Crecimiento Económico y Actividad Empresarial, Círculo de Empresarios, (2004),
[Oz, 2005]
E. Oz.
Information Technology Productivity: in Search of a Definite Observation.
Information and Management, XLII (2005), pp. 789-798
[Pérez et al., 2006]
M. Pérez, A. Martínez, P. de Luis, M.J. Vela.
Las TIC en las PYMES: Estudio de Resultados y Factores de Adopción.
Economía Industrial, CCCLX (2006), pp. 93-105
[Pilat, 2004]
D. Pilat.
The ICT Productivity Paradox: Insights from Micro Data.
OECD Economic Studies, n° 38, OCDE, (2004),
[Pilat, 2005]
Pilat, D., 2005 Spain's Productivity Performance in International Perspective, documento preparado para el OECD Workshop on Productivity, Madrid 17–19 Octubre.
[Pilat and Wyckoff, 2005]
D. Pilat, A. Wyckoff.
The Impacts of ICT on Economic Performance: An International Comparison at Three Levels of Analysis.
Transforming Enterprise: The Economic and Social Implications of Information Technology, MIT Press, (2005),
[Prasad and Harker, 1997]
B. Prasad, P. Harker.
Examining the Contribution of Information Technology Toward Productivity and Profitability in U.S. Retail Banking, Working Paper, n°97-09.
The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, (1997),
[Roach, 1991]
S.S. Roach.
Services Under Siege: the Restructuring Imperative.
Harvard Business Review, XXXIX (1991), pp. 82-92
[Sanaú et al., 2006]
J. Sanaú, S. Barcenilla, C. López-Pueyo.
Productividad Total de los Factores y Capital Tecnológico: un Análisis Comparado.
Información Comercial Española. Revista de Economía, DCCCXXIX (2006), pp. 145-163
[Sanjurjo, 2003]
E. Sanjurjo.
Contribución de las TIC al Crecimiento Económico. Estimación Basada en Datos Españoles a Nivel de Empresa. Tesis Doctoral, Master en Economía Industrial.
UC3M, (2003),
[Stiroh, 2002]
K.J. Stiroh.
Information Technology and the U.S. Productivity Revival: What Do the Industry Data Say?.
American Economic Review, XCII (2002), pp. 1559-1576
[Strassmann, 1990]
P.A. Strassmann.
The Business Value of Computers: an Executive's Guide.
The Information Economic Press, (1990),
[Timmer and Van Arky, 2005]
M.P. Timmer, B. Van Arky.
Does Information and Communication Technology Drive EU-US Productivity Growth Differentials?.
Oxford Economic Papers, LVII (2005), pp. 693-716
[Uriel, 2006]
E. Uriel.
La Medición de la Productividad en España. Ponencia presentada en el Seminario internacional Capitalización y crecimiento sostenido: Experiencias internacionales, análisis y política, Buenos Aires, 4–5 de diciembre de.
Fundación BBVA, CEPAL, OECD, BBVA Fundación Banco Francés, IVIE, (2006),
[Vilaseca, 2003]
J. Vilaseca.
Las TIC y las Transformaciones de la Empresa Catalana.
Observatori Nova Economia, (2003),
[Webster and Watson, 2002]
J. Webster, R. Watson.
Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review.
MIS Quarterly, XXVI (2002), pp. xiii-xxiii
[Zwick, 2003]
T. Zwick.
The Impact of ICT Investment on Establishment Productivity.
National Institute Economic Review, CLXXXIV (2003), pp. 70-81
Los autores agradecen la ayuda recibida del Departamento de Educación del Gobierno de Navarra en el marco del proyecto de investigación «Gestión del ecosistema informativo de las TIC en la empresa industrial navarra» así como los valiosos comentarios efectuados por D. José Luis Zofío, profesor de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, y por varios evaluadores anónimos.
Copyright © 2007. Asociación Cuadernos de Economía