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Péptido similar al glucagón tipo 1 y supervivencia de la célula cardiaca
Glucagon-like peptide 1 and cardiac cell survival
Susana Ravassaa,
Autor para correspondencia
sravassa@unav.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Amaia Zudairea, Javier Díeza,b
a Área de Ciencias Cardiovasculares, Centro para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
b Departamento de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
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generando especies reactivas del ox&#237;geno&#44; sobrecarga de calcio&#44; infiltraci&#243;n por neutr&#243;filos&#44; depleci&#243;n de la reserva energ&#233;tica y cambios en los mecanismos intracelulares que pueden conducir a la apertura del poro de transici&#243;n de permeabilidad mitocondrial &#40;PTPM&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; De esta manera&#44; el aporte de ox&#237;geno incrementa el da&#241;o en el cardiomiocito previamente isqu&#233;mico y reduce los efectos beneficiosos de la reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Como consecuencia de los procesos mencionados&#44; los mecanismos de muerte celular por necrosis se activan durante la fase de isquemia y los cambios caracter&#237;sticos de la apoptosis ocurren principalmente tras reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; contribuyendo ambos tipos de muerte celular al tama&#241;o final del IM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La activaci&#243;n de un grupo de quinasas denominadas RISK&#44; por sus siglas en ingl&#233;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Reperfusion Injury Survival Kinases&#41;</span>&#44; confiere protecci&#243;n frente a la injuria por isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n a trav&#233;s de sus acciones antiapopt&#243;ticas y antinecr&#243;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Espec&#237;ficamente&#44; la cardioprotecci&#243;n inducida tras la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK est&#225; mediada por la inhibici&#243;n de la apertura del PTPM&#44; el bloqueo de la sobrecarga de calcio y la activaci&#243;n de varios mecanismos antiapopt&#243;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; es interesante se&#241;alar que las estrategias terap&#233;uticas dise&#241;adas para aumentar la actividad de la v&#237;a RISK provocan una disminuci&#243;n significativa del tama&#241;o del IM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 &#91;GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; amida&#93; es una hormona derivada del gen proglucag&#243;n&#44; liberada desde las c&#233;lulas L del intestino en respuesta a la ingesta de nutrientes&#46; Una vez en circulaci&#243;n&#44; GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; ejerce acciones como incretina&#44; estimulando la secreci&#243;n de insulina de manera dependiente de glucosa al interaccionar con su receptor &#40;GLP-1R&#41; en las c&#233;lulas beta de los islotes pancre&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la vida media de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en sangre es muy reducida &#40;&#60; 2 min&#41;&#44; principalmente debido a su r&#225;pida degradaci&#243;n por la enzima dipeptidil peptidasa-4 &#40;DPP-4&#41; dando lugar al p&#233;ptido GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41;&#44; d&#233;bil antagonista del GLP-1R y sin actividad incretina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a>&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; en el contexto de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 &#40;DMT2&#41;&#44; las terapias basadas en GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; se han desarrollado bas&#225;ndose en estrategias consistentes en incrementar la presencia de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en sangre&#44; bien mediante compuestos inhibidores de la actividad del enzima DPP-4 &#40;p&#46; ej&#46; sitagliptina&#44; vidagliptina&#44; linagliptina&#44; saxagliptina&#44; alogliptina&#41; o bien utilizando agonistas del GLP-1R resistentes a la acci&#243;n de dicho enzima &#40;p&#46; ej&#46; exenatida&#44; liraglutida&#44; albiglutida&#44; lixisenatida&#44; taspoglutida&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mas all&#225; de sus efectos sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa&#44; durante los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os numerosos estudios han descrito acciones citoprotectoras de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en diversos tipos celulares&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; se ha demostrado que GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; inhibe procesos de muerte celular en colangiocitos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; neuronas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> y en c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a>&#44; presentando en estas &#250;ltimas una combinaci&#243;n de efectos antiapopt&#243;ticos y antinecr&#243;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46; Dicha citoprotecci&#243;n parece ser debida a la preservaci&#243;n directa de la mitocondria ya que estudios en hepatocitos demuestran que GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; ejerce efectos similares a la insulina mediante la modulaci&#243;n de la fosforilaci&#243;n oxidativa y la inhibici&#243;n del estr&#233;s oxidativo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hasta la fecha se han descrito una gran variedad de acciones de GLP-1 en el entorno cardiovascular&#44; incluyendo modificaciones en el sistema hemodin&#225;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a>&#46; Espec&#237;ficamente&#44; las acciones citoprotectoras de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; se han descrito en el coraz&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; el hecho de que diferentes estudios demuestren la presencia de GLP-1R en el miocardio de diferentes modelos animales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a> y en el tejido cardiaco humano<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; sugiere que GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; puede ejercer efectos directos sobre este &#243;rgano&#46; De hecho&#44; varios estudios experimentales demuestran que la acci&#243;n directa de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en el miocardio preserva la funci&#243;n cardiaca&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; la deleci&#243;n gen&#233;tica del GLP-1R resulta en un empeoramiento de la respuesta contr&#225;ctil del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y de la funci&#243;n diast&#243;lica en ratones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha demostrado que la estimulaci&#243;n del GLP-1R en cardiomiocitos incrementa su viabilidad mediante la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;31</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la deficiencia gen&#233;tica de DPP-4 preserva la funci&#243;n cardiaca durante la endotoxemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> y la isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; es interesante mencionar que los niveles circulantes del GLP-1 se han asociado con la funci&#243;n cardiaca en estudios cl&#237;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En esta revisi&#243;n hemos incluido los estudios m&#225;s relevantes que han contribuido a una mejor comprensi&#243;n de las v&#237;as intracelulares y mecanismos moleculares desencadenados tras la estimulaci&#243;n del GLP-1R en cardiomiocitos&#44; centr&#225;ndonos en la modulaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK y en la inhibici&#243;n de mecanismos de muerte celular&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; aportamos una comparaci&#243;n en paralelo de la influencia de GLP-1 sobre diferentes mecanismos intracelulares relacionados con la supervivencia mioc&#225;rdica y las consecuencias funcionales que estas acciones pueden tener durante la isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n experimental tanto en modelos diab&#233;ticos como no diab&#233;ticos&#46; Finalmente&#44; ya que la supervivencia del cardiomiocito tambi&#233;n est&#225; comprometida en la insuficiencia cardiaca &#40;IC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#8211;39</span></a>&#44; se ha incluido una discusi&#243;n adicional sobre el papel cardioprotector de las estrategias basadas en GLP-1 y sus consecuencias en la estructura y funci&#243;n del miocardio en modelos experimentales de IC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales in vitro</span><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diversos estudios han demostrado que la incubaci&#243;n con GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&#44; o con agonistas de su receptor&#44; preserva la viabilidad de los cardiomiocitos cultivados en presencia de diferentes est&#237;mulos de muerte celular &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; la incubaci&#243;n con GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&#44; o con un an&#225;logo&#44; inhibe la activaci&#243;n de procesos de apoptosis y necrosis&#44; y aumenta la viabilidad de cardiomiocitos neonatales&#44; en condiciones de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a> y en presencia de est&#237;mulos caracter&#237;sticos de la IC como el factor de necrosis tumoral &#40;TNF&#41;-alfa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la incubaci&#243;n de cardiomiocitos murinos adultos &#40;l&#237;nea HL-1&#41; en presencia de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; previene la activaci&#243;n de mecanismos implicados en procesos de muerte celular desencadenados por est&#237;mulos apopt&#243;ticos cl&#225;sicos como la estaurosporina y por est&#237;mulos propios del contexto diab&#233;tico como el palmitato y la ceramida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; en todos estos experimentos se demuestra que los efectos citoprotectores de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; est&#225;n principalmente mediados por mecanismos dependientes de la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK&#44; principalmente de la fosfoinositol 3-quinasa &#40;PI3K&#41; y de las quinasas reguladas por se&#241;ales extracelulares &#40;ERK1&#47;2&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Por otro lado&#44; es interesante se&#241;alar que determinados estudios asignan un papel citoprotector al p&#233;ptido GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41; considerado inactivo desde el punto de vista incretina&#44; ya que inhibe procesos de muerte celular en cardiomiocitos sometidos a condiciones de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n&#44; tambi&#233;n mediante la activaci&#243;n de v&#237;as intracelulares dependientes de PI3K y ERK1&#47;2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerosos trabajos han demostrado que la administraci&#243;n de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&#44; y de estrategias terap&#233;uticas basadas en este p&#233;ptido &#40;agonistas del GLP-1R o inhibidores de la DPP-4&#41;&#44; inhiben procesos de muerte celular activados en el miocardio en diferentes modelos experimentales de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; el tratamiento con GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en combinaci&#243;n con un inhibidor de la DPP-4 inhibe la actividad de la prote&#237;na proapopt&#243;tica Bad y disminuye el tama&#241;o del &#225;rea infartada en modelos animales de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; el efecto antiapopt&#243;tico asociado a la reducci&#243;n del &#225;rea infartada se observa tanto si GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; se administra antes de la isquemia mioc&#225;rdica&#44; como al comienzo de la reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n los agonistas del GLP-1R&#44; como la exenatida&#44; la albiglutida y la liraglutida&#44; muestran actividad antiapopt&#243;tica y antinecr&#243;tica en modelos de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n&#46; Concretamente&#44; Timmers et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> demostraron en un modelo porcino de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n que la exenatida disminuye el tama&#241;o del &#225;rea infartada&#44; inhibe la expresi&#243;n de la proteasa caspasa-3 y la fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&#44; y reduce el estr&#233;s oxidativo&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la administraci&#243;n de albiglutida preserva la viabilidad del miocardio y disminuye la producci&#243;n cardiaca de lactato tras injuria por isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n en ratas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; la administraci&#243;n intraperitoneal de liraglutida antes del procedimiento de oclusi&#243;n de la arteria coronaria en ratones disminuye el tama&#241;o del &#225;rea infartada&#44; probablemente mediante la inhibici&#243;n de la activaci&#243;n de la caspasa-3 en cardiomiocitos&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&#46; Es interesante resaltar el hecho de que el aumento de la supervivencia de las c&#233;lulas cardiacas en respuesta a terapias basadas en GLP-1 tiene un impacto significativo en la funci&#243;n cardiaca como se demuestra en la mayor&#237;a de los estudios mencionados&#44; tanto en el contexto de la isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n como en el de la IC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;34&#44;40&#44;42&#44;44&#8211;51</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En coherencia con las observaciones realizadas en los modelos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; diversos hallazgos apoyan la hip&#243;tesis de que los efectos cardioprotectores de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en modelos de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n est&#225;n mediados por la activaci&#243;n de quinasas de la v&#237;a RISK&#44; entre ellas PI3K&#44; ERK1&#47;2&#44; cAMP&#44; PKA&#44; Akt y P70S6K &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;34&#44;42&#44;49&#44;50&#44;52&#8211;55</span></a>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; se ha propuesto que la mejor&#237;a observada tras la administraci&#243;n de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en el IM&#44; en cuanto al incremento de la supervivencia y a la mejora de la funci&#243;n cardiaca&#44; tambi&#233;n podr&#237;a ser debida a una menor activaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas inflamatorias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#44; a la mejora de la microcirculaci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> y a un aumento en la incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa en el miocardio &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46&#44;58</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; los efectos beneficiosos de las terapias basadas en GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en la estructura y funci&#243;n cardiacas no han sido confirmados en determinados estudios realizados en modelos porcinos de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; ni la infusi&#243;n de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; ni el tratamiento con liraglutida&#44; modifican el tama&#241;o del infarto en dichos modelos experimentales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59&#44;60</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; es bien sabido que los resultados pueden variar considerablemente dependiendo de la duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#44; las dosis administradas&#44; as&#237; como el modelo animal utilizado&#46; Por otro lado&#44; es necesario mencionar que en el miocardio porcino la presencia de flujo de sangre colateral suele ser despreciable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#44; lo que puede contribuir a la disminuci&#243;n de la eficacia cardioprotectora de GLP-1 debido a la acumulaci&#243;n de productos t&#243;xicos tras IM&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el hecho de que otros autores hayan demostrado que en el miocardio porcino el tratamiento con exenatida inhibe la apoptosis y el estr&#233;s oxidativo y activa quinasas de supervivencia tras un procedimiento de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#44; plantea la necesidad de dise&#241;ar nuevos estudios para clarificar el impacto beneficioso de las estrategias basadas en GLP-1 en este tipo de modelo experimental&#46; Tambi&#233;n existen datos que demuestran que el bloqueo cr&#243;nico de la actividad de DPP-4 con vidagliptina no previene el remodelado mioc&#225;rdico estructural y funcional que sigue al IM en un modelo experimental de rata no diab&#233;tica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; hallazgos obtenidos por el grupo de Sauv&#233; et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> apoyan la hip&#243;tesis de que&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con ratones no diab&#233;ticos&#44; la inhibici&#243;n de DPP-4 es una estrategia que presenta m&#225;s eficacia cardioprotectora en cuanto a la activaci&#243;n de v&#237;as de supervivencia tras IM en ratones diab&#233;ticos&#46; Por otra parte&#44; observaciones recientes demuestran que la inhibici&#243;n de DPP-4&#44; en combinaci&#243;n con el factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos &#40;G-CSF&#41; en condiciones de activaci&#243;n del ciclo celular en cardiomiocitos&#44; incrementa la regeneraci&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica y mejora la funci&#243;n en ratones tras IM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#46; Finalmente&#44; y en concordancia con hallazgos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; varios estudios indican que la administraci&#243;n del p&#233;ptido GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41; reduce el da&#241;o producido en el miocardio tras isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n&#44; apoyando as&#237; la hip&#243;tesis de que las terapias que inhiben la formaci&#243;n de este p&#233;ptido pueden tener una menor eficacia cardioprotectora en estos modelos experimentales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;40&#44;48</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales de insuficiencia cardiaca</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los efectos de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; sobre la viabilidad y funci&#243;n cardiacas tambi&#233;n se han estudiado en modelos experimentales de IC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Por ejemplo&#44; en ratas espont&#225;neamente hipertensas con IC&#44; la administraci&#243;n continuada de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; durante 3 meses disminuye el &#237;ndice apopt&#243;tico as&#237; como la activaci&#243;n de la caspasa-3&#44; adem&#225;s de preservar la funci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y de prolongar la supervivencia de los animales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&#46; De la misma manera&#44; el tratamiento con GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; o con exenatida en ratas con IC post-IM durante 11 semanas mejora significativamente el remodelado cardiaco&#44; la funci&#243;n cardiaca y la supervivencia del modelo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&#46; En coherencia con estos resultados&#44; la infusi&#243;n de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en perros con cardiomiopat&#237;a dilatada durante 48 h incrementa la incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa en el miocardio mejorando la funci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo y disminuyendo la resistencia vascular sist&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&#46; Estos hallazgos fueron confirmados un a&#241;o despu&#233;s en el mismo modelo experimental&#44; en el que adem&#225;s se demostr&#243; que GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41; tambi&#233;n ejerce acciones similares a GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en cuanto a la estimulaci&#243;n de la incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa y a la mejora de la funci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a>&#44; reforzando el papel cardioprotector de GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41; en la IC experimental&#46; Estudios posteriores en modelos experimentales de cardiomiopat&#237;a dilatada demostraron que el tratamiento con exenatida aumenta la contractilidad cardiaca y la incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa en el miocardio&#44; disminuye la producci&#243;n del p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico cerebral &#40;BNP&#41; y prolonga la supervivencia&#44; asoci&#225;ndose todos estos efectos a un incremento en la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK&#44; especialmente de la quinasa AMP y de v&#237;as intracelulares dependientes de Akt<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evidencias recientes ampl&#237;an las acciones cardioprotectoras de GLP-1 a condiciones patol&#243;gicas diferentes del IM o de la IC&#46; En concreto&#44; la administraci&#243;n de liraglutida disminuye la hipertrofia cardiaca y la presi&#243;n arterial en ratones obesos con resistencia a la insulina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; el efecto antihipertensivo de GLP-1 ya hab&#237;a sido previamente descrito en el modelo de ratas Dahl sensibles a la sal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se ha demostrado que el inhibidor de la DPP-4&#44; linagliptina&#44; disminuye la expresi&#243;n de prote&#237;nas relacionadas con la presencia de fibrosis mioc&#225;rdica y los niveles de marcadores de estr&#233;s cardiomiocitario en un modelo de rata con cardiomiopat&#237;a ur&#233;mica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusi&#243;n y perspectivas</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los hallazgos obtenidos hasta la fecha sugieren que las terapias basadas en GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; pueden ejercer acciones beneficiosas en el coraz&#243;n m&#225;s all&#225; de sus efectos metab&#243;licos&#44; concretamente disminuyendo la susceptibilidad de los cardiomiocitos a la activaci&#243;n de procesos de muerte celular y aumentando la eficiencia energ&#233;tica de los mismos&#46; Espec&#237;ficamente&#44; los estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> demuestran un efecto directo de GLP-1 sobre la supervivencia de los cardiomiocitos mediante la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK en presencia de est&#237;mulos caracter&#237;sticos de la injuria por isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n y del contexto de la IC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Coherentemente&#44; los datos obtenidos en estudios realizados en modelos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n y de IC demuestran que la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK mediada por GLP-1 incrementa la supervivencia del miocardio &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; Tambi&#233;n es interesante se&#241;alar el hecho de que en la mayor&#237;a de los modelos experimentales <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> la citoprotecci&#243;n inducida por GLP-1 se asocia con una mejora de la funci&#243;n cardiaca &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; En resumen&#44; los efectos directos de GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; en el miocardio&#44; en combinaci&#243;n con otras acciones del p&#233;ptido sobre el sistema cardiovascular &#40;revisado en 21-24&#41;&#44; pueden explicar los efectos beneficiosos de las terapias basadas en incretinas en la estructura y funci&#243;n cardiacas&#44; independientemente de la presencia o ausencia de DMT2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; es necesario analizar en mayor profundidad el impacto que las terapias basadas en GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; tienen en los diferentes procesos implicados en el remodelado mioc&#225;rdico&#44; incluyendo la evaluaci&#243;n de la v&#237;as implicadas en la hipertrofia y muerte de los cardiomiocitos&#44; as&#237; como en los mecanismos que conducen a un excesivo dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno y a la presencia de fibrosis mioc&#225;rdica&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; es necesario proponer nuevos estudios experimentales y cl&#237;nicos que eval&#250;en la eficacia cardioprotectora de las terapias basadas en incretinas&#44; en comparaci&#243;n con otras estrategias farmacol&#243;gicas&#44; en pacientes con o sin DMT2&#44; en ausencia o en presencia de IM o de IC&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; es necesario dise&#241;ar nuevos estudios experimentales para analizar las dosis y prolongaci&#243;n de los tratamientos basados en GLP-1 en cada condici&#243;n patol&#243;gica&#44; para alcanzar un equilibrio razonable entre los efectos secundarios y el impacto beneficioso observado en el remodelado mioc&#225;rdico&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n existe la necesidad de dise&#241;ar experimentos adicionales en el contexto de la diabetes&#44; dirigidos a comparar los efectos cardiovasculares de las terapias basadas en incretinas con otras terapias hipoglucemiantes&#44; y analizando en profundidad el impacto que dichas terapias pueden tener sobre diferentes comorbilidades asociadas a esta enfermedad&#44; como son la obesidad&#44; hiperlipidemia&#44; hipertensi&#243;n&#44; fallo renal&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">72</span></a>&#46; En este mismo marco conceptual&#44; deber&#237;an plantearse experimentos que comparen la eficacia cardioprotectora de diferentes terapias basadas en GLP-1&#44; sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que los agonistas del GLP-1R y los inhibidores de la DPP-4 presentan diferentes acciones dependiendo de si se eval&#250;an en el contexto metab&#243;lico o en el cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;72&#44;73</span></a>&#46; En este sentido&#44; es importante mencionar las numerosas observaciones experimentales que asignan actividad cardioprotectora al p&#233;ptido GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41;&#44; cuyos niveles en sangre pueden estar influenciados por el tipo de terapia basada en incretinas que se administre&#44; y que permiten plantear la hip&#243;tesis de que los agonistas del GLP-1R pueden mostrar una mayor eficacia cardioprotectora en t&#233;rminos de supervivencia de los cardiomiocitos&#46; En este sentido&#44; hallazgos realizados por Sauv&#233; et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> muestran una clara tendencia hacia una mayor activaci&#243;n de las v&#237;as de supervivencia en el miocardio de animales diab&#233;ticos tratados con liraglutida en comparaci&#243;n con los tratados con sitagliptina&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; se deben plantear nuevos estudios experimentales para investigar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de las terapias basadas en incretinas en el contexto cardiovascular&#46; Dicha aproximaci&#243;n deber&#237;a incluir un an&#225;lisis combinado de la eficacia de las terapias basadas en GLP-1 para preservar la viabilidad y la funci&#243;n de los cardiomiocitos&#44; as&#237; como de su influencia en otras lesiones celulares y tisulares caracter&#237;sticas del remodelado cardiaco&#44; en diferentes modelos experimentales tanto en ausencia como en presencia de diabetes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres148494"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136387"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres148493"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136388"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales in vitro"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales de isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "El p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 y los cardiomiocitos en modelos experimentales de insuficiencia cardiaca"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n y perspectivas"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-05-07"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-07-10"
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      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136387"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "P&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1"
            1 => "Apoptosis"
            2 => "Necrosis"
            3 => "Infarto de miocardio"
            4 => "Insuficiencia card&#237;aca"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec136388"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Glucagon-like peptide-1"
            1 => "Apoptosis"
            2 => "Necrosis"
            3 => "Myocardial infarction"
            4 => "Heart failure"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La activaci&#243;n de diferentes procesos de muerte celular en los cardiomiocitos tras un infarto de miocardio &#40;IM&#41; contribuye al tama&#241;o final del infarto&#44; a la mortalidad subsecuente y al remodelado postinfarto en los supervivientes&#46; Los diversos mecanismos delet&#233;reos activados durante las fases de isquemia y reperfusi&#243;n en el IM incluyen la privaci&#243;n de ox&#237;geno&#44; la disponibilidad reducida de nutrientes y factores de supervivencia&#44; la acumulaci&#243;n de residuos&#44; la generaci&#243;n de especies reactivas del ox&#237;geno&#44; la sobrecarga de calcio&#44; la infiltraci&#243;n por neutr&#243;filos en el &#225;rea isqu&#233;mica&#44; la depleci&#243;n energ&#233;tica&#44; y la apertura del poro de transici&#243;n de permeabilidad mitocondrial&#44; todos ellos mecanismos de activaci&#243;n de apoptosis y necrosis en los cardiomiocitos&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os&#44; las terapias basadas en el p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 &#91;GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; amida&#93; han adquirido mayor relevancia como tratamiento metab&#243;lico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2&#46; Entre las acciones atribuidas a GLP-1 destaca la preservaci&#243;n de la viabilidad en diferentes tipos celulares&#44; entre ellos los cardiomiocitos&#46; Este art&#237;culo revisa los principales estudios experimentales que han contribuido a una mayor comprensi&#243;n de la citoprotecci&#243;n inducida por GLP-1 en el miocardio y de sus efectos en la funci&#243;n cardiaca&#44; ahondando en el estudio de su papel como diana terap&#233;utica&#44; no solo en el contexto de la diabetes mellitus sino tambi&#233;n en otras patolog&#237;as que cursan con remodelado cardiaco&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During myocardial infarction &#40;MI&#41;&#44; a variety of mechanisms contribute to activation of cell death processes in cardiomyocytes&#44; which determines the final MI size&#44; subsequent mortality&#44; and post-MI remodeling&#46; The deleterious mechanisms activated during the ischemia and reperfusion phases in MI include oxygen deprival&#44; decreased availability of nutrients and survival factors&#44; accumulation of waste products&#44; generation of oxygen free radicals&#44; calcium overload&#44; neutrophil infiltration in the ischemic area&#44; depletion of energy stores&#44; and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore&#44; all of them contributing to activation of apoptosis and necrosis in cardiomyocytes&#46; Glucagon-like peptide-1 &#91;GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; amide&#93; has gained relevance in recent years for metabolic treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus&#46; Cytoprotection of different cell types&#44; including cardiomyocytes&#44; is among the pleiotropic actions reported for GLP-1&#46; This paper reviews the most relevant experimental studies that have contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and intracellular pathways involved in cardioprotection induced by GLP-1 and analyzes in depth its potential role as a therapeutic target both in the ischemic and reperfused myocardium and in other conditions that are associated with myocardial remodeling and heart failure&#46;</p>"
      ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Representaci&#243;n esquem&#225;tica de las v&#237;as intracelulares propuestas como mediadores de las acciones cardioprotectoras del p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1 &#40;GLP-1&#41;&#46; La combinaci&#243;n de los efectos de GLP-1 en el miocardio &#40;p&#46; ej&#46; la inhibici&#243;n de apoptosis y necrosis en los cardiomiocitos mediante la activaci&#243;n de la v&#237;a RISK&#44; incremento del metabolismo de la glucosa&#44; vasodilataci&#243;n y acciones anti-inflamatorias&#41; con los efectos sist&#233;micos de GLP-1 a nivel metab&#243;lico y vascular&#44; contribuye a la supervivencia cardiaca y a la mejora de la funci&#243;n&#46;</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;cAMP&#58; adenosin monofosfato c&#237;clico&#59; cGMP&#58; guanosin monofosfato c&#237;clico&#59; Cit c&#58; citocromo c&#59; DPP-4&#58; dipeptidil peptidasa-4&#59; ERK&#58; quinasas reguladas por se&#241;ales extracelulares&#59; GLUT&#58; transportador de glucosa&#59; GSK&#58; quinasa sintasa de glic&#243;geno tipo 3&#59; LDH&#58; lactato deshidrogenasa&#59; MEK &#189;&#58; MAP quinasa quinasa&#59; PTPM&#58; poro de transici&#243;n de permeabilidad mitocondrial&#59; ONS&#58; &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintasa&#59; PI3K&#58; fosfatidilinositol 3-quinasa&#59; PKA&#58; prote&#237;na quinasa A&#59; PKB&#58; prote&#237;na quinasa B&#59; ROS&#58; especies reactivas del ox&#237;geno&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GLP-1 significa p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1&#59; DPP-4&#58; dipeptid&#237;l peptidasa-4&#59; TNF&#58; factor de necrosis tumoral&#59; LDH&#58; lactato deshidrogenasa&#59; PI&#58; propidio de ioduro&#59; FS&#58; fosfatidilserina&#59; &#916;&#968;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span>&#58; potencial de membrana mitocondrial&#59; PI3K&#58; fosfatidilinositol-3 quinasa&#59; ERK&#58; quinasas reguladas por se&#241;ales extracelulares&#59; cAMP&#58; adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clica&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V&#237;as intracelulares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cita&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cardiomiocitos neonatales de rata&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Hipoxia&#47;reoxigenaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de LDH&#8595; Captaci&#243;n de PI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PI3KERK1&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&#38; inhibidor de la DPP-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cardiomiocitos HL-1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Estaurosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Exposici&#243;n de FS&#8595; Bax&#47;Bcl-2 ratio&#8593; Fosforilaci&#243;n de Bad&#8593; Polarizaci&#243;n de &#916;&#968;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span>&#8595; Citocromo c citos&#243;lico&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&#8595; Fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PI3KERK1&#47;2P70S6KmTOR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PalmitatoCeramida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Exposici&#243;n de FS&#8595; Fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exendina-4GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cardiomiocitos neonatales de rat&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hipoxia&#47;reoxigenaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&#8595; Liberaci&#243;n de LDH&#8593; Viabilidad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PI3KERK1&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Liraglutida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cardiomiocitos neonatales de rat&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TNF-&#945;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">cAMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de los efectos citoprotectores de GLP-1 y de las terapias basadas en GLP-1 en cardiomiocitos <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span></p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ANP&#58; p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico atrial&#59; BNP&#58; p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico cerebral&#59; cAMP&#58; adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clica&#59; DPP-4&#58; dipeptid&#237;l peptidasa-4&#59; ERK&#58; quinasa regulada por se&#241;ales extracelulares&#59; FRC&#58; fallo renal cr&#243;nico&#59; GLP-1 significa p&#233;ptido similar al glucag&#243;n tipo 1&#59; GLP-1-Tf&#44; GLP-1 fusionado con transferrina humana&#59; GLUT&#58; transportador de glucosa&#59; GSK&#58; quinasa sintasa de glic&#243;geno&#59; IC&#58; insuficiencia cardiaca&#59; I&#47;R&#58; isquemia-reperfusi&#243;n&#59; PI3K&#58; fosfatidilinositol 3-quinasa&#59; PKA&#58; prote&#237;na quinasa A&#59; PKB&#58; prote&#237;na quinasa B&#59; PKF 275-055&#58; inhibidor del enzima DPP-4&#59; LDH&#58; lactato deshidrogenasa&#59; SO&#58; s&#237;ndrome de obesidad&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Compuesto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patolog&#237;a &#40;Modelo animal&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Efectos en el miocardio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V&#237;as intracelulares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mejora de la funci&#243;n cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8593; Viabilidad&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de neutr&#243;filos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;cerdo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Acumulaci&#243;n intersticial de lactato y piruvato&#61; tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IC hipertensiva &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akt&#44; GLUT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IC &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Dilataci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo y de la aur&#237;cula izquierdos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GLUT1 y 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IC &#40;perro&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41; o GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IC &#40;perro&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1 &#40;7-36&#41;&#38; inhibidor de DPP-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8593; Fosforilaci&#243;n de Bad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">cAMP&#44; PI3KERK1&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">P70S6K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PKB&#47;Akt&#44; AMPK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GLP-1-Tf&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;conejo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; Fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exendina-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Fosforilaci&#243;n oxidativa&#8595; Da&#241;o mitocondrial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exendina-4 o GLP-1 &#40;9-36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Exenatida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;cerdo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&#8595; Fragmentaci&#243;n de DNA&#8595; Estr&#233;s oxidativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IC &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AMPK&#44; Akt&#44; GLUT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Albiglutida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; Liberaci&#243;n de lactato&#8593; Incorporaci&#243;n de glucosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Liraglutide&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; Activaci&#243;n de caspasa-3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akt&#44; GSK-3&#946;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SO &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Hipertrofia cardiaca&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;cerdo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#61; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PFK 275-055&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PKB&#47;Akt&#44; ERK1&#47;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sitagliptina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PKA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Linagliptina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FRC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Marcadores de fibrosis&#8595; BNP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Deficiencia gen&#233;tica de DPP-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rata&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8595; LDH&#44; ANP y BNP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akt&#44; GSK-3&#946;&#44; GLUT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inhibici&#243;n de DPP-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>G-CSF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;rat&#243;n&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&#8593; N&#250;mero de cardiomiocitos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Voglibosa&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;conejo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PI3K&#47;Akt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Miglitol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">I&#47;R &#40;conejo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8595; Tama&#241;o del infarto&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PI3K&#47;Akt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudios de los efectos cardioprotectores de GLP-1 y de las terapias basadas en GLP-1 en modelos experimentales <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ex vivo</span> e <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span></p>"
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        0 => array:2 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cell death in the pathogenesis of heart disease&#58; mechanisms and significance"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;S&#46; Whelan"
                            1 => "V&#46; Kaplinskiy"
                            2 => "R&#46;N&#46; Kitsis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163111"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Physiol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "19"
                        "paginaFinal" => "44"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20148665"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cardiac metabolism in myocardial ischemia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "G&#46;M&#46; Rosano"
                            1 => "M&#46; Fini"
                            2 => "G&#46; Caminiti"
                            3 => "G&#46; Barbaro"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Pharm Des"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2551"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2562"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18991672"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Myocardial reperfusion&#58; a double-edged sword&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Braunwald"
                            1 => "R&#46;A&#46; Kloner"
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